鼓泡床取热器流动特性的数值模拟

应用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法,采用点源注射的进气方式对气固鼓泡流化床取热器内流动特性进行数值模拟。考察不同气速下床层膨胀高度、轴径向时均固含率分布、颗粒轴向速度分布及床层颗粒内循环流率的分布。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于描述鼓泡流化床取热器内气固两相的流动规律。     

小型提升管反应器流动-反应耦合模拟

在提升管气固两相湍流流动模型和重油反应动力学集总模型的基础上,利用Fluent软件建立了催化裂化提升管反应器气固两相流动与反应耦合模型,对实验室小型提升管反应器进行了数值模拟,考察了气固两相的流动、传热、传质与反应过程。结果表明,提升管反应器内气固两相在轴向和径向的流动、传热与反应的分布不均匀。在入口附近。原料和催化剂温度变化显著,各组分的浓度变化剧烈,在提升管上部,变化平缓。反应器出口各组分质量分数的模拟值和实验值基本吻合。说明该模型对提升管反应器出口参数和反应结果具有较好的预测性。     

湍流气固两相流动状况的数值模拟

应用已建立的提升管反应器固两相流动反应模型,对工业催化裂化提升管反应器内在有传热及裂化反应时的湍流气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,得到了气固两相湍充动状况的详细信息,揭示了提升管内部有反应和传热时气固两相湍流流动的基本特征。模拟结果表明,在轴向,径向和圆周方向都存在着流动,湍能与率剂颗粒浓度的不均匀分布,进料段内的流动是整个反应器最复杂的部分。工业提升管反应器内这一复杂的气固两相湍流流动必将对传热和裂     

提升管内气粒流动行为的数值模拟

采用描述密相湍流气粒流动规律的k-ε-kp-εp-Θ双流体模型对不同尺度和操作条件下的提升管内的定常流动进行了计算流体力学数值模拟，获取了各种工况下有关颗粒速度、体积分率和质量流率分布等宏观流动行为的大量信息，并与相应条件下的实验数据取得了较好的吻合。此外还通过对大量模拟数据的分析获得了提升管内宏观流动规律的综合图像。该模型描述了密相湍流气粒流动规律，预测出了描述单颗粒脉动能大小的颗粒拟温度田和表征颗粒在介观尺度上脉动大小的颗粒湍动能江在床内的分布。分析表明：不同流动参数对颗粒在微观和介观尺度上的脉动有不同程度的影响；固含率对颗粒相的脉动行为和颗粒的质量扩散行为有重要的影响。     

循环流化床多组分颗粒气固两相流动模型和数值模拟

基于稠密气体分子运动论和颗粒动力学,考虑多组分颗粒中颗粒组分与颗粒组分、颗粒组分内颗粒之间的相互作用以及气体与颗粒之间的相互作用,提出多组分颗粒非等温颗粒气固两相流动模型.以颗粒压力、径向分布函数、黏度、颗粒碰撞耗散等耦合各颗粒组分间和颗粒间的相间作用.采用大涡模拟方法模拟气相湍流流动.提出了多组分颗粒的径向分布函数计算方法.对循环流化床上升管中双组分颗粒气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟,模拟结果揭示了上升管中双组分颗粒气固两相流动的环-核流动结构,得到了平均颗粒粒径的轴向和径向分布规律,计算结果与文献中实验结果相吻合.     

下行床反应器内催化裂化过程的CFD模拟

耦合湍流气粒多相流模型和催化裂化集总动力学模型,建立了描述下行床内多相流动和催化裂化过程的反应器数学模型,并利用计算流体力学单元模拟软件CFX4.3对下行床内的催化裂化过程进行了数值模拟及分析.模型能预测出在工业应用中反应器内最受关注的诸多参数,如固含率、相间滑移速度、压降、气固相的加速区以及各组分浓度的分布情况.预测结果表明,气相反应的进行将导致反应器内的气粒流动行为发生较大变化,充分考虑反应与流动行为的耦合十分重要;而反应器床径的增大将导致转化率和各产物收率的下降.     

气固提升管内颗粒浓度的分布与计算

以实验数据为基础并结合文献研究结果,阐明提升管气固上行两相流颗粒浓度的轴向和径向分布特征,建立充分发展段气固两相流与管壁间摩擦压降的计算模型,改进由测试压力梯度计算颗粒浓度的准确性,并提出充分发展段截面平均颗粒浓度关联式和局部颗粒浓度径向分布关联式。     

提升管内气固两相双组分颗粒流动的离散颗粒硬球模型的模拟

基于离散颗粒(DPM)硬球模型，数值模拟提升管内双组分颗粒气固两相湍流流动行为。应用Vreman的亚格子尺度（SGS）模型模拟气体湍流，建立考虑不同颗粒加速度效应的两颗粒碰撞最小时间计算模型。数值模拟预测了大颗粒和小颗粒的速度和浓度分布。研究结果表明小颗粒具有高的轴向速度和脉动速度，而大颗粒具有低的轴向速度和脉动速度。在床中心区域，小颗粒轴向速度分布出现3个峰值，对于大颗粒轴向速度仅出现两个峰值。在壁面区域大颗粒和小颗粒速度均出现两个峰值。沿床径向方向呈现床中心颗粒浓度低、壁面区域颗粒浓度高的环核流动结果。随着表观气速的增大，颗粒浓度沿径向和床高分布趋于均匀。在床中心区域模拟计算轴向颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和RMS速度与文献实验结果相吻合。在提升管内气体湍流对小颗粒流动具有一定的影响，颗粒间碰撞作用对颗粒相流动的影响大于气相湍流的影响。     

提升管和下行床在催化裂化过程中的比较

在综合考虑流动、反应、传质的基础上,建立了适用于模拟提升管和下行床反应器中催化裂化过程的二维返混模型,并利用正交配置法进行数值求解,得到了各产物在两种反应器内的不同浓度分布规律。这处结果源于两者流动结构和混合状况的差异。和提升管相比,由于下行床内的气固两相流动更接近平推流,气固速度和颗粒浓度径向分布均匀,气固轴向返混小,因而可得到更高的汽油收率。     

高密度液固循环流化床流动特性研究及数值模拟

在φ80 mm×8000 mm的液固循环流化床提升管中,利用实心玻璃珠和常温水,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法对高密度液固循环流化床的流动特性进行了考察。实验发现,高密度液固提升管中,颗粒固含率和颗粒速度径向分布均为抛物线分布,轴向平均固含率分布总体上为下浓上稀的波动形式分布,颗粒在提升管中的流动表现出加速-减速-再加速直至充分发展的过程。这种分布特征与较高颗粒浓度、较高表观液速和颗粒循环速率及喷管式液体分布器的影响有关。液固提升管中固体颗粒的停留时间分布曲线均为尖而窄、较对称且没有明显拖尾的单峰分布,这表明颗粒基本是以弥散颗粒形式存在,颗粒停留时间分布较为均匀。通过将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行比较发现,模拟值与实验值吻合较好,说明所建立的数学模型较为合理,进一步通过数值模拟实验对颗粒密度和颗粒粒径对流动特性的影响规律进行了考察。     

Experimental and numerical research for fluidization behaviors in a gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed

The effects of sound assistance on fluidization behaviors were systematically investigated in a gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed. A model modified from Syamlal–O'Brien drag model was established. The original solid momentum equation was developed and an acoustic model was also proposed. The radial particle volume fraction, axial root‐mean‐square of bed pressure drop, granular temperature, and particle velocity in gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent 6.2. The results showed that radial particle volume fraction increased using modified drag model compared with that using the original one. Radial particle volume fraction was revealed as a parabolic concentration profile. Axial particle volume fraction decreased with the increasing bed height. The granular temperature increased with increasing sound pressure level. It showed that simulation values using CFD code Fluent 6.2 were in agreement with the experimental data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Granular pressure in a liquid‐fluidized bed as revealed by diffusing wave spectroscopy

The granular pressure and granular temperature underpin various models of granular flows while they are playing an increasing role in modeling of other phenomena in granular systems such as heat transfer, segregation, erosion, attrition, and aggregation. The development and validation of these theories demand experimental determination of these two quantities. Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) is now an accepted technique for measurement of granular temperature in dense granular systems. Using granular temperature data obtained from DWS with the kinetic theory of granular flow, we have derived the granular pressure data for a liquid‐fluidized bed. The determined variation of the mean bed granular pressure with mean bed solid volume fraction compares favorably with previously published experimental data and theoretical models of others. Where discrepancies do occur, they may be attributed to differences in particle inertia, suggesting further work on granular pressure models is required. Finally, we report the variation of the granular pressure with height above the distributor for several mean solids volume fractions. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Experiment and 3D simulation of slugging regime in a circulating fluidized bed

A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is widely applied in many industries because it has high efficiency. To develop and improve the process, an understanding of the hydrodynamics inside the CFB is very important. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) represents a powerful tool for helping to understand the phenomena involved in the process. In this study, a CFD model was developed to represent a cold model of the laboratory scale CFB which was designed to study the hydrodynamics of a CFB using commercial CFD software. The Eulerian approach with kinetic theory of granular flow was used for simulating the hydrodynamics inside the system. After proper tuning of relevant parameters, the pressure profile along the equipment from the simulation was well agreed with that from the experiment. The simulation result expresses the hydrodynamic parameters of the slug flow such as solid volume fraction, gas and solid velocities and granular temperature in the riser.     

65 t/h高低差速循环流化床流动特性模拟

对一台65 t/h高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性进行二维数值模拟。采用基于颗粒动力学理论的欧拉双流体模型来描述气固流动,湍流模型、气固曳力模型和不同粒径颗粒间曳力模型分别采用RNG k-ε per phase模型、Gidaspow模型和Schiller-naumann模型,并应用商业计算流体力学软件Fluent进行数值计算,得到炉内颗粒速度分布、压力分布和颗粒浓度分布,并将压力分布与实测值进行对比。在欧拉双流体模型中分别采用单粒径固相模型和多粒径固相模型,并对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,单粒径固相模型能够较好预测高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性,为其优化设计、运行及大型化提供了理论依据。     

基于颗粒动力学理论的搅拌器中固液流动的数值模拟

在欧拉双流体模型基础上引入颗粒动力学理论(KTGF)，对带挡板圆盘涡桨式搅拌器内的固液两相流动进行数值模拟。结果表明，搅拌器底部颗粒温度分布与固相浓度分布趋势吻合，转速低于600 r/min时，槽底会形成明显的颗粒沉积，转速从600 r/min增至1500 r/min，堆积区向轴中心收缩，基于颗粒动力学理论可以合理解释挡板及叶轮转速对固相浓度分布的影响。随叶轮转速增大，搅拌器内固液两相湍流运动加剧，颗粒温度、湍动能及轴向速度增加，颗粒分布更均匀，但达到完全悬浮状态后颗粒温度趋于稳定。搅拌器底部和挡板处颗粒堆积导致了局部颗粒浓度增加及颗粒平均自由行程减少，颗粒温度反而降低；同时挡板布置使搅拌器内形成了双循环回路，加强了流体的湍流程度，增强了湍动能，但导致颗粒在挡板处积聚，不利于固相在挡板处均匀分布。     

Simulation analysis of gas–solid flow characteristics and water evaporation in flue gas semi-dry desulphurization process based on CPFD method

The gas–solids flow in an industrial-scale semi-dry method desulphurization tower is simulated by the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) approach. Compared with previous studies on desulphurization towers, this study focuses on analyzing particle distribution characteristics such as particle volume fraction, temperature distribution, and residence time. The simulation fully considered the particle–fluid, particle–particle, and particle–wall interactions in the desulphurization tower. Based on these considerations, the effects of flue gas inlet velocity and temperature on the gas–solid distribution characteristics of the desulphurization tower are simulated. An optimization scheme for adjusting the gas–solid flow in the desulphurization tower is proposed. The research results show that the error between the CPFD simulation data and experimental data is small and the changing trend is consistent. The particles in the bed of the desulphurization tower show a typical core–annulus flow. The distribution of gas and particles in the bed has a serious deviation with the increase of the flue gas inlet velocity and temperature. As the axial height of the desulphurization tower increases, the flue gas velocity, temperature, particle concentration, and water vapour distribution in the bed become more uniform. The relatively stable operating conditions for the gas–solid flow in the desulphurization tower is that the flue gas inlet velocity and temperature are 15 m/s and 393 K, respectively. Under these operating conditions, the pressure loss caused by the venturi accounted for 73.6% of the total pressure loss of the desulphurization tower. When the particle radius is between 0–150 μm, the particle size and the flue gas inlet velocity have the greatest influence on the particle residence time. Finally, the distribution of gas and particles before and after the adjustment of the desulphurization tower is compared, which showed that adjusting the bottom structure of the desulphurization tower could optimize the gas–solid flow.     

Flow behaviors of a large spout-fluid bed at high pressure and temperature by 3D simulation with kinetic theory of granular flow

Flow behaviors of a large spout-fluid bed (I.D. 1.0 m) at high pressure and temperature were investigated by Eulerian simulation. The gas phase was modeled with k − ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. The development of an internal jet, gas-solid flow patterns, particle concentrations, particle velocities and jet penetration depths at high pressure and temperature at different operating conditions were simulated. The results show that the bed operated at an initial bed height larger than the maximum spoutable bed height resembles the flow patterns of jetting fluidized beds. The radial profiles of particle velocities and concentrations at high temperature and pressure have the similar characteristic shapes to those at ambient pressure and temperature. The particle concentrations and velocities appear to depend on the bed heights when increasing pressure while keeping the gas velocities and temperature constant. The particle velocities in the lower region of the bed increase with increasing pressure, while they tend to decrease in the middle and upper regions of the bed. The particle concentrations have an opposite dependency with increasing pressure. They decrease in the lower region of the bed but increase in the middle and upper regions of the bed. Besides, the jet penetration depths are found to increase with increasing pressure.     

Experimental validation of CFD models for fluidized beds: Influence of particle stress models, gas phase compressibility and air inflow models

This work compares numerical simulations of fluid dynamics in fluidized beds using different closure models and air feed system models. The numerical results are compared to experiments by means of power spectral density distributions of fluctuating pressure signals and bubble statistics obtained from capacitance probe measurements. Two different particle rheology models are tested in combination with two different values of the maximum particle volume fraction. The first particle model predicts the particle pressure by an exponential power law and assumes a constant particle viscosity (CPV), and the second model predicts the stresses using the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). Furthermore, two model approaches for the air inflow are evaluated. The first inflow model includes the coupling between the air-feed system and the fluidized bed in the simulation, and the second model assumes a constant mass flow of gas into the fluidized bed. Finally, the influence of the compressibility of the gas phase on the numerical predictions is investigated. The numerical simulations are made using the CFX-4.4 commercial flow solver.The simulations show that the KTGF model gives a more evenly distributed bubble flow profile over the bed cross-section, while the CPV model gives a more parabolic bubble flow profile, with a higher bubble flow in the central part of the bed. This work shows that the KTGF model results are in significantly better agreement with the experiments. It is furthermore shown that the modelling of the air-feed system is crucial to for predicting the overall bed dynamic behaviour.     

喷动床内气固二相流动行为的计算模拟

采用双流体模型结合颗粒动理学理论对喷动床内气固二相流体流动行为进行了计算模拟研究。模型中运用颗粒动理学理论描述颗粒相应力封闭流体控制方程,使用Gidaspow曳力模型描述气固相间作用。喷动床内颗粒在浓相区的体积分数很大,采用Schaeffer′s模型描述颗粒间的摩擦应力。模拟计算结果表明,喷动床内分喷射区、喷泉区、环隙区3个区域,在射流入口处形成一个瓶颈。模拟计算得到的颗粒速度和空隙度分布与实验数据进行比较,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

基于连续方法的气固循环流化床全回路模拟及稳定性分析

相比对单个操作单元的模拟，气固循环流化床的全回路模拟能全面揭示各单元之间的联系、诊断操作突变等现象，对实际工业生产更具指导意义。本研究在连续介质模型结合颗粒动理论的框架下，对一套虚拟过程工程(VPE)的气固循环流化床装置进行了全回路模拟和稳定性分析。模拟发现了提升管中的颗粒浓度及压降发生大幅度的周期性震荡现象，两种完全不同的操作状态，即稀相输送和浓相输送，交替式地出现。为分析该现象产生的原因，考察了模型因素(主要是气固相间曳力)和操作因素(颗粒藏料量和提升管表观气速)对周期性震荡现象的影响。研究发现，将考虑非均匀结构影响的曳力替换成均匀曳力，仍不能消除周期震荡现象，其颗粒输送返回装置(Loop-seal)压头不足以保证颗粒从下降管平稳输送到提升管，而降低气速和增大藏料量都有利于颗粒循环输送的稳定性，防止“窜气”现象的发生。结合上述现象，进一步聚焦影响颗粒输送的关键点，即Loop-seal气动阀，采用引入虚拟阀门的方式提高Loop-seal输送管中的输送阻力，从而有效改进了全回路模拟的稳定性，其预测得到的提升管轴向压降分布与实验值基本吻合。