Orthophosphates and Diphosphates Containing Zinc and Copper and Zinc and Cobalt

Solid solutions of diphosphates of zinc and copper and of zinc and cobalt were synthesized from mixtures of pure diphosphates at temperatures up to 1000°C. Their X-ray diffractometry patterns varied continuously from one end member to the other. Solid solutions of orthophosphates of composition Zn_3−xCox(PO₄)2, with x = 0.4–1.6, were formed at temperatures up to 950°C; all exhibited the structure of γ-Zn₃(PO₄)2. Solid solutions of orthophosphates of composition Zn_3−xCu_x(PO₄)2 exhibited more-complex behavior. At 1000°C and copper contents of 20–80 mol%, a phase that is related to Cu₃(PO₄)2, termed here the "ε-phase," predominated. At 850°–950°C and in the region from 20 mol% to ∼33 mol% of copper, the solid solutions (the "η-phase") adopted the structure of graftonite. At 800°–900°C and 10–15 mol% of copper, the solid solutions exhibited a new structure (the "δ-phase"), which we found to be related to the mineral sarcopside. At temperatures 950°C, the solutions that contained 5–15 mol% of copper (the "β-phase") had the structure of β-Zn₃(PO₄)2, whereas at 800°–850°C, solutions with 5 mol% of copper (the "-phase") exhibited the structure of γ-Zn₃(PO₄)2. Attempts to synthesize Cu⁺ZnPO₄ and Cu⁺Cu²⁺Zn₃(PO₄)3 were unsuccessful.     

油气储运系统中油气的回收及腐蚀与防护问题

油气储运系统已经与保障国家经济的发展息息相关,介绍了油气储运系统中油气回收问题及腐蚀与防护问题,并提出了相应的解决措施。     

油气集输处理工艺及工艺流程

为了提高油田的生产效率,设计最佳的油气集输处理的工艺流程,更好地完成油气水分离处理的任务。对油气集输工艺技术进行优化,发挥高效油气水分离处理设备的优势,提高油气水处理的质量,保证油气集输工艺顺利实施,获得最佳的油田产量外输。     

Gemini型表面活性剂结构性能与应用

Gemini型表面活性剂的结构和性质与传统的表面活性剂有很大的不同,例如Gemini型表面活性剂可以视为两个普通表面活性剂在亲水基或者靠近亲水基处由连接基团通过化学键连接而成;Gemini表面活性剂的C20值和cmc值都比传统表面活性剂的值要低很多。着重介绍了Gemini型表面活性剂的特性,结构与表面活性的关系以及应用。     

科技创新与钢铁科技进步

建设创新型国家是我们中华民族的历史责任。“自主创新、重点突破、支撑发展、引领未来”的16字方针应当成为我们未来创新活动的指南。建设创新型国家把自主创新放在首位,并提出了引领未来的高标准要求。钢铁科技创新必须突出重点,抓住创新成果产业化这个关键,支撑起行业和国民经济的发展。     

石油与天然气地质与勘探开发措施

石油天然气的地质勘探开发目的是为了获得最佳的油气产能而进行的地质研究工作。石油天然气地质勘探工作具有非常重要的意义,通过地质勘探获得有价值的地层信息资料,对储层油气的显示进行评价和分析,确定具有工业开采价值,才能投入开发生产,为油田创造最佳的经济效益。     

油气管道及储运设施安全保障技术发展现状及展望

相比已经完善丰富的开采和勘探技术,油气的运输以及储存却仍然存在不足之处。我国对能源安全提出更加严格要求的同时,对区域经济的发展规划也有足够重视。因此,保障油气管道的安全则成为了我国能源安全战略的重中之重。在阐释油气管道现阶段在储运安全保障技术发展状况的基础上,分析了现存的问题及解决问题的手段,并指出未来可能使用的目标策略,为今后研究者提供一定程度上的借鉴经验。     

膜的污染和劣化及其防治对策

较为系统地介绍了膜污染和劣化的定义和特点,因膜污染和劣化而造成的膜性能变化,以及如何预防、减少或清除膜污染和劣化的一些通用方法。     

国内外天然橡胶产销分析及趋势预测

2009年,对中国橡胶行业来说,机遇和挑战并存。国际金融危机、全球经济增长放缓、国际市场需求持续走弱,产品出口大幅度下降,国内市场压力增大等各种不利因素的挑战日益尖锐。然而国家大规模投资,实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,并出台十大产业调整振兴规划,都给橡胶工业带来发展机遇。 目前,2009年时间已过半,在经历过最冷的“寒冬”后,国内外橡胶业现况如何、天然胶和合成胶的市场走势如何,成为上下游企业关注的热点。 从本期开始,本刊推出《金融危机下的世界橡胶市场》专题,从天然橡胶产销、贸易概况和主要合成橡胶产品（丁苯、乙丙、氯丁、丁腈、丁基、异戊等）的市场分析及前景两个角度,对国内外橡胶业的现况和发展进行分析及预测,供业内人士参考。     

低磷/无磷复配缓蚀阻垢剂的研究和应用

研究了低磷缓蚀阻垢剂ZH442(NJS)/无磷缓蚀阻垢剂ZH251(NJS)复配的优选比例,以及阻垢、缓蚀性能和与两种杀菌剂的配伍性等,并将其应用在热电厂循环水系统中,取得了良好的效果。     

中村、日亚与蓝色激光头的研发

这篇文章主要介绍的时日本日亚公司和中村本人在研制蓝色激光头过程中所经历的各种试验和磨难,己及他们最终研制成功蓝色激光头的经历。 只有钮扣大小的白色、蓝色和绿色激光头进行对比测试,以白光激光头为参照物(请注意不要让激光直接进入你的眼睛,这样会对你的眼睛造成一定的伤害)。你会发现:蓝色激光的频谱中稍微带一些紫罗兰色,而绿色激光则略微有些淡黄色的成分。这是目前我们所能得到的最接近这两种颜色的激光头了。     

高分子材料与资源、环境

高分子材料的发展历史不足百年,与传统材料比较,因其具有低价位和通用性特征,而获得空前范围的应用,在20世纪其产量迅速增加,2000年,全球年产高分子材料的总产量已经超过钢,达到1.5亿t(不包括油漆、黏合剂和分散剂),并且仍呈上升趋势[1-3].如果按照传统的命名方式,根据使用最多的材料来划分人类社会发展的不同阶段:石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代和钢时代,则今天已经进入高分子材料时代.     

Gel permeation and thin-layer chromatographic characterization and solution properties of butadiene and styrene homopolymers and copolymers

Gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) studies of polystyrene, polybutadienes (BR), and their copolymers (SBR) have been carried out. GPC primarily separates them on the basis of molecular size, and TLC, on the basis of composition. Methods of obtaining absolute molecular weight distributions for BR and SBR based upon variations of the Strasbourg Universal Calibration procedure are described. In particular, [η]–M relationships in both the GPC solvent (THF) and in a second solvent (toluene) were used; in addition, results of statistical mechanical calculations for \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\overline {s^2 }$\end{document} (based on the assumption of negligible steric hindrance and freely rotating bonds) were applied. An experimental comparison of these methods was carried out, and use of the [η]–M relationships for both solvents was found to give satisfactory results. The predictions of the statistical theory were too low. A detailed study of polymer–solvent–gel interaction in the GPC unit was made through investigation of ternary phase equilibrium in the (polystyrene)–THF–(polymer) system. The polymers studied included BR and SBR with varying styrene contents. Experimental techniques for TLC separations of BR, SBR, and polystyrene according to the composition are described.     

绿色火炸药及相关技术的发展与应用

综述了绿色火炸药及其生产工艺、销毁以及回收利用方面具有“绿色”特征的改进和应用研究成果。绿色火炸药包括洁净固体推进剂、无铅双基推进剂、TPE发射药、无毒发射药、无铅点火药和起爆药。绿色制造技术包括N2O5作硝化剂的含能硝基化合物化学合成，过硝酸盐作硝化剂、微生物作催化剂的生物合成技术，连续化柔性制造技术，基于双螺杆混合成型火炸药生产技术，火炸药生产中挥发性污染物的安全消除技术和纳米复合含能材料的Sol-Gel制备技术。绿色销毁和回收利用技术包括销毁产品的熔盐氧化技术、摧毁含含能化合物废水的光催化技术以及火炸药的回收再利用（R^3）技术。评述了上述火炸药及相关技术的最新状况和发展方向，附参考文献25篇。     

Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds were investigated for their nutritional quality and oil characteristics. The yields of seeds on an as is basis (edible portion) were 1.6 and 1.8% for grape and melon, respectively. The melonseed on a dry weight basis consisted of 53.6% testa and 46.4% kernel. The crude protein, fat and fiber content were 16.4, 23.1 and 47.7% for melon and 8.2, 14.0 and 38.6% for grape (dry weight basis). Both seeds were found to contain significant levels of Ca, Mg, P and K. The fatty acid profiles showed an unsaturated fatty acid content of 76.1% for melonseed oil and 88.6% for grapeseed oil. The predominant fatty acid in both seeds was linoleic acid. The iodine value, saponification number and acid value were 116, 248 and 0.97 for melonseed oil and 132, 194 and 1.59 for grapeseed oil. The amino acid profiles of both seed cake proteins were determined and compared with hen’s egg protein.     

水解酸化+生物接触氧化法处理印染废水

对几种印染废水处理工艺方案作了比较,结合水质条件,处理工艺等,最终选择了水解酸化+生物接触氧化法工艺处理印染废水。然后对其进行初步设计,并对重要的构筑物进行设计计算,最终出水水质达到国家排放标准。     

油气田开发建设与环境影响

油气田的开发建设一直是我国石油行业中的重中之重。随着我国石油行业的快速发展,各项领域对石油与天然气的需求也越来越大。但是,随着石油与天然气的大力开采,对环境产生了不良的影响。对此,通过对油气田的开发、油气田开发建设对环境的影响以及环境的保护对策等方面进行了简略的说明,希望对我国以后油气田开发建设有一定的指导作用。     

防水透气聚氨酯薄膜及涂层的研究和应用

综述几种防水透气聚氨酯薄膜及涂层的结构、防水透气原理及其成型加工工艺。阐述防水透气聚氨酯薄膜及涂层在衣物及医用制品如高档服装、运动服、手术服、伤口敷料及手术巾等方面的应用。指出防水透气聚氨酯薄膜及涂层具有广阔的应用前景。     

Sunflower and safflower seeds and oils

Summary Chemical analyses of sunflower and safflower seeds, the hulled seed, and the hulls and oils have been made. The 28 samples of sunflower seed, representing four varieties grown at seven locations, contained an average of 29% oil which was composed chiefly (51 to 68%) of linoleic acid glycerides. The eight varieties of safflower seeds grown at Huntley, Montana, contained an average of 33% oil, with an average content of 78% linoleic glycerides. Data on the amounts of ash, nitrogen, sugar, as well as oil, are presented for the whole seeds and their fractions. Paper presented at the 19th fall meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Chicago, Nov. 7–9, 1945. This is one of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.