高速高强熔融沉积成型技术研究进展

熔融沉积成型（FDM）技术以其低成本、易操作、快速原型制造和广泛适用性成为3D打印领域的主流技术。尽管FDM技术在3D打印领域具有重要地位，但其存在的一些局限性，如打印件的强度不足、成型速度缓慢等问题，仍然是制约该技术进一步发展的重要挑战。针对这些限制，本文从优化层间结合、材料性能强化两方面探讨了国内外学者在改善打印强度方面作出的努力，并从设备模块优化和优化打印策略（如注射打印）2个角度讨论了目前提高FDM设备打印速度的限制及改善措施；最后论述了对提升打印强度和速度的建议和意见。     

3D打印用ABS研究进展

介绍了三维（3D）打印技术、熔融沉积成型（FDM）与3D打印用丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）存在的问题,讨论了3D打印用ABS材料的成分配方、制备工艺、打印工艺、性能与用途,并指出加大对ABS材料的研究力度,使其能够应用于3D打印的同时,不断提升其打印制品的力学性能,赋予其多种特殊性能,以扩宽3D打印ABS材料的应用范围,是重要的研究方向之一。     

3D打印成型工艺及其应用研究

从增材制造的实现原理出发,分析了当前几种主流三维（3D）成型工艺的技术特点、设备原理及实现流程。以工业级3D打印机为研究平台,将熔融沉积成型（FDM）工艺应用于复杂型腔结构和传动组件结构的快速成型,通过3D建模、数据转化、切片处理、工艺参数选择、模型包计算及工艺后处理等一系列环节的实践探索,明确了FDM成型工艺的技术原理与应用流程,并成功制作了丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）材质的3D打印模型。结果表明,复杂型腔零件切片厚度为0.254 mm、传动组件切片厚度为0.178 mm时,3D成型件具有理想的工艺精度和打印效率。     

熔融沉积成型3D打印技术应用进展及展望

介绍熔融沉积制造(FDM)3D打印技术的产生和特点。着重介绍了FDM 3D打印技术在汽车工业、航空航天、医疗卫生、教育教学、食品加工等领域的实际应用情况。并对FDM 3D打印技术的应用前景进行展望。     

用于3D打印的微晶纤维素/聚乳酸复合材料制备与性能研究

以微晶纤维素（MCC）为增强材料、聚乳酸（PLA）为基体,通过高温熔融共混、挤出、拉丝等流程,制备适用于熔融沉积成型（FDM）3D打印技术的MCC/PLA复合材料,并通过FDM型3D打印机打印出成品。讨论了MCC添加量对该复合材料的力学性能、热性能、微观结构以及3D打印性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着MCC添加量的增加,复合材料的力学性能呈现先增高后下降的变化趋势,当MCC添加量为3%时,其拉伸强度和弯曲强度达到最高,分别为54.55 MPa和64.25 MPa。红外分析证实了微晶纤维素与聚乳酸在熔融时发生了接枝共聚反应。热性能分析表明,添加少量MCC,可以提高复合材料的热稳定性和PLA的结晶度。MCC添加量为3%的MCC/PLA复合材料其力学性能、打印性能和外观达到最佳,可应用于FDM型3D打印技术。     

基于工程塑料的3D打印技术应用研究进展

针对军用电子产品快速验证的需求,开展了3D打印技术的应用研究。通过分析现有3D打印技术、材料与应用领域,进一步对比分析基于工程塑料的熔融沉积成型(FDM)、立体光固化成型、选择性激光烧结、叠层实体制造四种3D打印技术的优缺点,着重阐述了FDM技术在国内外的工程应用情况,指出国内外FDM技术存在的差距,最后展望了3D打印技术的下一步应用方向。     

框架式热熔融3D打印机的设计

快速成型(FDM)技术是新时代发展的一种技术趋势,快速成型技术涉及生活、医学、人工制造等各种领域,随着时代的快速发展3D打印机的需求将越来越大。FDM技术是利用电机皮带送料机构将固体ABS或其他材料送入挤出机,材料经过挤出机后成熔化现象的情况。在计算机的控制下,挤压机构按计划的路径逐层地进行打印。PLA层层堆叠,与顶层金属丝粘接,循环执行这种操作,最终完成三维实体打印过程。框架式熔融3D打印刷机的机械结构包括:送丝机构、挤压机构、Z轴升降机构、传动机构、X-y平面扫描方向移动、机械传动、同步带传动、滚珠丝杠传动、熔敷打印等。     

基于锥形螺杆挤出单元的熔融沉积成型3D打印机及实验研究

研制了一种基于锥形螺杆挤出单元的桌面式熔融沉积成型（FDM）3D打印机,采用锥形螺杆塑化聚合物并挤出丝条,配合沉积平台的运动打印制品。使用聚乳酸（PLA）、 高密度聚乙烯（PE-HD）材料对设备挤丝性能进行了研究,并研究了打印参数包括电机脉冲频率、走丝间距、层厚等对 PLA 拉伸样条性能的影响。结果表明,自制锥形螺杆挤出式 FDM 打印机具有较好的打印效果,合适的电机脉冲频率、走丝间距、层厚等工艺参数可以使打印制件获得较好的表观质量和强度,而较大的走丝间距使制件的拉伸强度下降了约20 %。     

改性油茶壳粉增强聚乳酸3D打印材料性能研究

以废弃油茶壳（COS）为原料,经过碱和硅烷偶联剂处理后,制得改性COS。将改性COS与聚乳酸（PLA）经熔融共混挤出、拉丝,制备适用于熔融沉积成型（FDM）的改性COS/聚乳酸（PLA）3D打印材料,对其力学性能、热学性能、打印性能等进行探讨。结果表明：采用碱和硅烷偶联剂改性COS,可以显著提高COS的初始热分解温度,也提高改性COS/PLA 3D打印材料的热稳定性。当改性COS的质量分数为3%,改性COS/PLA 3D打印材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度最大分别为66.97 MPa和53.57 MPa,相比纯PLA分别提高15.19%和12.05%,而且聚合物的结晶度提高15.6%。通过FDM 3D打印技术成功制备了个性化艺术品,打印效果良好。     

FDM工艺制品精度分析及优化方法

在熔融沉积技术(FDM)中,各种变量如机械结构、耗材种类、层高、打印速度、温度、支撑方式等对最终打印制品的外观和尺寸精度有较大影响。文章详细分析了FDM工艺成型方式,利用FDM工艺的3D打印机制作相关实验模型,通过精确测量和理论分析获知误差产生的原因,并提出相关优化方案。对提高FDM工艺的3D打印制品精度有重要意义,有助于推动3D打印技术工业化应用。     

Fused Deposition Modeling of Polyolefins: Challenges and Opportunities

Polyolefins are the largest class of commercially available synthetic polymers that are extensively used in a variety of applications from commodities to engineering owing to their low cost of production, good physico-mechanical properties, light weight, good processability, and recyclability. Compared to conventional molding techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing is a smart manufacturing technology for thermoplastics due to its low cost, ease of production of complex geometrical parts, rapid prototyping, and scalable customization. FDM 3D printing can be an ideal manufacturing technology for polyolefins to manufacture various complex parts. However, FDM 3D-printing of polyolefins is challenged bycritical printing problems like high warpage, dimensional inaccuracies, poor bed adhesion, and poor layer-to-layer adhesion. In this review, a fundamental understanding of polyolefins and their FDM 3D-printing process is established, and the recent progress of FDM 3D printing of polyolefins is summarized. Furthermore, strategies to overcome warpage and to improve mechanical strength of the 3D-printed polyolefins are provided. Finally, future prospectives of FDM 3D-printing of polyolefins are critically discussed to inspire prospective research in this field. It is believed that this review article can be tremendously useful for research work related to FDM of polyolefin-based materials.     

Study on performances of graphite-filled polypropylene/polyamide 6 composites manufactured by fused deposition modeling

The application and development of 3D printing technology are greatly restricted due to the poor performance and single-function of the manufactured products. Therefore, it is still an important topic to develop 3D printing products with excellent performance and multi-functions. In this study, a novel graphite-filled polypropylene/polyamide 6 composite was successfully prepared using fused deposition modeling (FDM, one of the most popular 3D printing technologies). The effects of graphite on printing quality, melt-crystallization behavior and thermal stability of the composites were studied. In addition, the influence of different printing arrangements on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the composite were also studied, and the existing performance regulation mechanisms were deeply explored through the microscopic morphology characterization (graphite sheet orientation and void distribution) and force analysis. This work demonstrates that components with specific performance requirements can be tuned and manufactured using FDM, which further expands the application and development of 3D printing technology in the field of functional composite materials.     

Optimization of 3D printing parameters for high-performance biodegradable materials

Developing 3D printing high-performance biodegradable materials is important to protect the environment and deal with emergencies such as COVID-19. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the 3D printing methods, has many advantages, such as low cost and wide range of materials. However, the weak interlayer adhesion is an important factor restricting the development of FDM. In addition to the influence of material properties, the optimization of 3D printing parameters is also an important means to give full play to the inherent properties of materials. The optimal 3D printing parameters are conducive to the diffusion and entanglement of molecular chains between adjacent layers. PLA/PBAT/PLA-g-GMA (70/30/10 wt%, PLA-g-GMA was a compatibilizer synthesized in our lab) was used as the research object. This work aims to analyze the mechanical properties response of biodegradable polymers products manufactured through FDM. Herein, the effect of 3D printing parameters including layer thickness, nozzle temperature, printing speed and platform temperature have been systematically investigated by orthogonal experimental design. The result showed that the excellent performance of 3D printing specimen was obtained when the layer thickness was 0.15 mm, the printing speed was 50 mm·s⁻¹, the nozzle temperature was 200°C and the platform temperature was 50°C. The SEM images showed that the optimal 3D printing products had the best interlayer adhesion and the lowest porosity. Undergoing optimization of 3D printing processing, the yield strength and elongation at break of specimen increased by 115% and 229%, respectively. In this paper, the interlayer adhesion and mechanical properties of 3D printing products can be significantly improved by simply optimizing the 3D printing parameters without complex material modification. This work provided a new method for improving the interlayer adhesion of FDM and the mechanical properties of FDM products.     

螺杆挤出式3D打印机结构设计与仿真分析

分析了传统桌面级FDM型3D打印机与螺杆挤出式3D打印机的挤出原理,为提升桌面级FDM型3D打印机对打印材料的兼容性并降低打印材料的制作成本,设计了螺杆挤出式3D打印机新结构,具有螺杆与机筒便捷拆换功能。结合设计计算获得了适用于打印丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）材料的螺杆计量段结构,在螺杆低转速与小型化的要求下,可实现小流率高精度打印并可通过提高转速获得更高的流率。通过仿真实验的方法,分析了计量段熔体的速度场、压力场以及剪切速率场的特征。使用最小二乘法,得出了螺杆转速与出口流率对应的回归方程,验证了计算结果的合理性。结果表明,螺杆挤出机构能够适用于3D打印,可降低打印成本并拓宽可打印物料的选择范围,并可通过对螺杆转速的控制实现对物料挤出流率较为精确的调节。     

可折叠FDM 3D打印机的创新设计

采用L型折叠机构,对FDM 3D打印机的打印空间、折叠便携性进行改进。使用整个上顶面作为打印台增大打印空间,采用触屏面板以及加装WiFi模块和蓝牙模块,使安卓设备或电脑可通过蓝牙、WiFi与其连接实现远程操控打印。     

3D打印用ABS丝材性能研究

以丙烯腈–丁二烯–苯乙烯塑料(ABS)为基体,分别以碳酸钙、短切玻璃纤维(GF)和色母粒为改性填料,通过挤出成型制备改性ABS丝材,然后采用3D打印技术中的熔融沉积成型(FDM)技术,通过FDM型3D打印机打印测试试样,对其力学性能及收缩率展开研究。研究结果表明,碳酸钙填料的加入使得ABS 3D打印试样的拉伸强度降低,用量为2份的短切GF可略微提高试样的拉伸强度,但随着GF含量的增加拉伸强度下降;当打印速度不高于50 mm/s时,相比于橘黄色母粒,蓝色母粒可提高试样的拉伸强度;改性ABS试样的拉伸性能随着打印速度的增加呈现两种不同的变化趋势,这可能由材料流动性能的差异所引起;随碳酸钙或GF用量增加,试样的收缩率逐渐降低,其中GF改性ABS试样收缩率的降低幅度更大,相比于橘黄色母粒,蓝色母粒的加入能够更有效地降低ABS试样的收缩率。     

FDM 3D打印塑件翘曲变形影响因素的研究

针对熔融沉积成型(FDM)工艺易产生翘曲变形的缺陷,建立翘曲变形数学模型,利用正交试验研究了分层厚度、打印温度、托板温度、产品壁厚4个因素对打印试样翘曲变形的影响程度与趋势。结果表明,实验结果与数学模型相印证,得出分层厚度对翘曲变形影响程度最大,打印温度次之,托板温度与产品壁厚影响较小。通过优化FDM成型工艺参数,使打印精度提高了44.4 %,提高效果显著。     

连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料3D打印技术研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,连续玻璃纤维为增强体,采用熔融浸渍工艺制备连续玻璃纤维预浸丝,将制得的预浸丝作为3D打印耗材用于熔融沉积(FDM)的3D技术来制备连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料试样,并研究了打印温度、层厚和打印速度对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,当打印层厚为0. 5 mm,打印温度为230℃,打印速度为2 mm/s时,连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料的弯曲性能最佳,弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别为327. 84 MPa和20. 293 GPa。综合考虑复合材料的力学性能、表面质量和尺寸稳定性,连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料的最佳打印层厚为0. 5 mm,适宜的打印温度范围为200~220℃,打印速度范围为2~4 mm/s。     

Fused deposition fabrication of high-quality zirconia ceramics using granular feedstock

Benefiting from the mature technology of ceramic injection molding, Fused deposition modeling based on highly-filled ceramic-polymer granular feedstocks has been showing great potential and advantage for fabricating 3D ceramics. Herein, 3D zirconia ceramics using granular feedstock were fabricated, and typical morphology, surface quality, and effect of the thermal accumulation on 3D structure were clarified. Typical morphology of printing steps on the surface were quantitatively characterized, and determined by the surface curvature and layer height of the printed structure. Aligned triangular pores were confirmed at the junction of the deposited filaments with elliptical cross-section morphology. Simple square plates with different size were used to illustrate the influence of thermal accumulation on the morphology of 3D structure. Small printing size increased the thermal accumulation during deposition, resulting in decreased printing quality caused by the secondary over-melting of former deposited layers. Except for the pores at the junctions, dense zirconia ceramics with uniform structure and smooth surface could be achieved. A low-cost and high-quality route for the preparation of 3D ceramics was demonstrated via FDM of highly-filled granular feedstocks.