纤维混凝土无侧限压缩试验离散元分析

基于颗粒流软件PFC^2D,模拟了纤维混凝土试样单轴压缩破坏过程,分析了混凝土中纤维长度、直径以及细观参数对纤维混凝土力学特性的影响,得出如下结论：纤维在混凝土试样中是通过影响裂隙的发展而改变混凝土试样的力学性能;随着摩擦因数的增加,混凝土试样的单轴抗压强度提高,弹性模量变化不大;随着孔隙率的增大,混凝土试样的弹性模量呈下降趋势,单轴抗压强度先增大后减小;随着纤维长度和直径的增加,混凝土试样的单轴抗压强度先增大再减小,单轴抗压强度峰值对应的纤维长度和直径分别为20 mm和0.2 mm。     

湿筛混凝土动态受压力学性能及破坏形态细观数值模拟

湿筛混凝土通常用来代替由于骨料粒径较大而不便开展物理试验的水工全级配混凝土。为了研究加载速率对湿筛混凝土力学性能及破坏形态的影响,从细观角度出发,运用颗粒流离散元软件PFC^2D建立湿筛二级配混凝土细观数值试件,根据拟静态单轴压缩(应变速率10^-5 s^-1)试验数据标定出数值试件中砂浆颗粒之间、粗骨料颗粒之间及砂浆颗粒与粗骨料颗粒接触面之间的细观参数,进而开展应变速率为10^-4 s^-1、10^-3 s^-1、10^-2s^-1的动态加载并进行动态力学性能及破坏形态的数值模拟和机理分析。结果表明,不同应变速率下试件的应力-应变曲线形状相近,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加而增大,增长率为7.3%～37.9%,峰值应力处应变增大幅度不大。试件破坏形态与物理试验现象吻合较好,随着应变速率的增加,裂缝数量不断增加,裂缝分布趋于均匀,裂缝数量增长率平均为峰值应力增长率的4.2倍。此外,随着应变速率的增加,数值试件内部的颗粒接触力的不均匀程度有所降低,这表明动态强度的增长与混凝土内部受力的不均匀程度有关。     

掺氧化镁膨胀剂混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能研究

由于环境侵蚀,混凝土结构易开裂破坏,掺入适宜的外加剂可减轻其损伤劣化。本文研究了不同氧化镁膨胀剂掺量对混凝土抗侵蚀性能的影响,测试了混凝土经MgSO₄浸泡后的质量损失、强度变化,结合微观结构变化,评价了掺氧化镁膨胀剂混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。结果表明:硫酸盐长期浸泡环境下,混凝土试件的质量和力学性能均先增加后降低,掺入氧化镁膨胀剂以及降低硫酸盐溶液浓度都能降低硫酸盐的侵蚀速率;氧化镁膨胀剂的掺入一方面能够细化混凝土内部孔结构,降低硫酸盐的侵蚀损伤速率,延缓试件损伤开裂形成微裂纹;另一方面氧化镁膨胀剂填充了开裂后的微裂纹,阻断或减小了硫酸盐继续传输通道,从而抑制裂纹继续扩展。     

水浸泡和潮湿环境下CO2侵蚀对水泥基材料孔结构的影响

引水隧洞等地下工程结构处于复杂的水环境。引水隧洞运行和检修期,混凝土结构分别处于水浸泡和潮湿环境,其服役环境下CO₂对混凝土结构的侵蚀作用与大气环境下的碳化作用存在一定差异。本文采用氮吸附法分析水浸泡和潮湿环境下CO₂侵蚀后水泥基材料的孔结构,并与大气环境下侵蚀后的孔结构作对比。研究结果表明：CO₂侵蚀作用下,水泥基材料吸附能力提高,而水浸泡和潮湿环境下水泥基材料碳化后吸附能力较大气环境下要大;CO₂侵蚀后,水泥基材料小孔隙数量明显增多而大孔隙数量减少,而水浸泡和潮湿环境下水泥基材料小孔隙数量较大气环境下要多,其中水浸泡环境下水泥基材料总孔体积、平均孔径以及所有孔径的孔隙数量均大于潮湿环境,水浸泡环境会进一步加剧孔隙的发育和扩展。     

青海察尔汗盐湖条件下水泥混凝土侵蚀的试验研究

中国西部察尔汗盐湖是个氯盐为主,同时含硫酸盐的干涸盐湖,对水泥混凝土有严重的侵蚀作用.通过混凝土长期浸泡试验、浸烘循环快速试验等证实,其侵蚀性质分不同部位而异:在卤水中发生石膏型强硫酸盐化学结晶侵蚀;在地面以上30cm以内混凝土内部由于卤水通过毛细管作用上升发生复合侵蚀,混凝土表面氯盐结晶产生物理膨胀侵蚀,混凝土内部发生石膏型强硫酸盐化学结晶侵蚀.通过浸烘循环快速试验发现:含10%微硅粉外加剂、水泥用量大于400kg/m3的高强度、高致密度混凝土,具有很高抗强硫酸盐化学侵蚀和氯盐结晶物理侵蚀的能力.     

冻融循环与硫酸盐侵蚀共同作用下再生混凝土的微观结构研究

采用快冻法,将再生骨料取代率为30%的混凝土分别置于3%Na₂SO₄、5%Na₂SO₄、10%Na₂SO₄(均为质量分数)溶液以及水中进行冻融循环试验,测试再生混凝土质量损失率、相对动弹性模量变化、抗压强度损失率,并利用电子显微镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射等方法分析再生混凝土损伤层的微观结构,以超声波平测法确定损伤层厚度,引入侵蚀系数对以损伤层厚度为评价指标的损伤度进行优化。结果表明,当冻融循环为0～200次、Na₂SO₄溶液浓度大于5%时,抗压强度侵蚀系数始终小于1,即Na₂SO₄溶液对再生混凝土宏观力学性能损伤的促进作用明显,而对微观结构损伤的抑制作用明显。在再生混凝土冻融循环初期,以冻融侵蚀为主;冻融循环后期,以硫酸盐化学侵蚀为主,再生混凝土经化学侵蚀后生成钙矾石和石膏等膨胀产物,并出现膨胀裂缝,在冻融循环作用下裂缝迅速扩展,损伤层厚度增加。以损伤层厚度为评价指标的损伤...     

高抗蚀胶凝材料的制备及其抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能研究

为了提高在城市污水处理系统服役的混凝土管道的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,本文对高抗蚀胶凝材料(HCRC)展开了系列研究。基于正交试验,以抗蚀系数为考核指标,优化矿粉、粉煤灰、硅灰和脱硫石膏替代水泥的比例,获得高抗蚀胶凝材料的最优配合比(HCRC1)。采用模拟污水浸泡法研究了HCRC1的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,并利用FTIR、XRD、TG-DSC、压汞法(MIP)和氮气吸附法(BJH)等测试分析了水化产物和孔结构的变化。结果表明,HCRC1由26%水泥、50%矿粉、15%粉煤灰、6%硅灰和3%脱硫石膏(均为质量分数)组成。随着在污水中浸泡时间的增加,试件抗压强度比(K_f)下降,将HCRC1浸泡在污水中100 d后,其K_f值比普通胶凝材料(NC)的高37.94%。此外,微观分析表明浸泡于污水的浆体中的Ca(OH)₂和C-S-H凝胶被腐蚀性离子部分消耗,侵蚀产物主要为石膏,其中HCRC1生成石膏比NC少。同时,与NC浆体相比,HCRC1浆体孔径更为细小,其中有害孔、少害孔向更小孔径转变,这有助于提高其抵抗腐蚀性离子侵蚀的能力。因此,所研制的高抗蚀胶凝材料具有高抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,可用于混凝土污水管道。     

硫酸盐侵蚀作用下水泥砂浆膨胀率试验研究

在硫酸盐侵蚀环境下,混凝土内部硫酸盐腐蚀产物的生成是造成混凝土体积膨胀破坏和耐久性劣化的主要原因。通过测定不同硫酸盐侵蚀龄期,不同水灰比下普通硅酸盐水泥和高抗硫酸盐水泥砂浆的膨胀率,旨在研究硫酸盐侵蚀对砂浆膨胀率的影响。试验结果表明,在5%的硫酸钠溶液中长期浸泡的不同试件,其膨胀率均呈现初期增长较快,随后经过一个平稳增长的阶段。在浸泡120 d后,普通硅酸盐砂浆试件0.5和0.6水灰比会由于硫酸盐侵蚀造成的内部损伤,膨胀率出现骤增,而抗硫酸盐水泥由于其较好的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性使其膨胀率仍保持缓慢增长;普通硅酸盐水泥试件在硫酸钠溶液中浸泡150 d后,0.4、0.5和0.6水灰比试件膨胀率分别达到0.162%、0.383%和0.491%,分别为抗硫酸盐水泥砂浆试件膨胀率的1.0倍、2.3倍和2.8倍。说明硫酸盐侵蚀加速了砂浆的体积膨胀速率,同时高抗硫酸盐水泥较普通硅酸盐水泥具有较好的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。     

风积沙超高性能混凝土耐久性实验研究

我国风积沙覆盖面积巨大,覆盖了我西北、东北方向大部分区域。同时该区域建筑材料资源匮乏,将风积沙作为骨料制备混凝土具有重大研究价值。以风积沙混凝土为研究对象,探讨冻融循环、抗硫酸盐浸泡、耐硫酸盐侵蚀对风积沙混凝土耐久性能带来的影响,结果表明:冻融循环对风积沙混凝土的抗压强度的影响最大,干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀次之,硫酸盐浸泡最小;劈裂抗拉强度受冻融循环次数、硫酸盐浸泡以及酸盐侵蚀影响较小,但随着干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀循环次数的增加,强度先迅速下降,然后逐渐上升,然后迅速下降。     

矿物掺合料对海洋混凝土结构硫酸盐侵蚀影响的试验研究

对不同配合比混凝土试件在海洋水下区进行现场暴露试验,通过实验室内对混凝土中硫酸根离子含量测定,研究腐蚀龄期、水胶比及矿物掺合料对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的影响,探究硫酸盐在混凝土内部侵蚀机理。试验结果表明:侵蚀到混凝土试件内部的自由硫酸根离子含量与总硫酸根离子含量,随着侵蚀龄期和水胶比的不同而变化,同时向混凝土中掺入一定比例的粉煤灰、矿粉等矿物掺合料可以改善混凝土试件内部孔隙结构,有效提高其抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力,从而延长混凝土结构耐久性能。     

粗骨料对混凝土单轴抗压强度及破坏特征影响的数值分析

采用PFC2D离散元首先生成混凝土基质,然后利用Clump技术形成不同形态的粗骨料混凝土数值模型,分析研究粗骨料含量和形态对混凝土强度和损伤演化的影响。获得以下主要结论：随着粗骨料含量的增加混凝土单轴抗压强度增大,相同含量下三角形粗骨料混凝土的强度最高,其次是五边形粗骨料,圆形粗骨料混凝土的强度最低;粗骨料含量小于50％时,随粗骨料含量的增大弹性模量增速较小,而大于50％时增速较大;混凝土破坏的初始微损伤主要集中在结合面处,圆形粗骨料微裂隙沿着结合面切线方向发展,主控破裂面沿着相邻粗骨料的公切线方向发展,多边形粗骨料微裂隙沿边延伸进入基质,主控破裂面为相邻粗骨料角度基本一致边的微裂隙沿边发展贯通而成。混凝土的损伤演化分为：微损伤的随机分布、微裂隙形成和微裂隙贯通形成破裂面三个阶段,粗骨料含量低时混凝土损伤比较集中,形成明显的主控破裂面,粗骨料含量高时内部损伤严重形成网状损伤裂隙。     

Shear effects on expanded graphite under uniaxial pressure: An in situ small angle neutron scattering study

In a previous work [1] we elucidated the in situ evolution of the porosity of out-of-plane compressed flexible graphite under uniaxial pressure up to 1000 bar using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. In order to understand the influence of shear effect on the properties of flexible graphite we study, in the present paper, the in situ behaviour of in-plane compressed flexible graphite under a uniaxial pressure. The sample had a pleated layered structure in which anisotropic SANS patterns revealed a distribution of differently oriented ellipsoid pores. Uniaxial compression generates important shear effects in this kind of sample.We have determined the evolution of the system fractal dimension, pore size distribution and apparent specific surface area with applied pressure which together allow us to describe the meso and macro pore structure evolution. Under pressure, the irreversible collapse and splitting of larger pores into smaller size ones which is characteristic of out-of-plane uniaxial compression [1], is accompanied, in the presence of shear stress components, by an in-plane slipping mechanism giving rise to cracks and consequently to interface formation.     

In-situ characterization on crack propagation behavior of SiCf/SiC composites during monotonic tensile loading

The microstructure and crack propagation path of 2.5D SiC_f/SiC composites were observed by synchrotron radiation x-ray computed micro tomography (SR-μCT) equipped with in-situ tensile device. The results showed that the pore morphologies of the SiC_f/SiC composites are mainly divided into three types in three-dimension space: interconnected pores, isolated pores and micro pores in fiber bundles. The crack initiation occurred at the root of the defects under in-situ tensile load and the crack was perpendicular, parallel to the stress axis or mixed mode to propagate. At the interface scale between fiber and matrix, the crack deflection will be controlled by physical parameters such as fracture energy release rate and the modulus of elasticity. At the fiber bundle scale, the crack is easy to shear propagate along the interface between weft and warp fiber bundles due to the existence of the mechanical bonding and residual tensile stress.     

早强剂对轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土早期抗压强度影响试验分析

通过对湿密度分别为500 kg／m3、800 kg／m3、1000 kg／m3的轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土试样进行了室内无侧限单轴压缩试验,分析了氯化钙和硫酸钠两种早强剂对轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土早期抗压强度的影响;借助光学显微技术并通过图像分析软件,从微观角度解释了氯化钙、硫酸钠早强剂对轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土早期抗压强度形成的影响。结果表明：两种早强剂均可使轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土早期抗压强度有较大幅度提高,特别是3d、7 d、14 d抗压强度提高幅度分别至少在44．3％、25．4％和11．2％,但对28 d抗压强度提高不明显;两种早强剂均可使轻质复合发泡泡沫混凝土的微观结构指标显著提高,硫酸钠早强剂提高效果更为明显。     

High Rate Response and Dynamic Failure of Structural Ceramics

The process of dynamic failure of four structural ceramics subjected to unconfined uniaxial dynamic compression is investigated. The four materials examined are α-SiC, AD₉95 Al₂O₃, β-Si₃N₄, and SiAlON. In each case, the dynamic failure process is studied through dynamic loading of cylindrical specimens within a compression Kolsky bar combined with high-speed photography. Strain rates in the range of 10³ s⁻¹ are achieved (the corresponding loading rates are on the order of 200 MPa/us). The dynamic failure process for all four ceramics consists of the development and propagation of axial splitting cracks followed by columnar fragmentation. Macroscopic cracks (propagating with crack velocities of several hundred meters per second) and substantial volumetric strains are observed well before the peak strength is attained.     

Investigation of concrete exposed to dual sulfate attack

Durability of concrete exposed to sulfates has primarily been studied on specimens fully-submerged in sulfate solutions. However, field experience shows that concrete exposed to sulfates can suffer from surface scaling above ground level due to physical attack. This damage has often been ignored and even confused with chemical sulfate attack. In this study, concrete partially-immersed in sulfate solutions and exposed to cyclic temperature and relative humidity was explored. Results show that concrete can experience dual sulfate attack. The lower immersed portion can suffer from chemical sulfate attack, while the upper portion can be vulnerable to physical attack. Lowering the water-to-binder ratio and moist-curing reduced surface scaling above the solution level, since the volume of pores was decreased. Although partial replacement of cement with pozzolans also decreased the pore volume, surface scaling increased due to increased proportion of small diameter pores and associated growth of capillary suction and surface area for evaporation.     

单轴压缩下带圆孔的脆性岩板劈裂破坏研究

带圆孔的脆性岩板在单轴压缩荷载的作用下,其破坏过程一般经历弹性阶段,劈裂裂纹的产生与扩展,压剪裂纹的产生及岩板破坏几个阶段.分析了弹性阶段的圆孔四周的应力分布,解释了劈裂裂纹的产生机理,确定了劈裂裂纹产生的位置.通过分析开裂后裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律,发现随着孔径的增大,起裂荷载减小,这个结论与实验结果非常吻合.而对于同一模型随着裂纹的扩展,应力强度因子减小,反映了劈裂裂纹的扩展是稳定的.对于岩石这种内部存在很多微小孔洞或不连续面的材料,通过该模型能从宏观唯像上解释岩石在单轴压缩试验中的劈裂破坏机理.     

Compaction and shear failure of refractory mortars – effects of porosity and binder hardening

With the aim to correlate the global properties of refractory mortars with the micro-mechanical processes, a series of uni-axial compression and shear tests was conducted. The test program was developed with the view that the shear grain slip and cracks are frequent failure mechanism under compressive loads. The micro-structural changes during compression were monitored by X-ray micro focus computed tomography. Discrete element modelling was used to highlight the effects of individual factors of influence. Mortars with a water glass binder of different maturity were tested. In compression the mortars demonstrated cracking and pore closure. Shear tests showed that the failure process consists of multiple local failure events. The combined effects of the porosity and immature binder promote increased tendency for crack branching and arrest. This results in low shear strength and high compressibility. Cohesion and interlocking between the grains prevents crack branching and increases the stiffness and the strength.