炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力的关系

本文分析炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力的关系。主要根据文献报道的破甲试验结果,通过作图进行分析比较,从而得出了炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力关系的基本规律:破甲深度与炸药爆压成线性关系。破甲深度与炸药的能量密度成线性关系。这一规律对单质炸药的合成和混合炸药的配制以及空心装药的设计均有参考价值。     

炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力的关系

本文分析炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力的关系。主要根据文献报道的破甲试验结果,通过作图进行分析比较,从而得出了炸药爆轰参数与破甲威力关系的基本规律:破甲深度与炸药爆压成线性关系。破甲深度与炸药的能量密度成线性关系。这一规律对单质炸药的合成和混合炸药的配制以及空心装药的设计均有参考价值。     

破甲战斗部新型装药--聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药-聚奥黑炸药是以HMX/RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药,其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX/RDX的组成比例,得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品;更为突出的是,合理选择HMX/RDX比例,使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量,而成本费用大幅度降低.经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明,聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高、破甲威力大,是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗部的新型装药.     

破甲战斗部新型装药－聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药－聚奥黑炸药是以HMX／RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药，其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX／RDX的组成比例，得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品，更为突出的是，合理选择HMX／RDX比例，使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量，而成本费用大幅度降低，经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明，聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高，破甲威力大，是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗的新型装药。     

高威力精密破甲战斗部技术研究

精密破甲战斗部技术是提高破甲威力和改善破甲稳定性的重要技术途径，其关键技术包括高威力炸药及其精密装药,精密药型罩和精密装配技术。介绍了采用精密破甲战斗部技术使破甲穿深突破10倍装药口径的研究成果。该项技术在各种破甲战斗部中推广应用，可大幅提高破甲威力。     

7201炸药能量考核研究

7201炸药是某研究所合成的高爆速、高能量炸药。考核它的应用范围,特别是在破甲弹上的应用,能否比其他炸药有更高的破甲威力,这是非常重要而又是领导和同志们所关心的问题。为此上级机关在83年下达了“7201炸药能量考核研究”题目,考核7201炸药在破甲方面的应用。我们选用7201,8321,TNT三种炸药进行对比实验研究。采用三种实验方法: ①射流拉断实验。此法可测得装药爆炸时,炸药传递给射流的能量。     

7201炸药能量考核研究

7201炸药是某研究所合成的高爆速、高能量炸药。考核它的应用范围,特别是在破甲弹上的应用,能否比其他炸药有更高的破甲威力,这是非常重要而又是领导和同志们所关心的问题。为此上级机关在83年下达了“7201炸药能量考核研究”题目,考核7201炸药在破甲方面的应用。我们选用7201,8321,TNT三种炸药进行对比实验研究。采用三种实验方法: ①射流拉断实验。此法可测得装药爆炸时,炸药传递给射流的能量。     

人工神经网络法预测炸药爆速的研究

以分子连接性指数作为炸药分子的结构描述符,利用ＢＰ人工神经网络算法,通过对４０种炸药的建立炸药分子结构与爆速之间的定量模型,并对另外１４种炸药进行了爆速预测,结果表明,该模型较好地反映了炸药分子结构与爆速之间的关系,具有较高的预防精度。该方法为新型炸药分子设计时正确估算其爆速提供了一条新的途径。     

压装工艺对CL-20基炸药性能及聚能破甲威力的影响

利用常温成型和热压成型两种工艺制备了典型的CL-20基混合炸药装药,测试了其装药密度、密度均匀性、力学性能、爆速,计算了格尼系数。对Φ50mm标准聚能装药进行了破甲试验。验证了不同压装工艺条件下装填CL-20基炸药装药聚能射流对45号钢靶的侵彻深度和穿孔直径效果。结果表明,与常温成型CL-20基装药相比,热压成型工艺条件时装药的密度提高不小于1.46%,密度均匀性、爆速和格尼系数和破甲能力试验数据均有不同程度的提高,且Φ50mm标准聚能射流对45号钢靶的平均穿深从310mm提高至343mm,平均穿孔直径由18.0mm增至23.5mm。     

理想混合炸药模型的提出及其应用

通过建立“理想混合炸药”模型 ,发现理想混合炸药的爆速 Did与纯组分炸药的爆速 Di和质量分数 Wi之间存在着定量关系 ,据此发展了一种计算混合炸药爆速的新方法。对大量混合炸药的计算结果表明 ,爆速计算值与实验值的一致性令人满意 ,平均误差 1.37%。本文方法的提出 ,不仅提供了一种预测混合炸药爆速的方法 ,而且对高爆速混合炸药的研究具有一定的指导意义     

Calculation of Detonation Properties of Gaseous Explosives Using Generalized Reduced Gradient Nonlinear Optimization

In this paper, a study on the development of a numerical modeling of the detonation of C H N O‐based gaseous explosives is presented. In accordance with the numerical model, a FORTRAN computer code named GasPX has been developed to compute both the detonation point and the detonation properties on the basis of Chapman–Jouguet (C‐J) theory. The determination of the detonation properties in GasPX is performed in chemical equilibrium and steady‐state conditions. GasPX has two improvements over other thermodynamic equilibrium codes, which predict steady‐state detonation properties of gaseous explosives. First, GasPX employs a nonlinear optimization code based on Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm to compute the equilibrium composition of the detonation products. This optimization code provides a higher level of robustness of the solutions and global optimum determination efficiency. Second, GasPX can calculate the solid carbon formation in the products for gaseous explosives with high carbon content. Detonation properties such as detonation pressure, detonation temperature, detonation energy, mole fractions of species at the detonation point, etc. have been calculated by GasPX for many gaseous explosives. The comparison between the results from this study and those of CEA code by NASA and the experimental studies in the literature are in good agreement.     

The Use of the [H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O–CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>] Arbitrary Decomposition Assumption to Predict the Performance of Condensed High Explosives

The plate dent test is one of the simplest tools for fast determination of the detonation pressure. The test is based on the observation that the detonation pressure correlates with the depth of the dent produced by a detonating explosive on a metal witness plate. The present study is aimed at developing a model for estimating the dent depth, which is used not only to obtain the detonation pressure, but also to evaluate the brisance relative to a reference explosive. It is shown that the experimental dent depth values for CHNO and CHNOClF explosives can be successfully reproduced by a model based on few parameters, namely: loading density, number of moles of gaseous detonation products per gram of the explosive, and average molecular weight of the gaseous products, where the number of moles and the mean molecular weight of the gaseous products are calculated according to the [H₂O–CO₂] arbitrary decomposition assumption. Furthermore, the predicted values of the dent depth and the Kamlet–Jacobs method are used to estimate the detonation pressure for 37 explosives. The results show that the pressures obtained on the basis of the dent depth values are in better agreement with experimental/thermochemical code data than the predictions of the Kamlet–Jacobs method.     

含铝典型炸药爆轰参数计算研究

用途不同,对炸药的爆速、爆压、爆热要求不一样。准确、快速计算炸药的爆轰参数对于设计指定性能新型炸药和炸药的应用研究具有十分重要的意义。本文用不同的方法对含铝炸药的爆轰参数进行了计算,采用含铝炸药经验公式计算含铝炸药的爆速、ω-Г公式方法计算的爆压、盖斯定律计算爆热,较其他计算方法计算结果相对误差小。     

Study of the Effect of Covolumes in BKW Equation of State on Detonation Properties of CHNO Explosives

Due to its simplicity, the Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson (BKW) equation of state has been used in many thermochemical codes in the calculation of detonation properties. Much work has been done in the calibration of the BKW EOS parameters to achieve agreement with experimental detonation velocities and pressures thus resulting in many different sets of BKW constants (α, β, κ and θ) and covolumes of detonation products, with varying levels of accuracy over broad density limits, i.e. broad pressure limits. The covolumes of the product gases in BKW EOS may be regarded as measures of intermolecular interactions, and their values should affect the predicted detonation properties, particularly at higher explosives densities. This work aims to study the effect of covolumes on calculated values of detonation parameters. Several sets of covolumes available from literature and derived by different methods (matching experimental Hugoniots of individual products, by stochastic optimization, and calculated from van der Waals radii), were studied. In addition, the covolumes of the product gases were also calculated by ab initio methods. The effect of covolumes is studied comparing detonation properties calculated using different sets of covolumes, and experimental data for a series of standard CHNO explosives. It was found that it is possible to reproduce experimental detonation velocities and pressures within reasonable accuracy (root mean square error of less than 5 % for all tested sets) using different set of covolumes, and simultaneously optimizing constants in BKW EOS. However, different values of covolumes strongly affect the composition of detonation products at the Chapman‐Jouguet state. It particularly applies to oxygen‐deficient explosives and at higher densities, where formic acid appears to be an important detonation product.     

Predicting Maximum Attainable Detonation Velocity of CHNOF and Aluminized Explosives

This paper describes a simple method to predict the detonation velocity of pure and mixed CHNOF explosives as well as aluminized explosives at their maximum nominal density as one of the most important detonation properties. The new correlation uses the contribution of some structural parameters to apply for a wide range of ideal and non‐ideal explosives. Aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior and the Chapman Jouguet detonation velocities significantly differ from those expected from existing thermodynamic computer codes for equilibrium and steady state calculations. With the presented method, there is no need to use any assumed detonation products, heat of formation and experimental data. Detonation velocities at maximum nominal density of explosives predicted by this procedure show good agreement with respect to experimental values. They are more reliable compared to the calculated results of well‐known empirical methods and computed outputs using BKWS equation of state for CHNOF and aluminized explosives.     

Relative Explosive Strength of Some Explosive Mixtures Containing Urea and/or Peroxides

Several mixtures, based on urea derivatives and some inorganic oxidants, including also alumina, were studied by means of ballistic mortar techniques with TNT as the reference standard. The detonation pressure(P), detonation velocity(D), detonation energy(Q), and volume of gaseous product at standard temperature and pressure (STP), V, were calculated using EXPLO5 V6.3 thermochemical code. The performance of the mixtures studied was discussed in relation to their thermal reactivity, determined by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is shown that the presence of hydrogen peroxide in the form of its complex with urea (i.e. as UHP) has a positive influence on the explosive strength of the corresponding mixtures which is linked to the hydroxy-radical formation in the mixtures during their initiation reaction. These radicals might initiate (at least partially) powdered aluminum into oxidation in the CJ plane of the detonation wave. Mixtures containing UHP and magnesium are dangerous because of potential auto-ignition.     

Equation of State of Explosion Products on the Basis of a Modified Van der Waals Model

A semi-empirical model is proposed for the equation of state of high explosives in a range of pressures and temperatures typical of detonation processes. A possibility of formation of solid phases (e.g., graphite or diamond) in the gas is implied. The model can be used to calculate all thermodynamic quantities for arbitrary molecular compositions and to calculate the thermodynamically equilibrium molecular (and phase) composition. An iterative scheme of calculations is proposed. The model contains several empirical functions whose form can be changed without violating the overall calculation scheme. A particular set of these functions is considered as an illustration. Some results calculated for a number of high explosives containing four elements (C, H, N, and O) are presented. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 87–99, January–February, 2006.     

Shock to Initiation Characters of Heated Explosives with Different Confinement

Heated explosives might undergo thermal expansion and/or phase transition, which affects their shock sensitivity. Therefore, investigating the effect of temperature on the shock initiation properties of explosives would provide valuable safety guidelines for their transportation and handling. In this study, an experimental detonation device that achieved homogeneous heating of the explosive test sample while avoiding unintended heat transfer to the donor was designed and constructed. The device allowed to perform flyer impact tests on PBXC10 at different temperatures and using different confinement conditions. The generated experimental pressure history curves were used to calculate the parameters of the I&G model and determine their relationships with the sample temperature. The fully parameterized I&G model enabled predicting the shock initiation properties of PBXC10 at temperatures where experimental data were unavailable. It was concluded that increased sample temperatures would lead to a shorter run distance to detonation, faster propagation of the detonation wave and enhanced shock sensitivity of the explosive. It was also demonstrated that unconfined PBXC10 exhibited significantly greater shock sensitivity compared to its partially and completely confined counterparts.     

A Discussion of the Kamlet‐Jacobs Formula for the Detonation Pressure

The main features of the Kamlet‐Jacobs formula for the detonation pressure of C H N O explosives are analytically derived from a BKW (Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson) equation of state of the detonation products. In the derivation, well‐known typical values at the Chapman‐Jouguet state, in particular the nearly constant value of the relative volume of the detonation products, are used.