CeF3-modified LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for high-voltage Li-ion batteries

A facile chemical deposition method has been adopted to prepare cerium fluoride (CeF₃) surface modified LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Structure analyses reveal that the surface of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ particles is uniformly coated by CeF₃. Electrochemical tests indicate that the optimal CeF₃ content is 1 wt%. The 1 wt% CeF₃-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ can deliver a discharge capacity of 107.1 mA h g⁻¹ even at 5 C rate, while the pristine does only 57.3 mA h g⁻¹. Compared to the pristine, the 1 wt% CeF₃-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ exhibits the greatly enhanced capacity and cycling stability in the voltage range of 3.0–4.5 V, which suggests that the CeF₃ coating has the positive effect on the high-voltage application of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂. According to the analyses from electrochemical impedance spectra, enhanced electrochemical performance is mainly because the stable CeF₃ coating layer can prevent the HF-containing electrolyte from continuously attacking the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode and retard the passivating layer growth on the cathode.     

Flower-like hierarchical Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 by architectural design for lithium-ion batteries with superior capacity retention

In this work, hierarchical flower-like Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ (LNCM) with exposed {010} planes assembled and double-sphere Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ without {010} planes as a comparison were successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. The diffusion of Li⁺ could be enhanced in the flower-like LNCM with exposed {010} active planes, and the cathode exhibits a superior electrochemical performance especially in long-term cycling stability even at high current densities. The initial discharge capacity of this sample is 274 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C (25 mA g⁻¹), with corresponding initial coulombic efficiencies of 77%. Especially, the capacity retention reaches up to 98% at 1250 mA g⁻¹ current density after 100 cycles. By comparing with other LNCM materials reported recently, our optimal cathode has a pretty outstanding electrochemical performance, which is promising for the next generation lithium ion batteries.     

High-rate, high capacity ZrO2 coated Li[Li1/6Mn1/2Co1/6Ni1/6]O2 for lithium secondary batteries

Recently, there have been many reports on efforts to improve the rate capability and discharge capacity of lithium secondary batteries in order to facilitate their use for hybrid electric vehicles and electric power tools. In the present work, we present a ZrO₂-coated Li[Li_1/6Mn_1/2Co_1/6Ni_1/6]O₂. The bare Li[Li_1/6Mn_1/2Co_1/6Ni_1/6]O₂ shows a high initial discharge capacity of 224 mAh g⁻¹ at a 0.2 C rate. Owing to the stability of ZrO₂, it was possible to enhance the rate capability and cyclability. After 1 wt% ZrO₂ coating, the ZrO₂-coated Li[Li_1/6Mn_1/2Co_1/6Ni_1/6]O₂ showed a high discharge capacity of 115 mAh g⁻¹ after 50 cycles under a 6 C rate, whereas the bare Li[Li_1/6Mn_1/2Co_1/6Ni_1/6]O₂ showed a discharge capacity of only 40 mAh g⁻¹ and very poor cyclability under the same conditions. Based on results of XRD and EIS measurements, it was found that the ZrO₂ suppressed impedance growth at the interface between the electrodes and electrolyte and prevented collapse of the layered hexagonal structure.     

La2O3-coated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 as cathode materials with enhanced specific capacity and cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries

Li-rich layered oxides are the most promising cathode candidate for new generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. In this work, La₂O₃-coated Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ cathode materials were fabricated via a combined method of sol-gel and wet chemical processes. The structural and morphological characterizations of the materials demonstrate that a thin layer of La₂O₃ is uniformly covered on the surface of Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ particles, and the coating of La₂O₃ has no obvious effect on the crystal structure of Li-rich oxide. The electrochemical performance of La₂O₃-coated Li-rich cathodes including specific capacity, cycling stability and rate capability has been significantly improved with the coating of La₂O₃. The Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ coated with 2.5 wt% La₂O₃ exhibits the highest discharge capacity, improved cycling stability and reduced charge transfer resistance, delivering a large discharge capacity of 276.9 mAh g⁻¹ in the 1st cycle and a high capacity retention of 71% (201.4 mAh g⁻¹) after 100 cycles. The optimal rate capability of the materials is observed at the coating level of 1.5 wt% La₂O₃ such that the material exhibits the highest discharge capacity of 90.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 C. The surface coating of La₂O₃ can effectively facilitate Li⁺ interfacial diffusion, reduce the structural change and secondary reactions between cathode materials and electrolyte during the charge-discharge process, and thus induce the great enhancement in the electrochemical properties of the Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ materials.     

Synthesis and improved electrochemical performance of Al (OH)3-coated Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 cathode materials at elevated temperature

Spherical Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ powders were synthesized from LiOH·H₂O and coprecipitated spherical metal hydroxide, (Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3)(OH)₂ and coated with Al(OH)₃. The Al(OH)₃-coated Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ showed a capacity retention of 80% at 320 mA g⁻¹ (2 C-rate) based on 20 mA g⁻¹ (0.1 C-rate), while the pristine Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ delivered only 45% at the same current density. Also, unlike pristine Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂, the Al(OH)₃-coated Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ cathode exhibits excellent rate capability and good thermal stability.     

Rice husk-derived SiOx@carbon nanocomposites as a high-performance bifunctional electrode for rechargeable batteries

This paper we use ZnCl₂ to activates and reduces rice husks to produce SiO_x@N-doped carbon core-shell nanocomposites with inner voids is a facile and effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance. As an anode material for the lithium-ion batteries, the composites exhibit a high reversible capacity (1315 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 100 mA g⁻¹) and long-term stability (584 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 500 mA g⁻¹). Such outstanding cycling stability is attributed to the small size of the SiO_x particles with inner voids and the carbon layer coating can guarantee good structural integrity for long cycle stability. As a cathode material for Li–S batteries, the composite displays a high capacity and good stability (675 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 0.1C). Its good performance and facile preparation will improve the utilization of rice husk waste.     

Surface engineering Co–B nanoflakes on Mn0.33Co0.67CO3 microspheres as multifunctional bridges towards facilitating Li+ storing performance

In virtue of high capacity and low manufacturing expense, transition metal carbonates (TMCs) have recently arisen enormous research interests as the anode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the low electrical conductivity and unstable cycle performance impeded their further development. In this work, Co-B compounds are surface-engineered for the first time onto the mixed single-phase Mn_0.33Co_0.67CO₃ microspheres to accelerate the reaction kinetics and suppress the volume fluctuation of the electrodes during Li⁺ insertion/extraction. Specifically, Co-B nanoflakes not only function as the robust mechanical bridges between Mn_0.33Co_0.67CO₃ primary nanoparticles, but also provide extra pathways for electron/charge transport, both of which facilitate the improvement of electrochemical behaviors. Morever, the synergetic effect between Mn_0.33Co_0.67CO₃ and Co-B nanoflakes allow a high flux of Li⁺ across the interface to provide signifcantly boosted Li⁺ diffusivity. Impressively, the Mn_0.33Co_0.67CO₃@Co-B electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 806 mA h g⁻¹ over 500 cycles at a high rate of 1.0 A g⁻¹, demonstrating its superior cycling stability. Therefore, surface engineering of borides may be an effective and promising way to improve the electrochemical behaviors of conversion type anodes like TMCs.     

Tailoring carboxyl tubular carbon nanofibers/MnO2 composites for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Three kinds of novel carboxyl modification tubular carbon nanofibers (CMTCFs) and MnO₂ composites materials (CMTCFs/MnO₂) are prepared by combining hyper-crosslinking, liquid phase oxidation and hydrothermal technology. The complex morphology and crystal phase of MnO₂ in CMTCFs/MnO₂ are effectively regulated by adjusting the hydrothermal reaction time. The δ-MnO₂ nanosheet-wrapped CMTCFs (CMTCFs@MNS) are used as anode and compared with the other two CMTCFs/MnO₂. Electrochemical analysis shows that CMTCFs@MNS electrode exhibits a large reversible capacity of 1497.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles at 1000 mA g⁻¹ and a long cycling reversible capacity of 400.8 mAh g⁻¹ can be maintained after 1000 cycles at 10 000 mA g⁻¹. CMTCFs@MNS manifests an average reversible capacity of 256.32 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 000 mA g⁻¹ after twelve changes in current density. In addition, the structural superiority of CMTCFs@MNS electrode is clarified by characterizing the microscopic morphology and crystal phase of the electrode after electrochemical performance test.     

Electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode materials synthesized using a spray-drying method

In this study, spinel lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LTO) anode materials were synthesized from two titanium sources (P25 TiO₂, 100% anatase TiO₂) using a spray-drying method and subsequent calcination at various temperatures. The electrochemical performance of both a Li/LTO half cell and a LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/LTO (LNMO/LTO) full cell were investigated. The electrochemical performance of the LTO material prepared from P25 TiO₂ was superior to that of the LTO prepared from 100% anatase TiO₂. After modification of LTO material with AlPO₄, the LTO coated with 2 wt% of AlPO₄ (denoted “2%AlPO₄-LTO”) provided the best performances. The specific (delithiation) capacities of the 2%AlPO₄-LTO anode material was 189.7 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C/0.1C, 184.5 mA h g⁻¹ at 1C/1C, 178.8 mA h g⁻¹ at 5C/5C, and 173.1 mA h g⁻¹ at 10C/10C. From long-term cycling stability tests, the specific capacity at the first cycle and the capacity retention after cycling were 185.5 mA h g⁻¹ and 98.06%, respectively, after 200 cycles at 1C/1C and 182.1 mA h g⁻¹ and 99.18%, respectively, after 100 cycles at 1C/10C. For the LNMO/2%AlPO₄-LTO full cell, the average specific capacity (delithiation) and coulombic efficiency after the first five cycles were 164.8 mA h g⁻¹ and 93.30%, respectively, at 0.1C/0.1C. The specific capacities at higher C-rates were 156.1 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.2C/0.2C, 135.7 mA h g⁻¹ at 1C/1C, 97.5 mA h g⁻¹ at 3C/3C, and 46.5 mA h g⁻¹ at 5C/5C. After twenty-five cycles, the C-rate returned to 1C/1C and the specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention were maintained at 134.1 mA h g⁻¹, 99.17%, and 98.82%, respectively.     

Synthesis and electrochemical characteristics of Al2O3-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode materials have been coated with Al₂O₃ nano-particles using sol-gel processing to improve its electrochemical properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the as-prepared Al₂O₃ nano-particles was indexed to the cubic structure of the γ-Al₂O₃ phase and had an average size of ∼4 nm. The XRD showed that the structure of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was not affected by the Al₂O₃ coating. However, the Al₂O₃ coatings on LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ improved the cyclic life performance and rate capability without decreasing its initial discharge capacity. These electrochemical properties were also compared with those of LiAlO₂-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode material. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was studied to understand the enhanced electrochemical properties of the Al₂O₃-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ compared to uncoated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂.     

Investigation on performances of Li1.2Co0.4Mn0.4O2 prepared by self-combustion reaction as stable cathode for lithium-ion batteries

Poor rate capability and cycling performance are the major barriers for Li-rich layered cathode materials to be applied as the next generation cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In our work, Li_1.2Co_0.4Mn_0.4O₂ has been successfully synthesized via a self-combustion reaction (SCR) and a calcination procedure. Compared with the material produced by the solid state method (SSM), the one by SCR exhibits both better rate capability and cycling performance. Its initial discharge capacity is 166.01 mA h g⁻¹ with the capacity retention of 85.98% after 50 cycles at a current density of 200 mA h g⁻¹. Its remarkable performance is attributed to a thin carbon coating layer, which not only slows down the transformation rate of layered to spinel structure, but provides a good electronic pathway to increase the Li⁺ diffusion coefficient.     

Electrochemical characterization of P2-type layered Na2/3Ni1/4Mn3/4O2 cathode in aqueous hybrid sodium/lithium ion electrolyte

P2-type layered Na_2/3Ni_1/4Mn_3/4O₂ has been synthesized by a solid-state method and its electrochemical behavior has been investigated as a potential cathode material in aqueous hybrid sodium/lithium ion electrolyte by adopting activated carbon as the counter electrode. The results indicate that the Na⁺/Li⁺ ratio in aqueous electrolyte has a strong influence on the capacity and cyclic stability of the Na_2/3Ni_1/4Mn_3/4O₂ electrode. Increase on the Li⁺ content leads to a shift of the redox potential towards a high value, which is favorable for the improvement of the working voltage of the layered material as cathode. It is found that the coexistence of Na⁺ and Li⁺ in aqueous electrolyte can improve the cyclic stability for the Na_2/3Ni_1/4Mn_3/4O₂ electrode. A reversible capacity of 54 mAh g⁻¹ was obtained with a high cyclability as the Na⁺/Li⁺ ratio was 2:2. Furthermore, an aqueous hybrid ion cell was assembled with the as-proposed Na_2/3Ni_1/4Mn_3/4O₂ as cathode and NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/graphite synthesized in this work as anode in 1 M Na₂SO₄/Li₂SO₄ (mole ratio as 2:2) mixed electrolyte. The cell shows an average discharge voltage at 1.2 V, delivering an energy density of 36 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 16 W kg⁻¹ based on the total mass of the active materials.     

Synthesis of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2@graphene for lithium-ion batteries via self-assembled polyelectrolyte layers

LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode coated with a thin layer of graphene (~8 nm) is successfully synthesized by self-assembly and pyrolysis of polyelectrolyte layers on the surface of NMC particles. The graphene coated NMCs still possess a layered structure with good crystallinity and demonstrate a superior electrochemical performance (e.g., rate capability and cycling stability). The best graphene coated NMC cathode is prepared at a calcination temperature of 800 °C, exhibiting a capacity retention of ~90% vs. 78% for pristine NMC @ cycle 100 and 1 C rate. The improvement in cycling performance is further enlarged after 500 cycles (74% vs. 51%). This can be attributed to the dual functions of graphene coating in enhancing electronic conductivity and protecting NMC surface from the contact with electrolyte during the electrochemical reaction.     

Micro/nanostructured Bi2Mn4O10 with hierarchical spindle morphology as a highly efficient anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Mullite-type compound Bi₂Mn₄O₁₀ has shown the feasibility as anodes of next lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein micro/nano-Bi₂Mn₄O₁₀ with hierarchical spindle-like architectures has been successfully synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method without any no surfactant or template. A time-dependent experiment is carried out to observe the morphology evolution, suggesting a nucleation–aggregation/growth–dissolution–recrystallization process. As anode of LIBs, the as-prepared spindle-shaped micro/nano Bi₂Mn₄O₁₀ harvests a significantly high initial discharge capacity of 1022 mA h g⁻¹ at 1 C, an excellent cyclability performance (563.8 mA h g⁻¹ after 400 cycles), a better high-rate capability (100 mA h g⁻¹ at 10 C), quick diffusion kinetics (1.8 × 10⁻¹² cm² s⁻¹), and low active energy (19.5 kJ mol⁻¹), which are significantly superior to that of its bulk counterparts and the previous reports. The encouraging lithium storage performance largely stems from the synergistic effect of the unique spindle-shaped micro/nanostructure.     

Nano SIMS characterization of boron- and aluminum-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials for lithium secondary ion batteries

The LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ powders required for the present study, obtained by coprecipitation method has been surface coated with boron and aluminum. The morphology and crystal structure of powders have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The elemental distribution of the coated samples analyzed by transmission electron microscopy images and nano secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates a thin uniform layer of [B, Al]₂O₃ on the surface of spherical LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂. The surface-modified LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ has been explored as a cathode material for lithium secondary ion battery applications. The electrochemical charge–discharge results reveal that the capacity retention rate of coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ after 40 cycles at 1 C rate maintains 93% of the initial discharge capacity while the rate of bare LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ maintains only 88%. It is noticed that the small amounts of boron and aluminum coatings on the surface of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of electrode materials because of the suppression of reaction between the cathode and the electrolytes.     

Effect of synthesis condition on the structural and electrochemical properties of Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 prepared by the metal acetates decomposition method

In order to get homogeneous layered oxide Li[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]O₂ as a lithium insertion positive electrode material, we applied the metal acetates decomposition method. The oxide compounds were calcined at various temperatures, which results in greater difference in morphological (shape, particle size and specific surface area) and the electrochemical (first charge profile, reversible capacity and rate capability) differences. The Li[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]O₂ powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), charge/discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry and SEM. XRD experiment revealed that the layered Li[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]O₂ material can be best synthesized at temperature of 800 °C. In that synthesized temperature, the sample showed high discharge capacity of 190 mAh g⁻¹ as well as stable cycling performance at a current density of 0.2 mA cm⁻² in the voltage range 2.3-4.6 V. The reversible capacity after 100 cycles is more than 190 mAh g⁻¹ at room temperature.     

WO3 membrane-encapsulated layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material for advanced Li-ion batteries

Despite Nickel-rich materials have all the advantages of high capacity, long cycle life and low cost, there is still a disadvantage that the capacity decreases rapidly as the number of cycles increases. In order to solve this problem, WO₃ was uniformly coated on the surface of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ cathode materials by wet coating, and its cycling performance was greatly improved with the higher capacity. The coated materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results showed that the coating thickness was around 3.15?nm, and some tungsten ions were doped into the lattice of the near surface area of the LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ material. In addition, the results of charge-discharge test showed that 1?wt%WO₃ coating LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ had the best performance, and delivered a discharge capacity of 140 mAh g^?1 (the capacity retention rate is 84.8%) in the potential interval of 2.8–4.3?V at 1?C (1?C?=?165?mA?g^?1) after 200 cycles, while the bare cathode material only delivered a discharge capacity of 120 mAhg^?1 (the capacity retention rate is 75%). The phenomenon indicates that the WO₃ coating plays a role in inhibiting the harmful side reactions between the cathode material and the electrolyte, improving the electrochemical and structure stability of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ cathode materials.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of layered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 as positive electrode material for lithium secondary battery

In attempts to prepare layered Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂, hydrothermal method was employed. The hydrothermal precursor, [Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3](OH)₂, was synthesized via a coprecipitation route. The sphere-shaped powder precursor was hydrothermally reacted with LiOH aqueous solution at 170 °C for 4 days in autoclave. From X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies, it was found that the as-hydrothermally prepared powders were crystallized to layered α-NaFeO₂ structure and the particles had spherical shape. The as-prepared Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ delivered an initial discharge of about 110 mA h g⁻¹ due to lower crystallinity. Heat treatment of the hydrothermal product at 800 °C was significantly effective to improve the structural integrity, which consequently affected the increase in the discharge capacity to 157 (4.3 V cut-off) and 182 mA h g⁻¹ (4.6 V cut-off) at 25 °C with good reversibility.     

Highly improved structural stability and electrochemical properties of Ni-rich NCM cathode materials

We report a simple, easy way using WO₃ to build a conductive protective coating layer on the surface of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode. The WO₃ coating layer can block direct contact between the LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ and electrolyte, resulting in suppress the transition metal dissolution and interfacial unwanted reaction on the particle surface. Moreover, WO₃ coating layer allows for the smooth and rapid lithium and electron kinetics. The WO₃ coating improves the electrochemical performance, especially, this way significantly enhances the rate capability of 166.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 6.0C and cyclability of 85.8% after 100 cycles. Therefore, WO₃ coating provides a new breakthrough to improve the structural stability and suppress the resistance for superior electrochemical performances of lithium ion batteries.     

Synthetic optimization of spherical Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 prepared by a carbonate co-precipitation method

A carbonate co-precipitation method was employed to prepare spherical Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ cathode material. The precursor, [Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]CO₃, was prepared using ammonia as chelating agent under CO₂ atmosphere. The spherical Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ was prepared by mixing the precalcined [Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]CO₃ with LiOH followed by high temperature calcination. The preparation conditions such as ammonia concentration, co-precipitation temperature, calcination temperature and Li/[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3] ratio were varied to optimize the physical and electrochemical properties of the prepared Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the prepared LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ were characterized by XRD, SEM, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. The optimized material has a spherical particle shape and a well ordered layered structure, and it also has an initial discharge capacity of 162.7 mAh g^− 1 in a voltage range of 2.8-4.3 V and a capacity retention of 94.8% after a hundred cycles. The optimized ammonia concentration, co-precipitation temperature, calcination temperature, and Li/[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3] ratio are 0.3 mol L^− 1, 60 °C, 850 °C, and 1.10, respectively.