反渗透海水淡化系统中膜组件的清洗策略

反渗透海水淡化法中膜组件的定期清洗是防治膜污染的主要措施之一.膜清洗可将膜表面的污染物去除,达到恢复透水量的目的.在保证产水量的情况下,选择恰当的清洗策略和清洗时机可使清洗次数最合理,清洗费用最低.以规划期内总操作费用最小为目标,提出了新的污染模型,给出了清洗的判据,将清洗策略问题表达为一个混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）.对一个实例进行计算,给出了该例中的反渗透系统在5年规划期内的最优清洗策略和清洗时机.结果证明这种数学规划方法对于寿命为3～5年的膜组件的清洗维护是有效的.     

全流程卷式反渗透海水淡化系统操作优化

在对反渗透海水淡化系统流程和实际应用分析的基础上,提出了一种旨在降低总体操作费用的全流程反渗透海水淡化系统优化方法。首先根据系统变参数特点并充分利用蓄水池的缓冲能力,建立了反渗透过程机理模型、蓄水池动态过程模型以及变参数方程模型,实现了整个流程的方程描述。然后根据工艺流程和操作过程费用组成情况建立了总的操作费用模型,得到了全流程单位产水费用指标。在此基础上建立了以总体操作费用最低为目标、以开放方程描述的各模型方程为约束、以设备和产品质量限制为边界的优化命题,采用联立求解技术将该微分代数方程组成的优化(DAOP)问题转化为NLP问题后进行求解。最后对某海水淡化系统进行了实例研究。优化求解结果不仅表明本优化方法可以大幅降低实际操作费用,而且通过求解还可得到各种变参数条件下最优操作费用组成,以及实现费用最低的最优操作压力和流量变化曲线。本研究对优化海水淡化系统操作、降低总体操作费用具有重要意义。     

全流程卷式反渗透海水淡化系统操作优化

在对反渗透海水淡化系统流程和实际应用分析的基础上,提出了一种旨在降低总体操作费用的全流程反渗透海水淡化系统优化方法。首先根据系统变参数特点并充分利用蓄水池的缓冲能力,建立了反渗透过程机理模型、蓄水池动态过程模型以及变参数方程模型,实现了整个流程的方程描述。然后根据工艺流程和操作过程费用组成情况建立了总的操作费用模型,得到了全流程单位产水费用指标。在此基础上建立了以总体操作费用最低为目标、以开放方程描述的各模型方程为约束、以设备和产品质量限制为边界的优化命题,采用联立求解技术将该微分代数方程组成的优化（DAOP）问题转化为NLP问题后进行求解。最后对某海水淡化系统进行了实例研究。优化求解结果不仅表明本优化方法可以大幅降低实际操作费用,而且通过求解还可得到各种变参数条件下最优操作费用组成,以及实现费用最低的最优操作压力和流量变化曲线。本研究对优化海水淡化系统操作、降低总体操作费用具有重要意义。     

钢铁企业海水淡化工程实例

某钢铁公司对电厂冷却用海水进行淡化脱盐处理用于其工业生产,以该海水淡化厂工程为例,介绍了采用"折板絮凝沉淀+V型滤池+UF+SWRO+二级BWRO"海水淡化工艺的设计与应用情况。运行效果表明,该反渗透法海水淡化工艺,搭配折板絮凝沉淀+V型滤池+UF预处理,长期运行产水水量与水质稳定,SWRO回收率与脱盐率达45%、98.5%以上,产水加碱微调pH后,可供不同用户生产使用。通过利用电厂冷却后的温升以及高压浓水的能量回收等措施,降低了运行能耗,将海淡的能耗降低至2.7 kWh/t SWRO产水,吨SWRO产水直接运行成本降至2.5元以内(不含折旧、膜更换等费用)。     

高回收率反渗透海水淡化工艺的应用研究进展

回收率是反渗透系统设计中一个非常关键的参数,决定着进水处理系统(取水、预处理系统和高压泵)的尺寸和占地面积。但系统回收率的提高需要较高的操作压力,由此带来较快的膜污染和频繁的膜元件清洗与更换。目前,在不加剧膜污染的条件下进一步提高海水淡化系统回收率的方法已成为该领域研究热点。本文详细综述了国内外高回收率反渗透海水淡化工艺的应用研究进展,包括基于纳滤海水软化的集成膜过程和热膜耦合海水淡化过程,以及这些过程面临的结垢问题和影响因素,并针对目前的研究方向提出了建议。     

卷式膜元件反渗透脱硼海水淡化系统多目标优化研究

对卷式膜元件反渗透脱硼海水淡化网络系统进行多目标优化。采用不可逆热力学模型描述盐和硼的跨膜传质过程,加入系统流量约束保障反渗透系统安全运行。采用增强型ε-约束算法对多目标优化问题进行求解,引入模糊决策法在Pareto非劣解中筛选优化折中解。对于特定的装置参数,优化方案均采用二级反渗透系统,反渗透方案的成本在0.72～0.97$/m~3、能耗在3.09～3.96 k W h/m~3。随着成本的降低,系统回收率呈增加趋势,一级反渗透的压力容器个数逐渐降低,操作压力和压力容器内产水通量逐渐增加,而二级反渗透上述参数变化不大,进水p H保持在10.4~11.0以保证系统脱硼率。通过成本构成分析可知,将第1级反渗透平均通量控制在14.0 L/(m~3·h)时在经济与能耗上较为均衡。     

考虑不同水质输入的水电联产优化设计

结合已有的反渗透/多级闪蒸混产系统和发电-多级闪蒸联产系统,设计了一个新的包括热力发电系统、反渗透海水淡化系统和多级闪蒸海水淡化系统的水电联产超结构,对以不同盐度苦咸水、海水为原水的水电联产系统进行了优化设计,通过求解系统以年费用最小为目标函数的非线性数学模型,得到不同盐度下联产系统优化的生产结构. 结果表明,在低盐度(≤25000 mg/L)下采用冷凝式发电和一级反渗透产水,高盐度下采用抽汽冷凝式发电和热膜混合产水,可降低联产系统的年费用,获得较低成本的淡化水. 在本工作所定的生产规模下,优化联产方案的年费用可降低23%~36%.     

超滤水处理系统中膜组件化学清洗方法研究

对1级1段超滤水处理系统中膜组件的化学清洗问题进行了研究,改进了膜污染模型,给出清洗依据,规划期为2年,1个月为1个时段,以规划期内总的操作费用最小为目标,将膜组件的化学清洗表达为一个混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)问题,用GAMS软件进行求解,得出规划期内膜组件的最佳清洗时机。算例结果表明,提出的超滤膜组件的化学清洗策略和求解方法是可行的,与实际生产中膜组件的清洗操作相一致。     

热膜耦合海水淡化系统的优化设计

采用混合节点和分配节点的概念,建立了多级闪蒸(MSF)和反渗透(RO)海水淡化集成系统的超结构模型,以年度总费用最小为目标,引入产水比的概念,并将该参数作为集成系统的一个优化变量,采用改进的遗传算法进行求解,获得了集成系统的最优结构及相应的操作条件。实例结果表明:集成海水淡化系统的淡水成本比独立运行的RO和MSF低,产水比为0.45时集成系统的费用最小,流程结构为MSF-RO。     

反渗透和压力延迟渗透耦合脱盐系统的能效优化研究

针对开环和闭环两类结构的反渗透-压力延迟渗透耦合脱盐系统进行了模型构建与系统优化分析。首先,以标准化比能耗为目标函数,构建了开环结构和闭环结构耦合系统的非线性约束优化模型。在优化模型中,引入包括半透膜性能、操作状态及设计变量的无量纲参数组,建立反渗透和压力延迟渗透单元过程的特征方程以简化模型。同时,为了保证比较的公平性,开环结构的总体能耗中额外包含了预处理和后处理能耗。通过求解上述优化模型,系统地比较和分析了无量纲半透膜总面积和水回收率同时变化导致的最优标准化比能耗、膜面积分配和操作压力的变化规律。结果表明,在水回收率处于正常水平(≤0.55)且系统总面积充足(≥0.9)时,闭环结构在节能及减少预处理费用方面比开环结构具有更明显优势。     

Pre-treatment strategies for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis system

A good quality pre-treatment process is instrumental to the successful operation of a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant. The compounds that are susceptible to foul the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are inorganic suspended solids, sand, oil, clays, bacteria, and dissolved organic matters. In order to prevent the fouling, a pre-treatment of the raw water needs to be conducted. The pre-treatment technologies to prevent membrane fouling and to extend the lifetime of the RO membrane are commonly grouped into two categories, conventional and non-conventional. Both of these treatments are currently applied in SWRO plants in the world. The pre-treatment system applied is highly site specific and depending on the type of the feed water. This paper reviews the recent representative researches that are related to SWRO antifouling strategies and answers the most crucial questions about design and operating parameters of SWRO and its pre-treatment process. Also the economic evaluation of the SWRO system in regards to antifouling strategies' experience is discussed.     

膜生物反应器中膜污染控制技术的研究进展

膜污染是膜生物反应器(MBR)运行的必然结果,是MBR大面积推广的严重阻碍,因此研究膜污染控制技术具有重要意义。从膜污染发生前的预防和膜污染发生后的清洗2个方面,论述了常见的各种膜污染控制手段,综述了膜污染控制技术的研究现状与进展。其中膜污染的预防手段主要有膜(膜组件)固有性质的改进、操作条件的优化以及混合液性状的调控3类,而膜污染的清洗手段按是否使用药剂可分为物理清洗和化学清洗2类。综合考察MBR运行中的膜污染状况,采用合理的方法对膜污染进行控制,能够有效延长膜的使用寿命,提高MBR的实用性能。     

Forward-osmosis strategy and chemical cleaning of seawater desalination reverse osmosis membranes

In order to settle the membrane fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination process, this study reported a novel strategy based on forward-osmosis process and discussed the effects of different factors like different cleaning combination among reverse osmosis product, simulated reverse osmosis concentrate and simulated seawater, as well as cleaning time on the membrane permeate flux and salt rejection. For irreversible fouling, the effects of different chemical cleaning agents, immersion time and concentration were also investigated in this study. The results exhibited that the cleaning combination between diluted water and simulated reverse osmosis concentrate possessed the best cleaning performance in the process of forward-osmosis cleaning. Such approach also enhanced normalized flux from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa) and enhanced NaCl rejection from 80.59% to 92.80%. Furthermore, the normalized flux was enhanced from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa) and NaCl rejection was also enhanced from 80.59% to 96.27% after soaking in 2%(mass) citric acid solution for 2h, soaking with 1%(mass) ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetrasodium salt and 0.3%(mass) sodium tripolyphosphate solution for 1.5 h. According to the result of SEM images and AFM images, the forward-osmosis cleaning strategy could not cause the damage of selective layer of membrane surface and caused the drop of inorganic and organic fouling on the membrane surface. Hence, cleaning fouled RO membranes by such approach could prolong the chemical cleaning cycle and reduce the amount of chemical cleaning agent, which has certain industrial application perspectives.     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题，研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染，研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明，正渗透策略清洗方式中，淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳，其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa)，截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外，经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后，再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h，其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa)，截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出，正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏，且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物，因此，应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗，可延长化学清洗周期，减少化学清洗剂用量，具有一定的工业应用前景。     

Model based approach to synthesize spare-supported cleaning schedules for existing heat exchanger networks

Almost every modern chemical process is equipped with a heat-exchanger network (HEN) for optimal energy recovery. However, as time goes on after startup, fouling on the heat-transfer surface in an industrial environment is unavoidable. If the heat exchangers in an operating plant are not cleaned regularly, the targeted thermal efficiency of HEN can only be sustained for a short period of time. To address this practical issue, several mathematical programming models have already been developed to synthesize online cleaning schedules. Although the total utility cost of a HEN could be effectively reduced accordingly, any defouling operation still results in unnecessary energy loss due to the obvious need to temporarily take the unit to be cleaned out of service. The objective of the present study is thus to modify the available model so as to appropriately assign spares to replace them. Specifically, two binary variables are adopted to respectively represent distinct decisions concerning each online exchanger in a particular time interval, i.e., whether it should be cleaned and, if so, whether it should be substituted with a spare. The optimal solution thus includes not only the cleaning schedule but also the total number of spares, their capacities and the substitution schedule. Finally, the optimization results of a series of case studies are also presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

空冷凝汽器灰垢费用评估与最佳清洗周期优化

空气悬浮颗粒物易积聚在空冷凝汽器（空冷器）翅片通道内形成灰垢,其低导热性严重降低了空冷器换热性能,影响空冷机组安全性和热经济性。以灰垢造成年累计损失费用最小为目标,基于产品损失和清洗维护费,提出一种空冷器灰垢最佳清洗周期优化算法,联合冗余面积费,构建灰垢费用评估计算模型,以某600 MW直冷机组参数为例,通过现场在线监测的实验数据建立灰垢热阻的降率预测模型。实例分析表明：600 MW直冷机组最佳清洗周期为28.3 d,年均清洗8次,单位容量机组年累计灰垢费用为4528.3元·MW^-1·a^-1,2014年底全国直冷机组1.43亿千瓦计,年累计灰垢费用为6.48亿元·a^-1,与当前现场年均清洗2次工况比较,最佳清洗周期优化后可节约2868.1元·MW^-1·a^-1,全国年累计节约灰垢费用4.1亿元·a^-1。     

膜污染机理与化学清洗方式研究

膜污染是膜技术应用中面临的关键问题,其影响膜运行的稳定性,决定膜清洗周期以及膜的更换频率。因此,要使膜获得长期稳定的运行效果,必须研究其膜污染的机理与清洗方法。确定了膜污染机理,对于了解膜通量下降原因、预测膜通量、控制和消除膜污染具有指导意义。膜面形成污染层,会影响通量以及脱盐率,因此需定期进行膜清洗以恢复性能,但也有不可恢复的损失,造成运行成本提高。故文中总结了膜清洗的方式与污染机理以望对膜行业的发展有所促进作用。     

柔性换热网络综合与清洗计划同步优化(英文)

A novel methodology is presented for simultaneously optimizing synthesis and cleaning schedule of flexible heat exchanger network (HEN) by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms (GA/SA). Through taking into account the effect of fouling process on optimal network topology, a preliminary network structure possessing twofold oversynthesis is obtained by means of pseudo-temperature enthalpy (T-H) diagram approach prior to simultaneous optimization. Thus, the computational complexity of this problem classified as NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial)-complete can be significantly reduced. The promising matches resulting from preliminary synthesis stage are further optimized in parallel with their heat exchange areas and cleaning schedule. In addition, a novel continuous time representation is introduced to subdivide the given time horizon into several variable-size intervals according to operating periods of heat exchangers, and then flexible HEN synthesis can be implemented in dynamic manner. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate that the presented strategy is feasible to decrease the total annual cost (TAC) and further improve network flexibility, but even more important, it may be applied to solve large-scale flexible HEN synthesis problems.