老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响，对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能，并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明，老化后炸药颜色变深，体积膨胀，质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ，热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低，与整体加速老化情况一致，TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反，说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

熔铸混合炸药用载体炸药评述

介绍了TNT、3号炸药、DNTF、TNAZ、DNAN、DNP等典型熔铸载体炸药的物化性能、爆炸性能、安全性能、结晶和凝固性质铸装质量,分析了作为载体炸药所存在的优点和不足,提出了利用优势克服不足的途径.认为TNT通过改性仍然是熔铸炸药的主要载体炸药;3号炸药具有系统研究的必要;DNTF通过降低冲击波感度和强化结晶控制研...     

DNTF及其低共熔物对PBX可压性的影响

研究了二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱（DNTF）、TNT、三硝基氮杂环丁烷（TNAZ）及其DNTF—TNT和DNTFTNAZ低共熔物作为添加剂，对压装PBX炸药可压性的影响。结果表明，低熔点单质炸药及其低共熔物混合物添加剂能够提高PBX的可压性；在DNTF、TNT、TNAZ3种炸药中，熔点越低，作为添加剂对PBX的可压性提高得越多；低共熔物混合物添加剂对PBX可压性的影响不仅与其熔点有关，而且与构成低共熔物混合物炸药的品种有关，其中DNTF与TNAZ形成的低共熔混合物比DNTF与TNT形成的低共熔混合物能够更好地改善PBX的压制成型性；作为增塑添加剂，适宜的质量分数为2％～3％。     

熔铸炸药的研究进展

综述了DNAN、TNAZ、DNTF、M eNQ四种可作为熔铸载体炸药的国内外研究现状,介绍了它们的合成方法、物理化学与爆轰性能、相容性、熔铸配方以及国内外在为其熔铸所做的最新研究成果,为促进上述载体炸药能更好地应用到熔铸中提供必要的参考数据。其中DNAN已经在美国投入到实际熔铸应用中,TNAZ、DNTF、M eNQ处于合成放大阶段和熔铸应用初级阶段。这些炸药的研究和应用将推动无TNT熔铸时代的到来。     

破甲战斗部新型装药－聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药－聚奥黑炸药是以HMX／RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药，其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX／RDX的组成比例，得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品，更为突出的是，合理选择HMX／RDX比例，使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量，而成本费用大幅度降低，经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明，聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高，破甲威力大，是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗的新型装药。     

HMX粒度级配对HMX/F2641输出能量的影响

以零间隙小隔板试验为基础，对HMX主体炸药粒度级配与混合炸药HMX／F2641输出能量的关系进行了研究。结果表明：主体炸药HMX粒度级配对混合炸药HMX／F2641的能量输出有明显影响，且随着混合炸药中较细颗粒所占比例的增大，混合炸药的能量输出呈升高趋势,对试验结果进行了理论分析和模拟。     

DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的水下能量

理论计算了DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的爆炸性能参数,通过水下能量及爆热测试研究了它们的能量特性.结果表明,含硼质量分数15%的DNTF基炸药水下能量可达到2.1倍TNT当量,并出现最大值.含铝质量分数10%～50%的DNTF基炸药的水下能量随铝含量的增加呈上升趋势,其最大值可达到2.67倍TNT当量.当铅或硼的质量分数低于18%时,含硼DNTF炸药的能量高于含铝炸药.硼铝联用,也可获得较好的能量特性.     

用DSC研究3,3-偕二氟氨甲基氧杂环丁烷与炸药和固体推进剂组分的化学相容性

按照GJB 772A-97 502.1法测量了该黏合剂单体3,3-偕二氟氨甲基氧杂环丁烷(BDFAO)与典型单质炸药、推进剂组分的化学相容性。结果表明,BDFAO与RDX、HMX、LLM-105、AP、碱式碳酸铅的化学相容性达到1级,与DNTF、HNS、B、1号中定剂的化学相容性达到2级,BDFAO与TNT、NC-NG、Al化学不相容。     

基于 Kissinger 方法的3，4-双（4-硝基呋咱-3-基）氧化呋咱的热分解反应动力学参数和热稳定性研究

采用差示扫描量热法研究了 DNTF和TNT在不同升温速率下的热分解特性；利用Kissinger方法计算和对比分析了DNTF和TNT的热分解反应动力学参数、热爆炸临界温度和热力学参数。结果表明，DNTF的热分解过程不同于TNT ，DNTF的热分解经历了两个阶段，其中第1阶段为主要部分。DNTF的活化能为168．85kJ／mol ，比TNT高约58 kJ／mol ，表明DNTF在低温下有良好的热稳定性。然而，除自由活化能外，DNTF的其他热力学参数均比TNT高。DNTF的热分解峰温和热爆炸临界温度都比 TNT小。因此，与TNT相比，DNTF的热稳定性差。     

炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系

为研究炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压之间的关系,设计了不同铝含量的RDX/Al、HMX/Al混合炸药,并进行了空中爆炸试验。根据爆炸相似理论,用相同条件下实测TNT超压数据,计算了冲击波超压的TNT当量。采用不同方法计算了炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,炸药空中爆炸冲击波超压与爆热、爆容和爆速乘积TNT当量的1/3次方满足线性关系,且回归线在y轴上的截距为0,斜率与炸药的类型有关。对于TNT,斜率为1;对于RDX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.053(R2=0.9996);对HMX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.073(R2=0.9995),表明炸药的爆热、爆速和爆容对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响相同。     

A Low‐Sensitivity Composition Based on FOX‐7

1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX‐7) is considered to be an explosive combining comparatively high performance and low sensitivity. In the present study, FOX‐7 has been evaluated as a possible replacement of RDX in TNT‐based melt‐cast compositions. A composition containing FOX‐7, TNT, Al and wax, and a method of preparing it were proposed. Its sensitivity to impact, friction, shock wave, jet impact, fast heating, and its thermal stability were tested. Some detonation parameters like the detonation pressure, velocity and heat were measured. Moreover, the Gurney velocity, the so‐called effective exponent of the expansion isentrope and the JWL equation of state of the detonation products were determined from the results of a cylinder test. The detonation characteristics were compared with that obtained for cast TNT.     

美国不敏感混合炸药的发展现状

介绍了美国研究发展的几种不敏感混合炸药,包括以DNAN基PAX系列炸药、以蜡为添加剂的MNX-194等熔铸炸药、AFX-757、PBXN-109、PBXIH-135、PAX-2A、PAX-3以及TATB基等高聚物黏结炸药的性能和应用情况.指出不敏感炸药在武器中已经大量应用.     

On the Mechanism of Efficiency of Lead Azide

The mechanism of superior efficiency of lead azide (LA) in comparison with mercury fulminate (MF) is not understood. Indeed, both primary explosives have quite close detonation velocities and result in a large amount of condensed lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), respectively. We explore an idea that the high efficiency of LA is due to the fact that the boiling point of lead markedly exceeds that of Hg. Then the products of LA in the detonation reaction zone could contain liquid Pb droplets, while MF products are gaseous. These lead droplets could violently impact the acceptor charge and favor its initiation. The plate dent studies of high explosives (HE) heavily loaded by metal particles provide an indirect support to the proposed mechanism. To check this hypothesis we numerically studied the donor/acceptor problem, where the donor is made of HE loaded with the inert metal particles. Pressure, velocity, and temperature relaxations of particles are taken into account. The model agrees with the experimental effect of metal addition on HE performance. However, the calculations show that the effect of particle penetration into the acceptor is late and weak in comparison with the effect of primary shock induced in the acceptor. Thus, the above hypothesis could not guide the development of green substitutes of LA. Hybrid mixtures of a nanothermite with a high explosive seem to be more promising for this purpose. A simple explanation is proposed for the superior triggering capacity of LA.     

Thermobaric and Enhanced Blast Explosives – Properties and Testing Methods

The review of the available literature on thermobaric explosives and enhanced blast explosives (high‐destructive explosives) is done in the paper. These types of explosives are defined, their common features and differences are shown. Special attention is paid to the physical phenomena accompanying the process of explosion of such fuel‐enriched heterogeneous explosives. These materials are divided into liquid and solid mixtures and composite materials, including layered charges. The considered explosives are characterized in details, methods of determination of their blast parameters are discussed and the results of experimental tests are presented.     

Synthesis and Characterization of 1‐Nitroguanyl‐3‐nitro‐5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole

The synthesis of 1‐nitroguanyl‐3‐nitro‐5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ANTA‐NQ) ( 1 ) with good yield and high purity is described. DSC analysis showed that the material displays good thermal stability. An X‐ray crystallographic analysis confirms the structure of this material, as well as displays intramolecular hydrogen bonding. A gas pycnometry density for this material was measured to be 1.79 g cm⁻³. The heat of formation of this material was also measured. These data, along with the molecular formula were used as inputs to calculate the detonation velocity and detonation pressure using the Cheetah thermochemical code. The sensitivity of this material towards impact, spark and friction was also measured, as well as its vacuum thermal stability. The 3‐azido derivative 2 was also prepared and its properties are described as well. The above data show that (ANTA‐NQ) may be a high performing material with low sensitivity and good thermal stability.     

Empirical Correlation of Minimum Burning Pressures of Ammonium Nitrate Emulsions

Experimental minimum burning pressures (MBP) of emulsions with solution phase containing ammonium nitrate/water, ammonium nitrate/sodium nitrate/water, and ammonium nitrate/sodium nitrate/sodium perchlorate/water are investigated. A correlation is proposed to relate the MBP’s with the combustion temperatures. The formulations containing sodium nitrate or sodium perchlorate have much lower MBP’s and can be accounted for by an activation energy of 150.7 kJ mol⁻¹ obtained from literature for ingredients having catalyzing effects on the reaction of ammonium nitrate, e.g. sodium nitrate. The ammonium nitrate/water formulations have a higher activation energy of 173.4 kJ mol⁻¹ deduced from an analysis of the data. The MBP vs. combustion temperature plot is linearized by a multiplication factor to the MBP that includes the activation energy of the corresponding system. This allows the MBP to be predicted from combustion temperatures determined from the formulations and the corresponding activation energy.     

Thermal and Sensitivity Study of Dihydroxyl Ammonium 5,5′‐Bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50)‐based Melt Cast Explosive Formulations

Dihydroxyl ammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) is a promising energetic material with predicted performance similar to RDX as well as to CL‐20. In the present study, TKX‐50 was evaluated as a possible replacement for RDX in TNT‐based, aluminized as well as non‐aluminized melt cast formulations. Thermal analysis reveals the compatibility of TKX‐50 with benchmark explosives like RDX and TNT in explosive formulations. This paper describes the thermal and sensitivity study of TKX‐50 with RDX and TNT‐based melt cast explosives. The result indicated that TKX‐50 can be effectively used as a RDX replacement in melt cast explosive formulations. TKX‐50/TNT‐based aluminized composition shows more thermal stability than RDX/TNT based composition, which clearly indicated the usefulness of TKX‐50 in melt cast explosive formulations.     

“火药—氧化剂”体系的爆炸性质

以“火药－氧化剂”体系爆炸性质的研究测定结果为基础,引入某些含能材料,充填物就可以组成一类工业炸药,其爆炸性能优于一般的工业炸药。     

Explosive properties of furoxanes

The detonation characteristics of explosives from the class of furoxanes are calculated. It is shown that furoxanes containing other explosophoric groups have very high detonation parameters. The high sensitivity of furoxanes, which is their common property, can be eliminated, at the expense of a decrease in their power, by increasing their thermodynamic stability due to the conjunction of the furoxane cycle with the benzene ring and the formation of hydrogen compounds. The production of furoxane based explosive compositions of the oxidizer-fuel type is also promising. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 123–128, January–February, 2008.     

RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性

通过水中爆炸试验,得到了RDX基含铝炸药在不同比例距离((-R))处的水中冲击波峰值压力、冲量和冲击波能.结果表明,在测试范围内,(-R)＜1.5 m/kg1/3,Al的质量分数为10%～20%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变;(-R)≥1.5 m/kg1/3时,Al的质量分数为0～30%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变.测试范围内,Al的质量分数为20%～30%时,冲量基本不变;Al的质量分数小于20%,冲量随Al含量的增加不断增大.(-R)＜1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加而不断衰减;(-R)≥1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加基本保持不变.(-R)=0.79 m/kg1/3(药柱18倍半径处)时,冲击波能量利用率只有25%左右,初始冲击波能损失了近1/2～3/5.