农药中间体2-噻唑烷酮的合成

以2-噻唑硫酮为原料,双氧水为氧化剂,醇钠为催化剂,合成2-噻唑烷酮.比较甲醇钠、乙醇钠、异丙醇钠和叔丁醇钠催化活性,叔丁醇钠为最佳的催化剂.2-噻唑烷酮收率为82%.     

2-氨基-4-氯-5-醛基噻唑合成工艺

以氯乙酸和硫脲为原料合成了2-亚氨基噻唑-4-酮,再与Vilsmeier试剂作用,经缩合水解得到2-氨基4-氯-5-醛基噻唑,总收率达到86％。     

噻唑烷-2-硫酮的合成

目的：研究简便制备噻唑烷-2-硫酮的合成方法。方法：乙醇胺以硫酸酯化，再与二硫化碳在氢氧化钠作用下环合制得噻唑烷-2-硫酮。结果：所得产物的熔点与文献报道一致，总收率为83％。结论：该方法操作简便，反应条件温和，适宜工业化制备噻唑烷-2-硫酮。     

高效液相色谱法测定农药中间体2-噻唑烷酮的含量

建立了一种高效液相色谱法测定农药中间体2-噻唑烷酮含量的分析方法。采用高效液相色谱法,使用Shim-pack CLC-ODS C18色谱柱,以甲醇-水为流动相,流速为0.8 mL/min,在220 nm波长对2-噻唑烷酮进行定量分析。当2-噻唑烷酮质量浓度为0.05~4.0 mg/L,方法的线性相关系数为0.999 7,平均回收率为99.8%。该方法准确度高,速度快,适用于农药中间体2-噻唑烷酮的定量分析。     

噻唑磷的合成

介绍了以三氯化磷、仲丁基二硫化物为原料反应得到O-乙基-5-仲丁基硫代磷酰氯，再与2-噻唑烷酮缩合得到噻唑磷的合成方法。反应总收率达到44％，产品纯度(HPLC)大于80％。     

日化级异噻唑啉酮类杀菌防腐剂皮肤刺激实验及其机理的研究

5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(CMIT):2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(MIT)=3∶1,有效物含量为1.5%～2.5%的高氯比产品(Ⅰ类产品)和2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(MIT)含量为9.5%～10.5%的产品(Ⅱ类产品)对家兔的皮肤刺激性实验表明,Ⅰ类产品浓度达到0.2%时,对家兔皮肤有轻刺激性;Ⅱ类产品浓度达到0.8%时,对家兔皮肤有轻刺激性。Ⅰ类产品对家兔皮肤产生轻刺激性的浓度是Ⅱ类产品的4倍。通过对刺激机理的讨论,认为CMIT对皮肤神经细胞的作用是引起皮肤过敏性刺激的根源。     

4-取代-1,3-噻唑-2-硫酮的合成研究

采用一种新方法合成4-取代-1,3-噻唑-2-硫酮,首次用唑烷酮与P2S5反应生成4-取代-1,3-噻唑-2-硫酮。探讨了温度、时间、投料比、溶剂对反应的影响,结果表明,五硫化二磷与唑烷酮投料比例为2.5∶1,以甲苯作溶剂,加热回流3 h,反应完全,产率>50%。该方法所用原料廉价易得,操作简便,反应时间短。     

2-甲基-5-(1-羟吡啶-2-硫烷基)-3-异噻唑啉酮的合成及其杀菌效果的研究

用5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮和2-巯基吡啶-N-氧化物的钠盐合成2-甲基-5-(1-羟吡啶-2-硫烷基)-3-异噻唑啉酮,优化的反应条件为:反应温度为20℃,2-巯基吡啶-N-氧化物的钠盐∶5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应时间为4 h。用平板划线法对2-甲基-5-(1-羟吡啶-2-硫烷基)-3-异噻唑啉酮的杀菌性能进行实验,测试了几种常见的革兰氏阳性、阴性细菌,霉菌和酵母菌的最低抑制浓度(M IC)。结果表明,2-甲基-5-(1-羟吡啶-2-硫烷基)-3-异噻唑啉酮具有更好的杀菌效果,尤其是在很低的有效浓度下就可以杀灭真菌和酵母菌。首次提出了分子级别的杀菌剂"复配"概念,为创建环境友好型产品体系提供了新途径。     

苯并异噻唑啉酮在水性涂料防腐中的应用

介绍了1，2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮的性质及其在涂料防腐中的应用，重点介绍了基于1，2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮的新型防腐剂Nuosept498。Nuosept498采用水性配方，可为零VOC涂料提供良好的防腐效果。     

微波辐射合成5-氨基-噻唑[4,5-d]嘧啶-2(3H)-酮

以硫脲和氯乙酸为原料,在无溶剂和350 W微波辐射4 m in条件下,缩合生成中间体2,4-噻唑烷二酮(Ⅰ)产率91.5%;随后在无溶剂和400 W微波辐射5 m in条件下,通过V ilsm e ier甲酰化反应,生成中间体4-氯-5-甲酰基噻唑-2(3H)-酮(Ⅱ),产率86.7%;最后以正丙醇为溶剂,450 W微波辐射7 m in条件下,成环得到5-氨基-噻唑[4,5-d]嘧啶-2(3H)-酮(Ⅲ),产率80.5%。反应总产率为63.9%。合成产物与中间体的结构经1HNMR,MS和元素分析确认。     

Host selection behavior of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attackingPinus ponderosa,with special emphasis on the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis

Detection of weakened hosts from a distance by bark beetles through olfaction was investigated in field experiments. No significant numbers of Scolytidae were attracted to anaerobically treated pine bolts, stem disks, or sugar and ponderosa pine bark including phloem. Treatment of living trees with cacodylic acid induced attacks byDendroctonus brevicomis, D. ponderosae, Ips latidens, Gnathotrichus retusus, andPityophthorus scalptor, beginning two weeks after treatment. There was no significant difference between landing rates ofD. brevicomis andD. ponderosae on screened treated trees and screened controls. There was a significant increase in landing rates ofG. retusus andI. latidens, because both species had penetrated the screen and produced pheromones. Tree frilling alone did not increase the landing rate of bark beetles. Freezing of the lower trunk with dry ice did not increase significantly the landing rate ofD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, G. retusus, orI. latidens on screened trees, whereas unscreened frozen trees were attacked by all four species. There was no significantly higher landing rate byD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, G. retusus, orHylurgops subcostulatus on screened trees evidencing symptoms of severe infection by the root pathogenVerticicladiella wagenerii, than on symptornless trees. These experiments show thatD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, andG. retusus land, apparently indiscriminately, on healthy and stressed hosts. Thus, in these species host discrimination must occur after landing and prior to sustained feeding.These studies were supported in part by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Services (2598-RRF.W-1 10) and the National Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency through a grant (NSF GB-34719/BM575-04223) to the University of California; and by the Canada Department of the Environment. The findings, opinions and recommendations are not necessarily those of the University of California or the funding agencies.From a thesis submitted by H.A. Moeck to the University of California, Berkeley, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology.     

Defensive strategy of twoHypselodoris nudibranchs from Italian and Spanish coasts

Hypselodoris nudibranchs from different geographic areas (Spain and Italy) have been studied in order to investigate their general defensive strategy. Longifolin (1) and nakafuran-9 (2) are the main ichthyodeterrent allomones used by the mollusks to avoid predation. Evidence of their dietary origin is presented and the very effective strategy against predators, which includes secretion of allomones into the mucus and their storage into specific mantle dermal formations (MDFs), is also discussed.F.P.I.-M.E.C. Spanish fellowship (University of Barcelona) at the I.C.M.I.B.     

Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Chemotaxonomic Characters of Pine Engraver Beetles (Ips spp.) in the grandicollis Subgeneric Group

Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted, identified, and evaluated as chemotaxonomic characters from all species of adult Ips pine engraver beetles in the grandicollis subgeneric group. The grandicollis group consists of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), I. cribricollis (Eichhoff), I. lecontei Swaine, I. montanus (Eichhoff), I. paraconfusus Lanier, I. confusus (LeConte), and I. hoppingi Lanier. In order to provide outgroups for a phylogenetic analysis, cuticular hydrocarbons were also analyzed from Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), I. latidens (LeConte) (latidens subgeneric group), and I. pini (Say) (pini subgeneric group). Two hundred forty-eight hydrocarbon components were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The members of the grandicollis group provided 206 of these compounds. The components represented eight classes: n-alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, terminally branched methylalkanes, internally branched methylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, trimethylalkanes, and tetramethylalkanes. Different populations of O. caelatus, I. grandicollis, I. lecontei, I. montanus, I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi provided no evidence for interpopulational variation in cuticular hydrocarbons. Single populations only were analyzed for I. latidens, I. pini, and I. cribricollis. Sexual dimorphism in cuticular hydrocarbons occurred only in I. lecontei where females produced eight unique components with a pentatriacontane parent chain. Several phylogenetic analyses based on hydrocarbon phenotypes agreed in general with the established morphologically based system of relatedness and with published phylogenies reconstructed from protein and nucleic acid characters. Nearly all hydrocarbon analyses suggested a close relationship between I. grandicollis and I. cribricollis; between I. lecontei and I. montanus; and among the sibling species I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. The presence or absence of specific n-alkanes (n-docosane, n-triacontane); certain dimethylalkanes (terminally branched with octacosane and triacontane parent chains and internally branched with heptacosane, hentriacontane, and docotriacontane parent chains); and 3,7,11-; 3,7,15-trimethylheptacosane permit facile discrimination of I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. These three sibling species are difficult to resolve by external morphology. These data support the species status of I. hoppingi rather than it being considered a host race of the I. confusus complex. They also support the species status of I. cribricollis rather than it being considered part of I. grandicollis. In contrast to other published phylogenies reconstructed from molecular data, phylogenies reconstructed from cuticular hydrocarbons repeatedly place I. lecontei as an integral part of the grandicollis subgeneric group. Thus, cuticular hydrocarbon and pheromone alcohol composition of I. lecontei support its inclusion in the grandicollis subgeneric group.     

Extracts of Flourensia cernua (L): Volatile Constituents and Antifungal, Antialgal, and Antitermite Bioactivities

The chemical components of tarbush (Flourensia cernua) leaves were fractionated by extracting successively with hexanes, diethyl ether, and ethanol. Volatile profiles of each fraction were identified by using GC-MS. The hexanes fraction contained mostly monoterpenoids, while the ethanol fraction volatiles were primarily sesquiterpenoids. Crude fractions were tested for activity against fungi, algae, and termites. Application of as little as 1 g of the essential oil from the hexanes fraction was sufficient to provide visible antifungal activity in bioautography assays. The diethyl ether fraction showed selective activity against the cyanobacterium responsible for the 2-methylisoborneol-induced off-flavor sometimes associated with catfish farming operations. All three fractions exhibited a high degree of antitermite activity.     

A Simulation Model for Heat Pump Dryer Plants for Fruits and Roots.

Dryer design requires food properties, drying rate and mass-heat transfer coefficients. These values change continuously during drying due to changes in food fractions, particularly the water fraction. The high energy demand and costs allied to inefficient devices, creates a great need for new processing equipment. Along these guide-lines, several heat pump drying research projects were established at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The heat pump dryer provides high quality final product as its drying conditions can be controlled. Its efficiency and non-polluting operation come from closed air-refrigerant circuits and from its ability to fully recover the latent heat of moist air as it exits the drying chamber. Most of the above features are quite the opposite of the conventional dryer characteristics. Several experiments were made on heat pump drying of fruits and roots at temperatures from -22.5 to 40°C to obtain data and correlations on thermophysical properties, specific enthalpy and rehydration. Also, tests were done on drying rate, moisture content, drying constant, effective mass diffusivity and heat and mass transfer equations. The next important phase is the development of a simulation model to predict the performance and characteristics of the heat pump dryer plant. The objectives of the present work are to develop and lo test a heat pump dryer simulation model. The simulation provides results on the characteristics of both plant and components which are integrated by heat and mass transfer equations. The program has menus with click-on icons, input and output pop-up dialogue boxes. The usual commands such as, file-open, file-save, edit-delete are available in this program simply called Hpdryer. The model contains moist air psychrometric. natural and conventional refrigerant property libraries. Ammonia is a time-tested, self-alarming and natural refrigerant. It has been used extensively in the past, and it has better thermodynamic and transport properties than halocarbons. Safety is easily attained by design and its restrictive standards have helped increase its use in several countries. There are 36 ammonia installations in Norway and in the United Kingdom, including a drying plant. Ammonia has zero Odp, zero Gwp and the recent R&D has led to viable small-sale heat pump plants. Ammonia and dichlarodifluoromethane refrigerants were used in the test cases simulated by Hpdryer madel.     

Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydew-collecting ants: The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system

The aphidiid waspLysiphlebus cardui parasitizes in ant-attendedAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis colonies without causing aggressive behavior in the antLasius niger. By contrast,Trioxys angelicae, another aphidiid parasitoid of aphids, is rapidly recognized and vigorously attacked by the ants.L. niger workers also responded differently to dead individuals ofL. cardui andT. angelicae. DeadL. cardui parasitoids were often ignored when encountered byL. niger, whereas deadT. angelicae individuals were immediately grasped by ants that discovered them. However, hexane-washed parasitoids caused a similar reaction pattern in the ants, in that both aphidiid species were tolerated in the aphid colony. Lure experiments demonstrated that chemical stimuli on the cuticle are major cues for the ants to distinguish between the parasitoids. The hexane extract ofL. cardui transferred to washed individuals ofT. angelicae resulted in ant responses characteristic towardsL. cardui, andL. niger workers displayed the typical removal pattern they normally showed towardsT. angelicae whenT. angelicae extract was applied toL. cardui individuals. Both parasitoid species treated with the hexane extract ofA. fabae cirsiiacanthoidis were similarily treated by the ants as were aphid control individuals. The suggestion that the aphidiid waspL. cardui uses chemical mimicry is discussed.     

ON ESTIMATING THRESHOLDS IN AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS

Abstract. The problem of estimating the threshold parameter, i.e., the change point, of a threshold autoregressive model is studied. By introducing smoothness into the model, sampling properties of the conditional least-squares estimate may be obtained. Artificial and real data are used for illustrations.     

Identification and Distribution of Oviposition Stimulants for Monarch Butterflies in Hosts and Nonhosts

Flavonol glycosides that act as oviposition stimulants for monarch butterflies were surveyed from a range of asclepiad hosts and some nonhosts. Major stimulants also were identified as quercetin-3-O-(2-O--xylosyl)--D-galactoside and quercetin-3-O--D-galactoside from Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata, respectively. The flavonol glycosides in A. curassavica, A. tuberosa, A. incarnata, A. syriaca, A. humistrata, A. albicans, A. eriocarpa, Calotropis procera, Cynanchum acutum, Vincetoxicum (Cynanchum) nigrum and in nonhosts Hoya australis and Nerium oleander were compared and characterized by HPLC and spectral studies. There was great variation in quercetin glycoside content. On the basis of the sugar moieties attached to quercetin, the asclepiad glycosides were classified broadly as those containing: (1) galactose, glucose, and rhamnose; (2) galactose, glucose, and xylose; and (3) galactose, glucose, xylose, and rhamnose. In most cases, galactose was attached to the 3-O-position (1) of quercetin and other sugars were attached either to the 2 or 6 position of galactose. The sugars of triglycosides were attached at both 2 and 6 positions. A geographical pattern of flavonol distribution that may have affected the evolution of host recognition by the butterflies is suggested.     

Attraction of Dibrachys cavus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to its Host Frass Volatiles

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a polyphagous insect able to develop on grapes and wild plants. We tested the hypothesis that the parasitoid Dibrachys cavus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) uses the larval frass in its host search. A two-armed olfactometer was used to measure the attractiveness of L. botrana larvae, their silk, or their frass after larvae were fed on different host plants. Frass of three Lepidoptera (L. botrana, Eupoecillia ambiguella, Sphinx ligustri) and one Orthoptera (Chorthippus brunneus) was assayed, but only L. botrana was used to test an effect of the larval host plant (two grape cultivars and three other plant species) to D. cavus females. Larvae without frass did not attract D. cavus whatever their origin, but their frass was attractive at a dose of 2–3 days equivalent of larval frass production. The silk produced by a single larva (L. botrana) was not attractive to D. cavus. The parasitoid was most attracted to the odor of S. ligustri; the frass of L. botrana was more attractive than that of E. ambiguella, irrespective of the species on which D. cavus had been reared. There was no difference in attractiveness of frass collected from L. botrana raised on food containing different plants. Chemical extracts using five different polarity solvents (acetone, dichloromethane, hexane, methanol, and water) differed in attractiveness to D. cavus. Water and dichloromethane were the most attractive. This suggests that a complex volatile signal made from intermediate to polar volatiles may be involved in attraction. D. cavus used frass to discriminate between different potential host species. Our results revealed that the larval food of L. botrana did not modify frass attractiveness, but that the moth species did.     

Interspecific activity of semiochemicals among sibling species ofPissodes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Pissodes strobi, P. approximatus, andP. nemorensis are sibling species of pine weevils that can hybridize in the laboratory but are presumed to be reproductively isolated in nature. Males of all three species produce the terpenoids grandisol and grandisal; these compounds serve as an aggregation pheromone forP. approximatus andP. nemorensis when deployed with odors from pine bolts. A series of field experiments examined the possibility of cross-attraction among the three species. Tests in New York and Florida found that parapatrically distributedP. approximatus andP. nemorensis were cross-attractive, but different photoperiodic conditioning was required for pheromone production in males of the two species. Long-day pheromone production (P. approximatus-type.) was inherited in interspecific hybrids. Other tests showed thatP. strobi males, or hybrid males from crosses ofP. strobi withP. approximatus, were not attractive to sympatricP. approximatus. When the response ofP. strobi was assessed to males of eitherP. strobi orP. approximatus confined on white pine leaders (the breeding site ofP. strobi), no evidence of cross-attraction or pheromone activity was found;P. strobi were caught in equal numbers onP. strobi-baited leaders,P. approximatus-baited leaders, and unbaited leaders. Tests of interspecific interactions found that maleP. strobi produce an allelochemical signal that interrupts the response ofP. approximatus to its natural or synthetic aggregation pheromone. This interspecific response is apparently adaptive for members of both species (classified as an allomone-kairomone or synomone) because it may ultimately serve to prevent interspecific matings that would lower the fitness of the parents.