WJ-1型缓凝剂对水泥浆早期水化过程的影响

针对油井施工高温环境下水泥浆缓凝技术的需要,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、马来酸酐(MA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体合成了三元共聚物W J-1型缓凝剂.经正交实验得最佳合成条件:单体质量比AMPS:MA:AM =21:9:8、反应温度90℃、反应时间5h、∞(引发剂)=4％(占所有单体质量比).高温高压(120℃、73.9MPa)稠化时间表明其具有良好的缓凝性能.用低场核磁对比研究了纯水泥浆G和掺加缓凝剂的水泥浆GR的横向弛豫时间在不同时间点的T2值分布情况和T2总信号量随水化时间的变化.结果表明:在初始水化阶段的150min内,对比弛豫峰的变化发现,水泥浆GR的弛豫峰峰形和峰顶位置均无明显变化,水泥浆G的弛豫峰峰形变窄且峰顶位置向短弛豫方向偏移;随水化时间的进行,T2总信号量不断减小,反映了浆体中自由水转变为化学结合水的过程.     

高温缓凝剂LY的合成及在低密度水泥浆中的应用

随着石油勘探开发向深部油气层发展,固井长度增加,井底温度升高,需要提高缓凝剂的抗温能力并降低其温敏性。本文首先以AMPS和IA(衣康酸)这两种单体为原料合成共聚物,通过单因素实验法优化合成条件,得出最优合成条件为n(AMPS):n(IA)=50:20,反应温度60℃,引发剂加量1%。再将AMPS/IA共聚物与一种多羟基羧酸盐复配得到新型高温缓凝剂LY,并将该缓凝剂LY应用于低密度水泥浆体系中,通过中、高温条件下的稠化时间对比说明缓凝剂LY对温度的敏感性,实验证实LY的温敏性较小;并通过缓凝剂LY对水泥浆流变性的影响说明缓凝剂的分散性及稳定性,结果证明缓凝剂LY的稳定性较好,并可改善水泥浆的流变性;通过125℃下的高温稠化曲线可知该缓凝剂可抗温度达到125℃,具备高温缓凝剂特性,能够满足固井的要求。再通过XRD谱图分析缓凝剂对低密度水泥石的影响,并最终探讨缓凝机理。     

MAM共聚物作为油井水泥缓凝剂的评价

用2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和马来酸(MA)的共聚反应制备缓凝剂MAM。用正交实验法探究了缓凝剂MAM的最佳工艺制备条件,借助傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)验证最佳稠化时间的产物结构,利用稠化试验、抗压强度试验及抗盐性试验来测试水泥浆的稠化时间、抗压强度,加一定量缓凝剂的水泥石24h后抗压强度大于行标(SY-T5504—2005油井水泥缓凝剂评价方法)规定的14MPa,能满足施工要求。结果表明,在70℃下反应4h且AMPS与MA物质的量比2∶1、引发剂质量分数1%时,MAM的稠化性能等相关缓凝剂参数均能达到优良的效果。     

油井水泥多功能高温缓凝剂的研究

为满足深井固井对油井水泥缓凝剂抗高温性能的需要,研制了多功能高温缓凝剂（MP）,并对MP的高温缓凝性能、降滤失性能进行了室内评价。结果表明：MP具有优良的抗温缓凝效果,稠化时间可调;稠化时间的重现性好;还能有效地降低水泥浆的失水量。此外,使用量热仪研究了MP对水泥浆水化反应速度的影响,发现MP使水泥浆的初始水化放热速率减小,水化诱导期延长,随着高温缓凝剂MP掺量的增加,水泥水化最高放热峰出现的时间按比例延长,缓凝性能线性关系良好。     

高温油井水泥缓凝剂聚2-丙烯酰胺基–2-甲基丙磺酸/苯乙烯磺酸钠/衣康酸的合成及缓凝效果

根据自由基水溶液聚合原理,合成2-丙烯酰胺基-2甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）、苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）和衣康酸（IA）的三元共聚物缓凝剂（AMPS/SSS/IA）,采用红外光谱和核磁共振表征其结构,表明所合成共聚物为目标产物。经正交实验得到AMPS/SSS/IA的最佳合成条件：溶液酸碱度pH=7、引发剂加量为3%、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为60℃、单体AMPS、IA、SSS的质量比为57：24：19。测试了缓凝剂不同加量的水泥石24 h抗压强度,结果表明AMPS/SSS/IA可以有效抑制水泥石24h抗压强度的衰减。高温高压稠化实验表明缓凝剂AMPS/SSS/IA加量为0.7%时,140℃稠化时间可达200min。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜表征,讨论了所合成共聚物的缓凝机理,认为缓凝现象的发生,是因为AMPS/SSS/IA与Ca2＋生成了复杂的螯合物抑制了Ca（OH）2晶体的形成和生长,以及引起水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）包覆层的增厚。     

高温缓凝剂AMCT的合成及其性能评价

以甲基丙烯磺酸钠(MAS)、含亲水长链的烯类单体(CL)、丙烯酸(AA)和烯丙基三甲基氯化铵(TMAAC)为原料,合成了一种高温缓凝剂(AMCT)。通过正交实验得到的最佳合成条件为:n(AA)∶n(MAS)∶n(CL)∶n(TMAAC)=4.0∶1.0∶0.15∶0.10,引发剂(NH4)2S2O8加量为单体总质量的4%,单体质量浓度300 g/L,反应温度85℃,反应时间24 h。利用IR和~1HNMR表征了AMCT的结构。采用TGA考察了AMCT的耐温性能。以稠化时间考察了AMCT的温度敏感性和加量敏感性。通过AMCT对水泥浆流变性能的影响说明其分散性和稳定性。通过XRD、EDTA滴定和低场核磁等方法分析了AMCT的缓凝机理。结果表明:AMCT的分解温度为255℃;AMCT的温度敏感性和加量敏感性均符合行业标准要求;AMCT对水泥浆分散性和稳定性无不良影响;AMCT的缓凝机理为自匹配吸附形成包覆层控制水化作用、抑制晶体生长作用和络合作用。     

高温条件下AMPS类缓凝剂缓凝作用效果分析

缓凝剂的选配是高温水泥浆体系设计最关键的因素之一。为了合理地优选和适用缓凝剂,选用AMPS-IA共聚缓凝剂与大连G级油井水泥作用,通过高温高压稠化仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪等对水泥稠化性能、水化硬化产物的物质组成和微观结构特征进行检测,对其适用性进行分析。结果表明：AMPS类缓凝剂作为高温缓凝剂具有良好的缓凝效果,稠化线形好且稠化时间长。但是重复实验评价缓凝剂稳定性过程中有一定概率出现缓凝剂失效,稠化曲线出现波动,造成水泥浆异常胶凝。产生胶凝的原因是缓凝剂聚合物分子对阳离子产生螯合-吸附作用,在物理搅拌作用下使得大量聚合物分子与水泥熟料成胶联状聚集在搅拌轴外部。     

聚合物插层蒙脱土复合型高温缓凝剂的制备及性能

采用溶液聚合原位插层法,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酸(AA)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,以蒙脱土为活性聚合填料,合成了一种有机-无机复合型抗高温缓凝剂(HTR-5),通过正交试验确定了其最佳合成条件:单体AMPS、AA、DMDAAC和蒙脱土的质量比为48:25:23:4,反应温度75℃、反应时间10 h、溶液酸碱度pH=9、引发剂加量0.6%。利用Fourier红外光谱、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对产物进行结构表征,并对其应用性能进行评价。结果表明:HTR-5具有复合插层结构,初始热解温度为273℃。HTR-5水泥浆在150~180℃缓凝性能和抗盐性能良好,稠化曲线平稳无"鼓包"等异常现象,与不同水泥浆体系及外加剂配伍性良好。HTR-5的高温缓凝机理为:高温下HTR-5的片层结构受热膨胀,插层中被释放出来的缓凝基团,通过吸附及络合抑制作用延缓Ca(OH)_2晶核、晶体的正常生长,延长水泥水化时间。     

四元共聚物降失水剂抗盐性能的室内评价

从四元共聚物抗盐降失水剂的角度,以常规密度盐水水泥浆为主要研究对象,系统研究了不同加量盐的水泥浆在不同温度下的密度、稠化时间、流变失水等性能变化。结果表明:XJL-3降失水剂能够在饱和盐水中仍能控制住浆体的失水,盐的加入没有改变浆体的流态,但降低了浆体的塑性粘度和动切力,在80℃进行水泥浆安全施工稠化时间设计时,要密切注意该温度节点存在的缓凝现象有可能对现场固井存在的影响,高于93℃,要保证现场的安全施工,需要加入一定量的中高温缓凝剂。     

缓凝剂SN-3的制备及其对水泥浆横向弛豫时间T2分布的影响

首先合成了一种新型两性聚合物缓凝剂SN-3,然后采用红外光谱和元素分析等测试手段对其进行结构表征。其次,对其应用性能作了进一步研究,主要包括稠化时间、加量和温度敏感性等,实验结果表明应用性能满足现场施工要求。利用低场核磁共振测试技术重点研究了缓凝剂SN-3对油井水泥浆水化过程中横向弛豫时间T₂分布的影响,在相同的水灰比、温度和水化时间下,对纯水泥浆C和掺有缓凝剂SN-3的水泥浆CHN的横向弛豫时间进行测试和分析,借助迁移速率和峰形指数两个参数表征水泥浆T₂分布曲线的变化过程。最后,结合X衍射和扫描电镜（SEM）进一步探讨缓凝剂SN-3的缓凝作用原理。实验结果表明,缓凝剂使水泥浆中填充于絮凝结构之间的水的受缚程度减小,存在时间变长,转化为化学结合水所经历时间变长;缓凝剂SN-3主要通过沉淀和络合作用达到缓凝效果的。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.