定-转子反应器气液传质特性实验研究

采用氮气-水脱氧体系,在转子转速为300～1450 r·min-1、水流量为0.75～2.0 m3·h-1、氮气流量为1.5～4.0 m3·h-1的实验条件下,研究了定-转子反应器(RSR)的气液传质特性,初步考察了操作参数及结构参数对RSR气液传质性能的影响.实验结果表明:液体出口氧含量随转子转速(N)、气体流量(Gv)的增加而降低,随液体流量(GL)的增加而升高,液相体积传质系数(kxa) 随N,GL和GV的增加而增大.结构参数对定-转子反应器的气液传质特性具有显著的影响,定-转子反应器内部的转子层数越多,传质单元数NTU越大,传质效果越好.最后采用因次分析法推导出了定-转子反应器液相体积传质系数关联式,且进行了统计检验,所得关联式与实验数据拟合较好.     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内固含率的轴向分布及流动发展

在耦合流化床反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同表观气速下FCC颗粒在耦合流化床内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,反应器轴向固含率可分为底部流化床区域和上部提升管区域. 前者的密相区平均固含率随表观气速增大而减小;后者的平均固含率随表观气速Ug增大而增大,Ug<0.58 m/s时固含率分布均匀,Ug=0.70~1.04 m/s时提升管出口出现约束返混区(>8.62 m),Ug>1.16 m/s时提升管底部出现密度重整区(3.82~4.57 m)、加速平稳区(4.57~8.62 m)和出口返混区(>8.62 m). 确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

装填不同填料的管式反应器的微观混合性能

采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应为工作体系,以离集指数(XS)表征微观混合性能,实验考察了Reynolds数Re、物料体积流量比对装填扁环填料和网架填料的管式反应器的微观混合性能的影响及离集指数在管式反应器轴向、径向的分布。结果表明,XS随着Re的增大而下降,而物料体积流量比的增加会导致XS增加,相同条件下网架填料的XS小于扁环填料,离集指数在轴向上呈现先明显降低后基本不变的趋势。在实验研究的基础上,利用团聚模型计算装填网架填料的管式反应器的微观混合时间(tm)为4.82~2.27 ms。与扁环填料对比,网架填料最小值(2.27 ms)低于扁环填料的最小值(2.73 ms),同时二者均小于空管的最小值(3.79 ms),表明装填填料可以改善管式反应器的微观混合性能,网架填料的微观混合性能略优于扁环填料。     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内沥青颗粒的流动特性

针对重油残渣(沥青颗粒)气化制氢工艺,在流化床-提升管耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同操作条件下沥青颗粒体系在耦合反应器内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,对单组分沥青颗粒体系,耦合反应器适宜的操作条件为：提升管表观气速ug,r=0.70~1.76 m/s;与A类颗粒相比,沥青颗粒在耦合反应器内的流动特性呈现不同的特点,整个反应器沿轴向可分为底部流化床密相区、提升管底部低密度区、提升管颗粒密度重整区、提升管加速区、充分发展区和出口约束区6个区域;反应器内截面平均密度随颗粒质量流率增大而增大,随表观气速增大而减小;确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数为ep', Fr及H/Dr,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

三股对撞式撞击流反应器的流动特性

采用高速数码相机对喷嘴直径1 mm的开放式三股对撞式撞击流反应器内的流场特性进行研究,考察了入口雷诺数Reinj、对置两管喷嘴间距d1、垂直管喷嘴到对置两管的垂直距离d2对流场特性的影响. 结果表明,在物料流量比为2时,Reinj对流体结构的影响较显著. 随Reinj增加,流体结构由链状向类似伞状变化,最终破碎成液滴,无规则向四周分散,雾化程度显著增加,撞击面边缘剧烈扰动,提供了较好的混合效果. 较小的d1使撞击区域接近对置两管喷嘴处,可能导致喷嘴堵塞而影响混合效果. 增大d2及Reinj=1699时,重力影响使流体结构由链状轻微向面积较小的伞状结构变化. 采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应体系,物料流量比为8时,与传统撞击流反应器相比,三股对撞式撞击流反应器的离集指数约为其1/2,显示出优越的微观混合性能.     

泥水自循环反应器的水力流态特性及生活污水处理效能

以Na Cl为示踪剂进行示踪脉冲响应试验,研究了同一水力停留时间(HRT)下泥水自循环反应器(AMTR)与AAO反应器水力特性的区别,以及泥水自循环反应器在不同HRT下的停留时间分布曲线和水力特性参数。试验结果表明:当HRT=9. 7 h时,AMTR比起AAO具有较强的水力混合程度以及较低的死区容积率;当HRT在9. 7～13. 75 h变化时,AMTR死区容积率Vd/V为0. 169～0. 124;随着HRT的增大,串联级数N由2. 87减小到2. 27,轴向扩散数D/UL由0. 223增大到0. 317,AMTR推流效果减小,混合程度增大,流态处在完全混合与平推流之间,具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。此外,通过污泥接种培养,当AMTR稳定运行时,其处理城市生活污水效能较高,COD、TN、TP的去除率分别为85%、70%和85%。     

芳烃催化加氢交叉流反应器模型

提出了一种抗硫中毒的芳烃加氢催化反应器模型,称之为交叉流反应器模型,把反应物料分为两股,其中含有噻吩的乙苯物料采用轴向连续流动方式由反应器进口进入催化剂床层,而氢气由铅直导管直接进入催化剂床层中,然后与乙苯物料混合。在氢气导管出口处形成含硫乙苯浓度低而氢气浓度高的特殊区域,因而硫对催化剂的中毒效应大幅度降低,整体上提高了乙苯加氢饱和反应效率。与传统轴向混合流反应器进行比较,在相同条件下交叉流反应器具有更好的整体加氢反应性能。分别建立了交叉流反应器与传统轴向混合流反应器模型,提出了两种反应器的催化反应转化率方程;利用此转化率方程,对实验数据进行处理,得到动力学参数,模型的计算结果与实验数据相吻合,也验证了在交叉流反应器中,硫的中毒效应明显减弱。     

丁基橡胶聚合新型超重力反应器工艺

将新型旋转填充床反应器（RPB）应用于阳离子聚合制备丁基橡胶（IIR）过程。实验初步考察了旋转填充床转子转速（N）和聚合温度（T_p）等工艺参数对聚合产物IIR分子量和分子量分布的影响规律。研究结果表明：在实验条件下,当N=1200 r·min^-1、T_p=-100℃时,采用超重力法新工艺制备的IIR的数均分子量达到2.89×10⁵,分子量分布指数达到1.99。同时,物料停留时间小于1 s (现工艺30~60min),单位设备体积的生产效率提高了2~3个数量级。随着N的增大和T_p的降低,聚合产物IIR的分子量升高,而分子量分布变化不大。     

装填不同填料的管式反应器的微观混合性能

采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应为工作体系,以离集指数（X_S）表征微观混合性能,实验考察了Reynolds数Re、物料体积流量比对装填扁环填料和网架填料的管式反应器的微观混合性能的影响及离集指数在管式反应器轴向、径向的分布。结果表明,X_S随着Re的增大而下降,而物料体积流量比的增加会导致X_S增加,相同条件下网架填料的X_S小于扁环填料,离集指数在轴向上呈现先明显降低后基本不变的趋势。在实验研究的基础上,利用团聚模型计算装填网架填料的管式反应器的微观混合时间（t_m）为4.82~2.27 ms。与扁环填料对比,网架填料最小值（2.27 ms）低于扁环填料的最小值（2.73 ms）,同时二者均小于空管的最小值（3.79 ms）,表明装填填料可以改善管式反应器的微观混合性能,网架填料的微观混合性能略优于扁环填料。     

管式搅拌反应器功率特性研究

以新型管式搅拌反应器为研究对象,在冷态物理模拟的基础上,研究了管式搅拌反应器内的功率特性,以水作为介质,在流量0～3.6 m3/h,搅拌转速100～400 r/min范围内考察了搅拌转速对功率的影响,并对功率准数与雷诺数的关系进行了分析.研究结果表明,在实验范围内,T型桨管式搅拌反应器的搅拌功率P与N1.3～1.4近似成正比;搅拌功率准数与雷诺数满足下列关系式Np=109.79Re1.69.     

An experimental study of mass transfer in rotating couette flow with low axial reynolds number

An experimental investigation has been undertaken to determine the oxygen transfer rate of a rotating Couette flow oxygenator for low axial annular flow rates. The purpose of this study was to determine if such a device might provide a rational basis for the subsequent design of a blood oxygenator for respiratory support in clinical situations. Using oxygen and degassed water as an analog to oxygen and blood the Sherwood number was determined as a function of the axial Reynolds number and the Taylor number. Results show that oxygen transfer rates can be enhanced by at least ten times over that of the non-rotating situation, the flow being laminar with vortex flow superposed. The present results were correlated as Sh vs. Ta/Ta_c over the range of parameters studied.     

Mass transfer at the electrodes of concentric cylindrical reactors combining axial flow and rotation of the inner cylinder

The paper reports results obtained during experimental studies of the overall mass transfer between a liquid and the walls of a type of electrochemical reactor which consists of coaxial cylinders and which associates the axial flow of electrolyte with the rotation of the inner cylinder. Three intercylinder gap widths, 2.5 mm; 5.0 mm and 7.5 mm respectively, were studied. The experimental variations of the Sherwood number Sh as a function of the axial Reynolds number Re_a and of the Taylor number Ta are analysed; principally the laminar vortex regime is covered in the experiments and empirical correlations are deduced. Two domains appear as clearly separated: one, at small Re_a values is such that Sh is only dependent on Ta, the other for Re_a > 300 is characterized by a positive influence of both parameters Re_a and Ta.     

倾斜管路内低温Taylor气泡尾迹区流场的实验研究

为了研究低温流体中Taylor气泡周围复杂流场的平均及瞬变特征,搭建了用于低温流体粒子图像测速实验平台,使用快照本征正交分解(POD)方法详细分析了Taylor气泡尾迹区内流场结构. 结果表明,在表面张力作用可忽略的情况下,使用流体逆粘度数Nf判断竖直管路中尾迹区流型的方法对液氮流体仍然适用,当管路水平倾角q≤60o时,该法不再适用. Taylor气泡尾迹区在90o≤q≤60o内由开放尾迹转变为封闭尾迹,30o倾角下尾迹区涡的轴向尺寸(Lwake)和Taylor气泡长度(LTB)呈指数函数关系,Lwake=51.3-123.5exp(-LTB/2.9). POD分析表明,尾迹区存在明显的湍流大尺度结构,前4阶模态分别占据总能量的15.6%, 6.4%, 5.6%和3.8%. 距离Taylor气泡尾部0.5~1.0D(D为管路内径)的位置存在大尺度结构中涡的交界面,此处的速度脉动也最强. 本研究拓展了常温流体中Taylor气泡尾迹区理论在低温流体中的适用范围.     

Characterization of Taylor vortex flow in a short liquid column

We present a study on Taylor vortex flow in the annulus between a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder, featured with a wide gap (radius ratio is 0.613) and a short column (aspect ratio is 5.17). A particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to determine the position, shape, and velocity distribution of the vortices, by which the flow was also confirmed to lie in the nonwavy Taylor vortex regime for all operating conditions explored in this study. Our results suggest that end boundary effects are important, in which the vortex number decreases with decreasing column length. For a system with an aspect ratio of 5.17, six vortices appear in the gap with their position, size, and shape varying at different Reynolds numbers. The fluid velocities show an asymmetric feature with respect to the vortex centers, while the maximum axial and radial velocities increase almost linearly with the increasing reduced Reynolds number (Re ? Re_c). In addition, computational fluid dynamics study was employed under the same conditions, and its results agree well with the PIV measurements. Overall, this study provides a quantitative understanding of the formation of Taylor vortices in a constrained space. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in noncircular capillaries

In this work, volume of fluid (VOF) technique, one computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, was used to investigate the upward Taylor flow in vertical square and equi-triangular capillaries. For saving computation time, the simulations were carried out in a moving frame of reference attached to Taylor bubbles. The main flow parameters, involving bubble size and shape, liquid film thickness, velocity field and two-phase relative velocity, were studied as functions of capillary number. The numerical simulations were in good agreement with previous reports and showed that the flow in the sides and corners of polygonal capillaries were different. A comparative study was also conducted on Taylor flow in square and equi-triangular capillaries and their circular counterparts, where the influence of capillary geometry on the characteristics of Taylor flow was illustrated clearly.     

Influence of Shear‐Thinning Rheology on the Mixing Dynamics in Taylor‐Couette Flow

Non‐Newtonian rheology can have a significant effect on mixing efficiency, which remains poorly understood. The effect of shear‐thinning rheology in a Taylor‐Couette reactor is studied using a combination of particle image velocimetry and flow visualization. Shear‐thinning is found to alter the critical Reynolds numbers for the formation of Taylor vortices and the higher‐order wavy instability, and is associated with an increase in the axial wavelength. Strong shear‐thinning and weak viscoelasticity can also lead to sudden transitions in wavelength as the Reynolds number is varied. Finally, it is shown that shear‐thinning causes an increase in the mixing time within vortices, due to a reduction in their circulation, but enhances the axial dispersion of fluid in the reactor.     

泰勒反应器中瞬态波状涡流场的CFD数值模拟

泰勒反应器中的波状涡流因存在周向波和涡间传质而受到广泛关注。本文针对泰勒反应器（半径比为0.83,纵横比为46.07）中的波状涡流进行了数值模拟研究,采用计算流体力学（CFD）软件研究了无轴向流动和有轴向流动时的两种流场。结果表明,数值模拟与文献中的PIV实验结果具有较好的一致性。在波状涡流场中,周向波动的存在消除了涡的轴对称性,导致涡随周向位置的周期性变化,包括涡的形状、位置以及涡量等,这也引起了速度的瞬态行为。轴流的引入降低了涡的周期性变化程度,改变了速度的瞬时特性,也稳定了流场。同时还发现轴向流动也影响着切向速度随时间的变化,切向速度随漩涡通过频率及其高次谐波而振荡。     

Écoulement de Taylor‐Couette en géométrie finie et à surface libre

The reactors of Taylor‐Couette type are relatively recent application in the engineering processes field. The stability and the flow structure in this device are examined under the effect combined of the free surface and the fluid's height in annular space. The exploitation of the flow regimes is carried out according to the number of Taylor for various values of aspect ration Γ. By means of ultrasonic velocimetry (UPV) we determine axial average velocity profile and the axial wavelength. We also carry out the spectral analysis by Fourier's fast transform of the fluctuations associated with the average velocity values in order to analyze the flow structure. We particularly aim for checking the presence or the absence of the azimuth wave according to the filling height and the rotational velocity imposed. We highlight the effects of free surface and aspect ratio on the conditions of appearance of the second instability ( wavy mode). The analysis of the fluctuation shows that the appearance of the azimuth wave regime (Wavy mode) is delayed when the aspect ration decreases. Below a critical value noted Γc = 10, the azimuth wave regime is not observed any more.     

Taylor dispersion in finite-length capillaries

The solute transport in a core-annular geometry is studied. A Newtonian or non-Newtonian (i.e., power-law) liquid flows through the core, while the solute can exchange between the liquid and the surrounding tissue. The permeability of the phase interface depends on the nature of the solute, i.e., relatively low for lipids and macromolecules but high for ions and gases. We analyse the moment’s equations of the residence time distribution (RTD). The solution of the equation for the second moment provides the exact formula for the Taylor dispersion coefficient. Unlike previous studies using a perturbation procedure where coefficient of axial dispersion cannot be defined at low permeability, the current study gives Taylor coefficient of dispersion for any value of the permeability. It is found that the coefficient in shear-thinning fluid is lower than in the Newtonian one, although the relative importance of non-Newtonian effects decreases when other factors, e.g. inter-phase transport and solubility, become dominant. The equations for the higher moments are analysed and the general structure of the solution is obtained in the form of integrals, which can be easily evaluated numerically. When the analysis is applied to solute transport between capillaries and surrounding tissues, it is shown that the classic Taylor expression does not describe dispersion of solute, e.g. glucose and albumin, in the capillary, except in situations where the Péclet number is very low. For the range of parameters typical for microvascular circulation in tissues, the higher moments play an important role and need to be considered.     

Study on the Flow Field inside the Microfiltration Separator with Rotary Tubular Membrane

Abstract

By using a new type of laser surveying instrument named particle image velocimetry (PIV), the flow field inside a rotary tubular membrane separator with a rotating inner tubular microfiltration membrane and a transparent outer cylinder was measured experimentally, and from which some new observations were resulted. Pairs of stable Taylor vortices with similar dimensions and opposite flowing directions were directly visualized by the measured streamlines and vorticity of flow field in the annular gap of the membrane separator. No matter how the axial Reynolds number, radial Reynolds number and Taylor number changed, the dimensions of the Taylor vortices and the distances between the centers of adjacent Taylor vortices were almost the same, but the shapes of the Taylor vortices at lower Taylor numbers were more regular than those at higher Taylor numbers. The Taylor vortices disappeared because of the turbulence when the Taylor number was too high. The maximum axial velocity near the membrane surface was about 20 times larger than the mean velocity of axial flow inside the annular gap, and the maximum outward radial velocity near the membrane surface was even about 3000 times larger than the average velocity of the radial permeating flow through the tubular microfiltration membrane. The large velocities near the membrane surface, which were due to the Taylor vortices, could prevent solid fine particles from depositing onto the membrane surface and/or entering into the membrane pores and therefore result in reduced concentration polarization and reduced membrane fouling. The results in this study provided some valuable guidelines on the hydrodynamic way to reduce membrane fouling.