废弃玻璃粉对水泥石高温抗压强度和微观结构的影响

废弃玻璃粉作为一种高SiO₂含量的固体废弃物,可以有效防止油井水泥石在高温下的强度衰退,从而提升深井、超深井固井水泥环长期封隔完整性。本文研究了150 ℃、21 MPa下,不同粒径废弃玻璃粉对水泥石抗压强度、渗透率和微观结构的影响。结果表明:150 ℃、21 MPa下净浆水泥石180 d抗压强度为8.57 MPa,较1 d衰退76.04%;掺入废弃玻璃粉可以提高水泥石抗压强度的长期稳定性,在内掺40%(质量分数)粒径为45 μm的废弃玻璃粉情况下,水泥石在180 d时抗压强度为31.85 MPa,较1 d仅衰退3.95%,渗透率为1.28×10^-2 mD,较1 d降低16.88%;掺入废弃玻璃粉改变了水泥石150 ℃、21 MPa下的物相组成,净浆水泥石的主要结晶相为氢氧化钙和水硅钙石,掺入不同粒径废弃玻璃粉的水泥石主要结晶相为硬硅钙石和托贝莫来石;内掺40%粒径为45 μm的废弃玻璃粉的水泥石中托贝莫来石晶粒尺寸稳定;随龄期增加,净浆水泥石孔结构向大孔径发展,内掺40%粒径为45 μm的废弃玻璃粉的水泥石的孔结构更加致密,180 d内各龄期均以凝胶孔为主。     

Studies on expansion properties in mortar containing waste glass and fibers

The utilization of waste glass in concrete can cause cracking and weakening due to expansion by alkali-silica reaction (ASR). In this study, ASR expansion and properties of strength were analyzed in terms of waste glass content, glass color (brown, green), fibers (steel fiber, polypropylene fiber) and fiber content, in anticipation of reducing ASR expansion.Results showed that green waste glass was more usable than brown because its expansion was less than that of brown glass. Using the accelerated ASTM C 1260 test of waste glass, no pessimum content was found. Furthermore, when fibers and waste glass were combined, there was an effect on the reduction of expansion and strength loss due to ASR between the alkali in the cement paste and the silica in the waste glass. In particular, adding 1.5 vol.% of steel fiber to concrete containing 20% waste glass reduced the expansion ratio by 40% and increased flexural strength by up to 110%, a vast improvement when compared with using only waste glass (80 °C H₂O curing) by itself.     

Influence of Co3O4, Fe2O3 and SiC on microstructure and properties of glass foam from waste cathode ray tube display panel (CRT)

Abstract

In the present study, the effect of temperature and oxidising agents such as Fe₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ on physical and mechanical properties of glass foam is investigated. The glass foam is made of panel glass from dismantled cathode ray tubes and SiC as a foaming agent. In the process, powdered waste glass (mean particle size below 63 μm) in addition to 4 wt-% SiC powder (mean particle size below 45 μm) are combined with Fe₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ (0·4, 0·8 and 1·2 wt-%) have been sintered at 950 and 1050°C. The glass foamed containing 1·2 wt-% Co₃O₄ has good physical properties, with porosity more than 80% and bending strength more than 1·57±0·12 MPa. However, by adding different amounts of Fe₂O₃ in comparison with samples without iron oxide, little changes in porosity and strength are obtained.     

煤矸石对泡沫混凝土孔结构的影响

本文将粉磨之后的煤矸石替代部分水泥掺入到混凝土中,通过物理发泡工艺制备煤矸石泡沫混凝土。采用FiJi-imageJ图像分析技术等对泡沫混凝土的孔径分布、平均孔径、气孔直径等进行表征,分析了煤矸石改善泡沫混凝土成孔的原因以及煤矸石粉磨粒径对泡沫混凝土抗压强度的影响。结果表明:当掺入粒径为45 μm的煤矸石粉时,泡沫混凝土的强度随着掺量的增加逐步下降,而掺入粒径为15 μm的煤矸石粉时,强度则随掺量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;在调节孔结构方面,粒径为45 μm的煤矸石粉优于粒径为15 μm的煤矸石粉,并在50%(质量分数)掺量下达到最优效果。     

Recrystallization sintering and characterization of composite powders composed of two types of SiC with dissimilar particle sizes

Pure silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics were prepared through recrystallization sintering by using two types of SiC powder, with different particle sizes, as the raw materials. The effects of the fine powder content on the bulk density, porosity, flexural strength, and grain morphology were investigated. In the synthesis process, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) was used as the sintering additive that decomposed and transformed into SiC to promote the growth of SiC grains. The added fine powder was exploited in the evaporation and condensation process and grain amalgamation caused by the movement of the grain boundaries. Thus, a dissimilar fine powder content modulated the microstructure and mechanical strength of the SiC ceramics. The results indicate that the bulk density and flexural strength increase to a maximum of 2.12 g/cm³, 44.2 MPa, respectively, when the fine powder content is 40 wt.%. Three kinds of grain morphologies, that is, uniform equiaxed grains, round, equiaxed grains, and hexagonal platelet grains, and the maximum average pore size (3.62 μm) are obtained when the fine powder content is between 0 wt.% and 60 wt.%. In addition, the main crystal phase 6H-SiC is partially converted to 4H-SiC when the fine powder content is up to 60 wt.%.     

Effect of sapphire particle size on transmittance and strength of sapphire glass composites prepared by melt infiltration

Abstract

Sapphire glass composites for dental applications were prepared by infiltrating glass melt into a presintered sapphire preform. Six different sapphire performs using powders with different particle sizes were prepared. After infiltrating glass into the porous sapphire preforms, their transmittance, strength and microstructure were examined. The infiltrated glass corroded the sapphire preform, and the dissolved aluminium ions reprecipitated on the sapphire grains during heat treatment for infiltration. A light transmittance of 10–40% at a wavelength of 550 nm was observed, which varied according to the particle size. Sample S 26·0, which was prepared using 26 μm sapphire powder, exhibited a light transmittance and biaxial strength of 35% and 230 MPa, making it suitable for use in dental crown materials. The maximum strength >450 MPa was obtained for the sample with sapphire particle size of 0·8 μm, when the glass was infiltrated at 1300°C for 720 min.     

Modification of the properties of concrete by a new pozzolan—a waste catalyst from the catalytic process in a fluidized bed

The zeolitic waste material studied (fluidized bed cracking catalyst, FBCC) is characterised by a content of more than 90 wt.% of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, a mean grain size within 20-80 μm, and a specific surface above 100 m²/g. Its chemical composition makes it similar to some fly ashes and metakaolin. The present work was devoted to the study of the mechanism of interaction of FBCC with Portland cement and of the pozzolanic activity. Concretes were made with FBCC additions of 10% and 20% (relative to the mass of cement) used as a substitute for the sand aggregate fraction, and the following properties of the concretes were determined under nonaggressive conditions: compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, frost resistance, and steel passivation ability. It has been found that FBCC has pozzolanic properties, and its pozzolanic activity depends on its grain size. FBCC favourably modifies the porous structure of the concretes, increases their compressive strength, density, and frost resistance, and reduces water absorption. The effectiveness of FBCC increases under conditions of strong dispersion. FBCC does not deteriorate the steel passivation ability of concrete when used as a 10% additive, but at a content of 20 wt.%, it can make difficult the formation of a passive layer that conforms to the Polish standards.     

Physical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(L‐lactide)–TiO2 composites

Amorphous poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA) composite films with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles were prepared by solution‐casting using methylene chloride as a solvent, followed by quenching from the melt. The effects of surface treatment, volume fraction, size, and crystalline type of the TiO₂ particles on the mechanical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of the composite films were investigated. The tensile strength of the PLLA composite films containing TiO₂ particles except for anatase‐type ones with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm was lowered and the Young's modulus became higher with increasing the content of TiO₂ particles. The tensile strength of the composite films containing anatase‐type TiO₂ with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm at contents of 20 wt % or less was almost the same as that of the pure PLLA film. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLLA matrix was accelerated by the addition of the hydrophilic anatase‐type TiO₂ particles (nontreated or Al₂O₃ treated) with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm at relatively high contents such as 20 wt %. On the other hand, the enzymatic hydrolysis of PLLA matrix was inhibited by composite formation with the hydrophobic rutile‐type TiO₂ particles (Al₂O₃‐stearic acid treated, or ZrO₂‐Al₂O₃‐stearic acid treated). These results suggest that the mechanical properties and enzymatic hydrolyzability of the PLLA can be controlled by the kind and amount of the added TiO₂ particles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 190–199, 2005     

Preparation and properties of organosoluble polyimide/silica hybrid materials by sol–gel process

Organosoluble polyimide/silica hybrid materials were prepared using the sol–gel process. The organosoluble polyimide was based on pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dimethyldiphenylmethane (MMDA). The silica particle size in the hybrid is increased from 100–200 nm for the hybrid containing 5 wt % silica to 1–2 µm for the hybrid containing 20 wt % silica. The strength and the toughness of the hybrids are improved simultaneously when the silica content is below 10 wt %. As the silica content is increased, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the hybrids is increased slightly. The thermal stability of the hybrids is improved obviously and their coefficients of thermal expansion are reduced. The hybrids are soluble in strong polar aprotic organic solvents when the silica content is below 5 wt %. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2977–2984, 1999     

Effects of calcium carbonate and its purity on crystallization and melting behavior,mechanical properties,and processability of syndiotactic polypropylene

Calcium carbonate‐filled syndiotactic poly(propylene) (CaCO₃‐filled s‐PP) was prepared in a self‐wiping, co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The effects of CaCO₃ of varying particle size (1.9, 2.8 and 10.5 μm), content (0–40 wt %), and type of surface modification (uncoated, stearic acid‐coated, and paraffin‐coated) on the crystallization and melting behavior, mechanical properties, and processability of CaCO₃‐filled s‐PP were investigated. Non‐isothermal crystallization studies indicate that CaCO₃ acts as a good nucleating agent for s‐PP. The nucleating efficiency of CaCO₃ for s‐PP was found to depend strongly on its purity, type of surface treatment, and average particle size. Tensile strength was found to decrease, while Young's modulus increased, with increasing CaCO₃ content. Both types of surface treatment on CaCO₃ particles reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus, but improved impact resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces for selected CaCO₃‐filled s‐PP samples revealed an improvement in CaCO₃ dispersion as a result of surface treatment. Finally, steady‐state shear viscosity of CaCO₃‐filled s‐PP was found to increase with increasing CaCO₃ content and decreasing particle size. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 201–212, 2004     

粉体热压法制备As2Se3硫系玻璃研究

本研究尝试将As₂Se₃红外硫系透镜生产过程中产生的块体玻璃废料进行回收利用,首先将清洗后的块体玻璃废料球磨成粉体,然后采用粉体热压技术实现高光学质量As₂Se₃玻璃片的制备。研究了粉体粒度、热压参数对制备的As₂Se₃玻璃光学性能的影响,对比了粉体热压法和熔融淬冷法制备的As₂Se₃玻璃的性能,评估了通过粉体热压途径制备红外硫系玻璃的可行性。结果表明:随着球磨时间的延长,As₂Se₃玻璃粉体的平均颗粒尺寸逐渐减小,且颗粒尺寸的分布趋于更加均匀;使用平均颗粒尺寸为9.7 μm的粉体(球磨10 min),在压力为40 MPa、热压温度为250 ℃、热压时间为10 min的条件下获得的热压玻璃的致密度达到99.8%,其折射率与熔融淬冷法制备的玻璃的折射率接近(在10 μm波长的折射率差仅为0.003),在10 μm波长的透过率达61%(理论透过率为63.7%)。通过进一步提高玻璃粉体的纯度和尺寸均匀性,有望制备出与熔融淬冷法制备的玻璃性能相当的热压玻璃。     

Improvements of the Tensile Properties of Recycled High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) by the Use of Carbonized Olive Solid Waste

Recycling of plastic poses several concerns to manufacturers. The most important concern is the unpredictable of their mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and ductility). Olive solid waste, an abundant material usually thrown into land causing harms to environment was mixed with HDPE plastic and used as a filling material. The mixture was fed to a house made extruder operating at different speed and temperature. Two carbon particle sizes range (less than 150 µm and 180–250 µm) were used. The effect of carbon contents from 0 to 10% wt/wt and operating conditions were tested on the mechanical properties of the recycled HDPE plastic. It was found that up to 5% wt/wt carbon of less than 150 µm resulted in a noticeable improvement of modulus of elasticity and tensile strength. The optimum value of modulus at carbon particle size 180–250 µm was found at 2.5 olive solid carbon content. Increasing screw speed was found to increase tensile modulus and strength of used plastic. This was related to melt viscosity and reduction in particle size. An increase in processing temperature was found to improve tensile properties up to certain point where degradation of polymeric matrix begins to occur and therefore tensile properties deteriorate.     

风积砂掺量对砂浆混凝土性能影响及机理研究

用一定掺量(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%质量分数)的榆林地表风积砂替代普通河砂配置风积砂砂浆及混凝土,以期研究风积砂掺量对砂浆、混凝土和易性及抗压强度的影响.从砂子的粒径、粒形、级配情况及SiO2、Al2O3的活化反应等角度讨论了风积砂掺量对砂浆、混凝土和易性及抗压强度的影响机理.实验结果表明,砂浆及混凝土的和易性与抗压强度随风积砂掺量的增加均经历了"先增后减"的变化过程,掺量为30%时砂浆的和易性显著改善,抗压强度提高最大;掺量为40%时,混凝土和易性最佳,抗压强度最高.所得结论对榆林及周边地区工程实际有一定参考价值.     

Toughening of polycarbonate: Effect of particle size and rubber phase contents of the core‐shell impact modifier

The toughening behavior of polycarbonate modified with core‐shell type particles was investigated. The alloys were found to exhibit maximum impact strength upon addition of a modifier with a poly(butyl acrylate) rubbery core of 0.25 μm diameter. The incorporation of particles with diameter greater than 0.25 μm resulted in decreased impact strength. The influence of rubber phase contents on toughness was also studied. It was observed that the alloys exhibited maximum impact strength upon addition of 4 wt % rubber phase. Further increase in the rubber phase content resulted in reduced impact strength. Fractography of the samples showed that, below 4 wt % rubber phase content, the fracture occurs mainly by internal crazing and, from 4 wt % onward, only by shear deformation. When the effect of dual particle size distribution was analyzed, it was found that there was only a moderate increase in toughness compared with alloys containing monosized particles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 748–755, 2005     

Compression strength of tungsten carbide–cobalt hard metals

Eight tungsten carbide (WC) materials containing different cobalt (Co) contents (3‒12 wt.%) and with different WC grain sizes (.4‒1.85 μm) were subjected to compressive loading under quasi-static and dynamic conditions using a dumbbell-shaped specimen geometry. The materials exhibited varying degrees of inelastic strain prior to final fracture under both loading conditions. Inelastic strain was consistent under dynamic loading but varied with Co content and WC grain size under quasi-static loading. The only material to exhibit a strain-rate-dependent compression strength was the material containing the highest level of Co (12%) and the largest WC grain size (1.85 μm) indicating a potential threshold level of Co content and/or WC grain size where the compressive strength is insensitive to the strain rate.     

Studies on Mechanical,Thermal, and Flame Retarding Properties of Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR) Nanocomposites

An effect of nanosize CaCO₃ on physical, mechanical, thermal and flame retarding properties of PBR was compared with commercial CaCO₃ and fly ash filled PBR. CaCO₃ at the rate of 9, 15, and 21 nm were added in polybutadiene rubber (PBR) at 4, 8 and 12 wt.% separately. Properties such as swelling index, specific gravity, tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, modulus at 300% elongation, glass transition temperature, decomposition temperature, flame retardency, hardness, and abrasion resistances were determined. The swelling index decreased and specific gravity increased with reduction in particle size of fillers in PBR composites. There was significant improvement in physical, mechanical, thermal and flame-retarding properties of PBR composites due to a reduction in the particle size of fillers. Maximum improvement in mechanical and flame retarding properties was observed at 8 wt.% of filler loading. This increment in properties was more pronounced in 9 nm size CaCO₃. The results were not appreciable above 8 wt.% loading of nano fillers because of agglomeration of nanoparticles. In addition, an attempt was made to consider some thermodynamically aspects of resulting system. The cross-linkage density has been assessed by Flory-Rehner equation in which free energy was increased with increase in filler content.     

Structure of microporous polypropylene sheets containing CaCO3 filler

The microporous polypropylene sheets were prepared by biaxially stretching polypropylene sheets containing CaCO₃ filler (particle size, 0.08–3.0 μm), when the CaCO₃ filler content was 59% by weight and the stretching ratio was 2.8 × 1.8. The microstructure of the sheets were investigated in relation to the CaCO₃ particle size by a N₂ gas permeation method. (1) Effective porosity increases with decreasing mean particle size of filler. (2) The tortuosity factor of the pore is in the range of 25–40 and becomes relatively smaller with decreasing mean particle size of filler. (3) The equivalent pore size becomes relatively smaller with decreasing mean particle size of filler.     

Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: A field trial on concrete slabs

Earlier laboratory work by the authors indicated satisfactory performance of glass powder (GLP) in concrete as a pozzolanic material. The powder was manufactured from mixed colour waste packaging glass comprising soda-lime glass. In order to investigate the performance of GLP in concrete under field conditions, a field trial was conducted using a 40 MPa concrete mixture, incorporating various proportions of GLP (0%, 20%, and 30%) as cement replacement. Ten mixture formulations, some of which also included sand-size crushed glass aggregate particles, were used to cast ten concrete slabs (1.5 × 2.5 × 0.25 m). Cylinders and prisms were also manufactured from the same batches at the time of casting for the measurement of compressive and splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, expansion, ultrasonic pulse velocity, volume of permeable voids, and chloride permeability. Core samples were drilled from the slabs at various ages for the same tests (except tensile and flexural), as well as for microstructural examination. Results showed that strength gain was slower in GLP-bearing concrete up to 28 days, but at the age of 404 days all the mixtures exceeded the 40 MPa target and achieved about 55 MPa strength.Mixtures containing GLP also performed satisfactorily with respect to drying shrinkage and alkali reactivity, and there were indications that GLP reduces the chloride ion penetrability of the concrete, thereby reducing the risk of chloride induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement in concrete. The results demonstrated that GLP can be incorporated into 40 MPa concrete at dosage rates of 20-30% to replace cement without harmful effects. The use of GLP provides for considerable value-added utilisation of waste glass in concrete and significant reductions in the production of green house gases by the cement industry.     

Effect of mixed size particles reinforcing on the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of Al2O3/PPS composites

Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites that were reinforced with different sized alumina (Al₂O₃) particles were studied. These composites were manufactured with two different sizes of Al₂O₃ particles 1 and 63 µm, using microcompounding and injection molding. Monosized Al₂O₃ particles reinforced up to 25 wt% loading content and mixed size Al₂O₃ particles reinforced at 15 wt% loading content as following particle weight proportions: 75% × 63 μm + 25% × 1 μm, 50% × 63 μm + 50% × 1 μm, 25% × 63 μm + 75% × 1 μm. Particle distribution investigations were performed by microcomputerized tomography (micro‐CT). Thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods and also dynamic mechanical properties were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) method. The results showed that mixed size Al₂O₃ particle reinforced composites showed a great enhancement in dynamic mechanical properties without significant change in thermal properties. It was concluded that mixed size particles showed a great synergy to give better results compared with monosized particle reinforced composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3219–3227, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Study on PVC composites containing Eugenia jambolana wood flour

This article describes the properties of composites using unplasticized PVC matrix and wood flour (obtained by crushing the bark of Eugenia jambolana) as filler. Composites were prepared by mixing PVC with varying amounts of wood flour (ranging from 10–40 phr; having particle sizes of 100–150 μm and <50μm) using two‐roll mill followed by compression molding. The effect of wood flour content and its particle size on the properties, i.e., mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal was evaluated. Tensile strength, impact strength, and % elongation at break decreased with increasing amounts of wood flour. Stiffness of the composites (as determined by storage modulus) increased with increasing amounts of the filler. Modulus increased significantly when wood flour having particle size <50 μm was used. Morphological characterization (SEM) showed a uniform distribution of wood flour in the composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008