固体二氧化碳吸附剂研究进展

大量化石燃料的燃烧造成二氧化碳等温室气体的过量排放,严重影响了全球的环境与气候变化。固体吸附剂由于易处理、能重复使用、原材料损耗小而受到二氧化碳捕集领域的广泛关注。主要针对近些年来发展起来的新型固体二氧化碳吸附剂优缺点进行了分析比较。根据其吸附温度的不同,分别以低温、中温和高温3类吸附剂进行分类讨论。重点讨论了高温固体钙基吸附剂的吸附性能,以及其常见的改性方法,由于其吸附量高、原材料丰富、成本低等优点,氧化钙基吸附剂被认为是最理想的高温吸附剂。     

不同钙基吸附剂捕集CO2后的硫酸化反应特性研究

钙基吸附剂进行多次CO₂捕集后,碳酸化效率会大幅衰减,此时的吸附剂能否高效脱硫利用是值得重点关注的问题。鉴于此,筛选了高性能合成钙基吸附剂和天然石灰石吸附剂,通过热重分析仪分析对比其在多循环CO₂捕集后的碳酸化和硫酸化反应性能,采用微粒模型研究其硫酸化反应动力学特征。结果发现,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的碳酸化反应速率和CO₂吸附能力明显高于石灰石吸附剂。在长达500循环的CO₂捕集试验后,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的CO₂吸附能力比石灰石高10倍以上,其SO₂吸附能力相较于石灰石提升约40%。经历多次CO₂捕集反应循环后,2种吸附剂的硫酸化能力均有提升:其中,石灰石吸附剂的提升幅度更大,硫酸化转化率从26%提升到35%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化转化率则从38%提升到43%。通过微粒模型计算发现,2种吸附剂的硫酸化反应均是与SO₂浓度相关的一级反应,多循环捕集CO₂反应后,石灰石吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能下降接近30%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能只下降了5%。研究结果说明2种不同钙基吸附剂在进行循环CO₂捕集后,脱硫能力得到了不同程度的提高,且均可以较好地应用于SO₂的脱除。     

钙基CO2吸附剂的惰性掺杂和形貌调控研究进展

有效捕集CO₂对于缓解亟待解决的温室效应、气候变暖、环境污染和能源危机问题具有重大意义。钙基吸附材料因为CO₂吸附容量高及成本低廉而受到了广泛关注。本文介绍了钙基吸附剂的CO₂吸附机理,着重阐述了显著提高吸附性能的两种改性方法,包括惰性掺杂和形貌调控。归纳了利用Zr、Ce、Mn、Mg、Al等塔曼温度较高或富含氧空穴的金属氧化物对氧化钙进行单掺杂和复合掺杂改性,针对合成方法、吸脱附条件、惰性组分掺杂量、钙基前体等不同参数对掺杂改性钙基CO₂吸附剂性能的影响进行总结。同时指出,采用聚苯乙烯小球、碳凝胶、碳球、表面活性剂等制备得到的中空结构球形钙基吸附剂或实心结构球形钙基吸附剂,具有良好的CO₂吸附容量和吸附稳定性。提出两种改性方法距离工业化应用还有较大的差距,亟需深入探讨吸附剂的结构与性能之间的关系,从而为吸附剂的设计提供理论指导。     

废弃蛋壳源高性能钙基吸收剂的制备及其碳捕集性能

基于食品工业废弃蛋壳,本文利用不同有机酸反应制取乙酸钙、柠檬酸钙及葡萄糖酸钙共三种蛋壳源有机钙。在高温固定床反应器及热重分析仪上研究了不同前体所制成钙基吸收剂的碳循环捕集性能及碳酸化特性。进一步通过XRD分析了不同钙基吸收剂的物相组成,通过N₂吸附仪及SEM分析了循环前后钙基吸收剂结构特性及微观形貌的变化。结果表明,在三种蛋壳源有机钙中,葡萄糖酸钙所制成的钙基吸收剂具有较高的反应活性和相对最佳的碳捕集性能,首次碳酸化转化率高达85.33%,其钙基吸收剂相比其他吸收剂晶粒更小,20~100nm孔径范围内的孔隙较为发达,具有相对较强的抗烧结能力。经过20次循环实验发现,随着循环次数的增加,几种钙基吸收剂小颗粒均团聚烧结成大颗粒,造成孔隙结构缺失,孔隙率降低,影响其后续碳捕集性能。     

镁负载CaO基吸附剂捕集CO2性能及抗烧结机理

复合钙基吸附剂制备成本过高是限制其工业化应用的主要瓶颈问题。本文以不可溶的CaCO₃和Ca(OH)₂作为钙源,通过燃烧合成法制备钙镁复合吸附剂,在双固定床反应器上研究了其循环捕集CO₂性能。结果显示：制备得到的钙镁复合吸附剂具有更发达的孔隙结构,吸附剂表面Ca和Mg分散均匀,MgO均匀分布于CaO晶粒之间,有效提高了钙镁复合吸附剂的抗烧结特性,因此钙镁复合吸附剂循环反应过程中具有高捕集CO₂活性。以Ca(OH)₂作为钙源时,燃烧合成过程中Ca和Mg均匀同时析出,分散更加均匀,有效避免了CaCO₃作为钙源时Mg的团聚问题,因此得到的钙镁复合吸附剂循环捕集CO₂性能最优。最佳的Ca/Mg摩尔比为(8∶2)~(7.5∶2.5)。本研究以不可溶钙源制备得到高活性钙镁复合吸附剂,有效控制了吸附剂成本,具有更好的工程应用前景。     

黏土矿物的结构特征及其吸附二氧化碳的研究进展

天然黏土矿物资源丰富、成本低廉、具有丰富的孔隙结构和稳定的化学性质,是实现减排和碳循环的一类优良固体吸附剂基体材料。本文概述了黏土矿物适用于CO₂固体吸附剂制备的结构特征,对高岭石、埃洛石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石、海泡石和蛭石等黏土矿物基CO₂固体吸附剂进行了综述。介绍了其在工业烟气捕集及沼气提纯技术中的应用,最后指出合成吸附容量高、选择性强、吸附温区大、适用于产业化应用的黏土矿物基CO₂固体吸附剂并建立理论吸附模型是今后的研究重点。     

磷石膏制备纳米氧化钙基 二氧化碳吸附剂工艺的优化

以磷石膏作为钙源,优化了磷石膏制备氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂的工艺参数（反应时间、反应温度、二氧化碳通量、搅拌速度和杂质含量）,并考察了纳米氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂粒径对吸附性能的影响。得到的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间为50 min,温度为30 ℃,二氧化碳通量为251 mL/min,搅拌速率越慢越好,杂质含量越少越好。纳米氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂的粒径越小,其吸附量就越大,吸附速率也越快,其稳定性也就越高。     

凹凸棒石改性钙基吸收剂循环碳酸化特性的试验分析

钙基吸收剂在较高的温度下可有效的循环捕集烟气中的较低浓度的CO2,通过升温释放出高浓度的CO2.但其弊端在于随着CO2释放/吸附的不断进行,吸收剂的烧结现象严重,CO2的吸收效率也显著的下降,若仅采用钙基材料作为CO2捕集剂,需不断的投入新鲜的吸收剂,消耗量较大.本论文以水泥工业为背景,研究其烟气中CO2的捕集,并采用一维结构的凹凸棒对吸收剂进行表面修饰处理,来缓解吸收剂的烧结现象,以提升CO2的吸收效率.试验结果表明:凹凸棒石物理吸附CO2的量对钙基吸收剂碳酸化率的提高有一定的贡献,但此贡献要小于吸收剂抗烧结性能的提高所带来的贡献;凹凸棒石对颗粒粒径较大的吸收剂的改性效果较好;不改变钙基吸收剂的粒径,当将提纯凹凸棒石的粒径减小时,其改性效果进一步提高.     

Al2O3/Fe2O3吸附剂脱除硫化氢的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了氧化铝改性的氧化铁吸附剂,并采用比表面积(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)技术对吸附剂进行了表征。在固定吸附床上,考察了制备条件及吸附条件对吸附剂脱除硫化氢性能的影响。结果表明,引入氧化铝能显著提高氧化铁对硫化氢的吸附净化能力。氧化铁与氧化铝质量比为1∶0.5,造孔剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)质量分数为2%,焙烧温度500℃时,采用共沉淀法的负载氧化铝吸附剂的吸附效果最好。在气速20 mL/min,吸附温度80℃时,脱硫率和穿透硫容可分别达到99.3%和105 mg/g,其穿透硫容比未经改性的活性氧化铁提高了49.8 mg/g。     

基于钴改性的钙基吸附剂污泥富氢气化

基于钙基吸附剂的污泥蒸汽气化制取富氢合成气是一种高效环保的污泥处理方式。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co改性、Al₂O₃为载体的钙基吸附剂。借助热重分析仪测定不同钙基吸附剂在多个碳酸化和煅烧循环中的CO₂吸附能力和循环稳定性,并在固定床上进行污泥蒸汽气化实验。结果显示：煅烧过程中,以Al₂O₃为载体的钙基吸附剂中的Al₂O₃与CaO生成七铝酸十二钙(Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃),并表现出优异的孔隙结构的和CO₂吸附能力,其中,Co质量分数为10%的吸附剂在30次循环（700℃碳酸化35min,850℃煅烧5min）中碳酸化率稳定在70%左右;提高气化温度及Co的添加量可促进焦油裂解和甲烷重整反应,显著提高了合成气中H₂的浓度和产量及污泥气化的冷煤气效率,有利于富氢气体的制取;在650℃下,相比于纯CaO,添加Co质量分数为15%的吸附剂时,H₂产量提高了102%,H₂体积分数提高到85%。     

钙基碳载体造粒的捕集CO特性及力学性能

采用挤出滚圆法对钙基碳载体Ca（OH）₂进行造粒。在双固定床反应器上研究了黏结剂、支撑体和造孔剂对造粒后钙基碳载体循环捕集CO₂性能的影响,并提出采用多孔Al₂O₃球粉作为新型支撑体。结果表明,选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为颗粒黏结剂时最佳添加量为2%。高铝水泥和多孔Al₂O₃球粉均可作为支撑体造粒。多孔Al₂O₃球粉作为支撑体造粒后碳载体的循环捕集CO₂性能更高,其10次循环后CO₂吸收量为0.23g/g,是添加高铝水泥造粒碳载体的1.35倍。微晶纤维素作为造孔剂显著提高了造粒碳载体的循环捕集CO₂性能。多孔Al₂O₃球粉作为支撑体造粒后碳载体的抗压强度略高于高铝水泥作为支撑体。多孔Al₂O₃球粉造粒钙基碳载体拥有大量30~100nm孔隙,其比孔容高于高铝水泥造粒碳载体,这有利于CO₂捕集。     

High-temperature CO2 sorbents with citrate and stearate intercalated Ca—Al hydrotalcite-like as precursor

CO₂, one of the main components of greenhouse gases, increased rapidly because of the growing use of fossil fuels. And CaO sorbents possess the capability to be used in capture of CO₂ at high temperature. In the work, Ca—Al complex oxides derived from citrate and stearate intercalated layered double hydroxides were fabricated and their CO₂ adsorption capacity was compared with that from CO₃^2- intercalated layered double hydroxides. The results presented that the sorbents (Ca/Al = 5) with Ca—Al—citrate layered double hydroxides as precursors performed best and displayed remarkable CO₂ capture capacity of 52.0% (mass) at the carbonization temperature of 600 ℃ without distinct recession during cycling adsorption/desorption tests. The excellent CO₂ adsorption capacity of the sorbent was ascribed to its smaller crystallite size of calcinated particles, optimized pore size distribution as well as homogeneous distributed Ca and Al in the sorbent.     

Parametric study and effect of calcination and carbonation conditions on the CO2 capture performance of lithium orthosilicate sorbent

The world is currently facing the challenges of global warming and climate change. Numerous efforts have been taken to mitigate CO_2 emission, among which is the use of solid sorbents for CO_2 capture. In this work, Li_4SiO_4 was synthesised via a sol–gel method using lithium nitrate(LiNO_3) and tetraethylorthosilicate(Si C8 H20 O4) as precursors. A parametric study of Li:Si molar ratio(1-5), calcination temperature(600–800 °C) and calcination time(1–8 h) were conducted during sorbent synthesis. Calcination temperature(700–800 °C) and carbonation temperature(500–700 °C) during CO_2 sorption activity were also varied to confirm the optimum operating temperature. Sorbent with the highest CO_2 sorption capacity was finally introduced to several cyclic tests to study the durability of the sorbent through 10 cycles of CO_2 sorption–desorption test. The results showed that the calcination temperature of 800 °C and carbonation temperature of 700 °C were the best operating temperatures, with CO_2 sorption capacity of 7.95 mmol CO_2?(g sorbent)-1(93% of the theoretical yield). Throughout the ten cyclic processes, CO_2 sorption capacity of the sorbent had dropped approximately 16.2% from the first to the tenth cycle, which was a reasonable decline. Thus, it was concluded that Li_4SiO_4 is a potential CO_2 solid sorbent for high temperature CO_2 capture activity.     

Preparation and Application of the Sol-Gel Combustion Synthesis-Made CaO/CaZrO3 Sorbent for Cyclic CO2 Capture Through the Severe Calcination Condition

abstract Calcium looping method has been considered as one of the efficient options to capture CO2 in the combustion flue gas. CaO-based sorbent is the basis for application of calcium looping and shou...     

CO2 capture by double metal modified CaO-based sorbents from pyrolysis gases

High-temperature pyrolysis technology can effectively solve the problem of municipal solid waste pollution. However, the pyrolysis gas contains a large amount of CO₂, which would adversely affect the subsequent utilization. To address this problem, a novel method of co-precipitation modification with Ca, Mg and Zr metals was proposed to improve the CO₂ capture performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the two inert supports MgO and CaZrO₃ were uniformly distributed in the modified calcium-based sorbents. In addition, the XRD results indicated that CaZrO₃ was produced by the reaction of ZrO₂ and CaO at high temperatures. The effects of doping ratios, adsorption temperature, calcination temperature, CO₂ concentration and calcination atmosphere on the adsorption capacity and cycle stability of the modified calcium-based sorbent were studied. The modified calcium-based sorbent achieved the best CO₂ capture performance when the doping ratio was 10:1:1 with carbonation at 700 ℃ under 20% CO₂/80% N₂ atmosphere and calcination at 900 ℃ under 100% N₂ atmosphere. After ten cycles, the average carbonation conversion rate of Ca-10 sorbent was 72%. Finally, the modified calcium-based sorbents successfully reduced the CO₂ concentration of the pyrolysis gas from 37% to 5%.     

基于CO2原位捕集的生物质热解制氢

以谷壳作为生物质研究对象,在石英管反应器中研究了基于CO₂原位捕集的谷壳热解制H₂,考察了不同温度、不同的CO₂捕集剂（CaO）配比对其热解的产气量、气体中H₂的体积分数的影响。实验结果表明,谷壳热解的产气量随温度的升高而增大,当反应温度在800℃时有最大产气量340mL/g;捕集剂CaO的添加通过原位吸收CO₂促进相关反应向生成氢气的方向移动。在600℃,不同比例CaO下CO₂体积分数都保持在22%左右,谷壳热解产生的气体中H₂的体积分数为14%~26%;在700℃,当CaO与生物质质量比为1：4时,添加CaO捕集剂能够较好地捕集CO₂,有效提高H₂的体积分数,此时获得较高的H₂产率41%,较低的CO₂体积分数16%,CaO的捕集率为64%;GC-MS表征分析发现,CaO在800℃的温度下对热解过程中产生的焦油有部分催化裂解效果。     

Enhancement of CO2 capture and microstructure evolution of the spent calcium-based sorbent by the self-reactivation process

The effect of self-reactivation on the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent calcium based sorbent was investigated in a dual-fixed bed reactor.The sampled sorbents from the dual-fixed bed reactor were sent for XRD,SEM and N_2 adsorption analysis to explain the self-reactivation mechanism.The results show that the CaO in the spent sorbent discharged from the calciner absorbs the vapor in the air to form Ca(OH)_2 and further Ca(OH)_2·2 H_2 O under environmental conditions,during which process the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent sorbent can be self-reactivated.The microstructure of the spent sorbent is improved by the self-reactivation process,resulting in more porous microstructure,higher BET surface area and pore volume.Compared with the calcined spent sorbent that has experienced 20 cycles,the pore volume and BET surface area are increased by 6.69 times and 56.3% after self-reactivation when φ=170%.The improved microstructure makes it easier for the CO_2 diffusion and carbonation reaction in the sorbent.Therefore,the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent sorbent is enhanced by self-reactivation process.A self-reactivation process coupled with calcium looping process was proposed to reuse the discharged spent calcium based sorbent from the calciner.Higher average carbonation conversion and CO_2 capture efficiency can be achieved when self-reactivated spent sorbent is used as supplementary sorbent in the calciner rather than fresh CaCO_3 under the same conditions.     

富氧燃烧气氛下石灰石煅烧/硫化特性及模型模拟

利用自制恒温热重装置,模拟循环流化床富氧燃烧气氛,进行了石灰石同时煅烧/硫化实验,并通过对煅烧/硫化产物孔结构以及硫化产物电导率的测量,探讨了硫化反应机理。相比石灰石先煅烧成CaO再硫化,吸收剂孔隙更容易堵塞且更早进入到产物层扩散控制阶段;产物层扩散控制阶段固态离子扩散率更高,可获得更快的硫化速率和更高的最终钙转化率。烧结会极大影响CaO的钙转化率,尤其当温度高于950℃时;粒径效应显著,随石灰石颗粒粒径减小最终钙转化率明显提高;SO₂浓度提高有助于最终钙利用率的提高。建立了晶粒-微晶粒模型,对不同温度、粒径、SO₂浓度条件下石灰石同时煅烧/硫化特性进行了数学模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较为吻合。