多开口方腔内自然对流的流动与传热特性

以计算流体力学与传热学理论为基础,建立三开口方腔内有热源驱动自然对流的物理数学模型,利用CFD方法对多开口方腔内流体的流动特性进行数值模拟和理论分析。在4种不同的通风模式下,比较热源强度和活动开口位置对热源表面的Nusselt数和方腔的量纲1有效流通量等流体流动、传热参数的影响。结果表明,在有热源驱动的自然对流条件下,与开口通风位置相比,热源强度对方腔内热流场的均匀性有更加重要的影响,揭示了三开口方腔内流体的流动特性与换热规律。     

蒸发冷却与置换通风复合空调系统测试

分析了现有蒸发冷却空调系统和置换通风空调系统存在的不足,对蒸发冷却与置换通风复合系统的结合机理及优点进行了阐述。对新疆大学体育馆空调系统工程进行了现场测试,实测数据表明选用二级蒸发冷却空气处理机组处理后的送风空气达到了设计要求,指出工作区水平方向上温度分布均匀,工作区垂直温度梯度与送风速度呈反比关系。通过实测,建议蒸发冷却与置换通风复合空调系统应用于本类似测试建筑物时,系统送风速度范围取0.4～0.5 m•s^-1。     

基于量纲一分析的循环流量实验关联式

自然循环蒸发器工艺设计中阻力的衡算一般按试差算法进行,其中一个关键步骤即修正单位面积总循环流量,计算工作量大且精度低。采用量纲一化分析方法,将循环流量、传热温差、蒸发室压力、流体密度、流体黏度、导热系数、比热容、加热管内径、加热管管长等9个参数关联起来,探讨了用于描述自然循环过程的5个量纲一数。以水为实验介质,设计单管常压自然循环蒸发实验台,对不同传热温差下循环流量的变化进行了实验,并在实验数据的基础上,推导得到用于计算循环流量的量纲一准数关联式。结果表明:由量纲一准数关联式计算得到的π2和由实验数据计算得到的π2相对误差在3%以内。     

基于量纲一分析的循环流量实验关联式

自然循环蒸发器工艺设计中阻力的衡算一般按试差算法进行,其中一个关键步骤即修正单位面积总循环流量,计算工作量大且精度低。采用量纲一化分析方法,将循环流量、传热温差、蒸发室压力、流体密度、流体黏度、导热系数、比热容、加热管内径、加热管管长等9个参数关联起来,探讨了用于描述自然循环过程的5个量纲一数。以水为实验介质,设计单管常压自然循环蒸发实验台,对不同传热温差下循环流量的变化进行了实验,并在实验数据的基础上,推导得到用于计算循环流量的量纲一准数关联式。结果表明:由量纲一准数关联式计算得到的π2和由实验数据计算得到的π2相对误差在3%以内。     

基于过剩焓函数多孔介质中超绝热燃烧的分析

分析了稀预混气体多孔介质中超绝热燃烧反应区的能量集中现象。通过一维双温模型理论上推导出量纲1过剩焓函数。分析表明,超绝热燃烧温度是修正的Lewis数、固体和气体热导率的比值、填充床孔隙率以及量纲1燃烧波波速的综合函数。通过对量纲1焓方程4个源项的分析表明,修正的Lewis数主导源项的大小并决定焓值的分布。     

玻璃钢夹层结构成型技术研究

玻璃钢夹层结构凭借其优越的性能在船舶行业等领域得到了广泛应用,在使用玻璃钢夹层结构的某水下设备,采用手糊成型工艺成型,使用一段时间后,玻璃钢夹层结构出现了分层和鼓包等缺陷.本文通过小样对分层和鼓包原因进行了分析,通过真空成型+手糊工艺进行工艺改进,改变浮力材料与手糊玻璃钢分界面,将原来浮力材料面芯结合界面改为真空成型分界面,改进后设备使用情况良好.     

AERMOD模式系统理论

作为新一代法规性质的稳态大气扩散模式,AERMOD将最新的大气边界层和大气扩散理论应用到空气污染扩散模式中。AERMOD具有下述特点:(1)按空气湍流结构和尺度的概念,湍流扩散由参数化方程给出,稳定度用连续参数表示;(2)中等浮力通量对流条件采用非正态的PDF模式;(3)考虑了对流条件下浮力烟羽和混合层顶的相互作用;(4)AERMOD模式系统可以处理:地面源和高架源、平坦和复杂地形和城市边界层;(5)AERMAP提出了一个有效高度对流场的影响。示踪试验表明,AERMOD模拟的结果比较理想。     

考虑地面积尘时置换通风的数值模拟

引言 置换通风系统始于北欧,较多应用于工业通风.近几年来,由于其合理的温度分布、较高的通风效率和明显的节能特性,置换通风系统已经越来越多地应用到民用建筑中.在北欧新建的办公建筑中,约有50%～70%的部分采用了置换通风系统[1].     

冬冷夏热地区太阳能烟囱热通道的数值模拟和实验研究

针对不同热通道宽度的竖直式太阳能烟囱,借助数值模拟方法结合实验测试分析方法研究了在我国冬冷夏热地区太阳能烟囱热通道的传热和流动特性。研究结果表明,随着热通道高度的增加通道内空气温度逐渐上升,形成热浮力加速空气自然对流;同时太阳能烟囱热通道的宽度直接影响通风量的大小,当太阳能烟囱热通道的宽度超过0.6 m时,热通道内部和出风口处出现回流现象阻碍空气流动,太阳能烟囱通风量最佳时所对应的热通道宽度为0.6 m;此外通过在未考虑室外风环境影响下的数值模拟结果与室外实验分析结果的差异可知,在建太阳能烟囱热通道设计与数值模拟时,应考虑室外风环境的影响。     

基于抛物线形气-液界面的超疏水微通道减阻特性

针对超疏水表面微通道中的流动减阻特性,基于抛物线形气-液界面假设,采用VOF模型模拟了微通道中的二维层流流动,分析了流动和结构参数对减阻效果的影响。结果表明,含矩形微坑的超疏水表面微通道具有显著减阻作用,fRe随Reynolds数增大而略有提高,量纲1压降比随入口速度增大而略有下降。当增大微坑面积比或减小微通道高度时,fRe减小,量纲1压降比增大;且微通道高度越小,微坑面积比对fRe的影响越显著。随抛物线形高度增加,压降比和滑移长度均线性减小,而fRe则线性增加。当微坑深度大于其宽度的40%时,压降比和滑移长度趋于定值。微坑形状对减阻效果的影响依次是燕尾形、矩形、梯形和三角形。     

温度分层对小型熔盐单罐释热过程影响

为了探究温度分层对小型熔盐单罐释热过程的影响,对释热前单罐内熔盐有、无温度分层两种工况下的释热过程进行了实验研究。通过对隔板内外侧熔盐温度、换热器出口处水温、释热过程累积释热效率等参数进行分析发现：释热过程中维持熔盐稳定的温度分层是提高单罐释热效率的关键因素,而浸没式换热器取热时产生的扰动会破坏熔盐温度分层,影响释热效率,需要对其进行优化。研究结果为内置浸没式换热器的小型熔盐单罐系统的优化提供了有效依据。     

Hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of passive decay heat removal systems: CFD simulations and experimental measurements

In nuclear safety operations, condensing heat transfer area is placed in a large pool of liquid to accommodate passive thermal decay. Such systems are subject to pool boiling and thermal stratification. Velocity and temperature measurements were carried out in a 300 mm i.d. vessel with a central tube as the heat transfer area. For this purpose, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and hot film anemometry (HFA) were employed. Further, CFD simulations of this system were performed. An excellent agreement was found between the experimental measurements and the CFD simulations. For modeling, the boiling was an extension of the model of Krepper et al. (2007). The lift force was described according to the recommendations of Zeng et al. (1993). The stratification occurring inside the pool has been quantified in terms of a dimensionless number (stratification number). It has been observed that, for higher heat input rates stratification occurs in a shorter time period. The effect of submergence of the condenser tube in the large pool has been studied and it has been found that, for any height of submergence, vapors form at the top of the pool but placing the condenser near the bottom may reduce stratification to a certain extent. The model was extended to the real size (50 000 mm I.D.) passive decay heat removal system.     

有内热源的多孔层中自然对流的稳定性分析

采用局部非热平衡模型, 通过数值法和Garlerkin近似法, 分析存在均匀内热源和边界浓度梯度时, 有效热导率比、流体和固相间的传热系数、浓度梯度的大小以及内热源在流体与固相内的分布情况对水平多孔层中临界内热源Rayleigh数的影响, 来研究相关参数对自然对流的稳定性的影响, 并得到临界内热源Rayleigh数的表达式。结果表明, 浓度Rayleigh数的增加可以促进自然对流的形成;内热源为正时, 自然对流的形成区域主要位于上半区域;内热源为负时, 自然对流的形成区域位于下半区域, 内热源总是促进自然对流的发生;有效热导率比、流体和固相间的内部传热系数、内热源在流体与固相内的分布情况相互耦合, 影响自然对流的稳定性, 这种影响取决于各参数的范围。     

分层土壤中竖直埋管换热器传热特性

基于移动有限长线热源理论,考虑土壤分层及存在渗流现象,建立了埋管传热解析模型。利用热响应试验验证了该模型的正确性。对比分层模型与均质模型所给出的埋管散热过程的土壤温度响应表明:埋管周围土壤沿轴向分层使其温度分布也呈现分层而非均匀的特点,各层土壤中钻孔壁处温度趋于稳定所需的时间及数值因各层物性的差异而不同。对整个埋管区土壤均质或分层但存在渗流作用以及部分土壤层存在渗流作用等3种情况进行了计算分析,发现:若整个分层土壤中存在渗流,而视土壤为均质并忽略渗流的影响,则对换热能效系数低估可达6.3%;埋管散热在各土壤层中的热作用距离因存在渗流与否偏差可达43%。可见,为了准确评估钻孔周围渗流作用下分层土壤中的温度分布特性,应利用分层模型计算各土壤层中的热作用距离,以最大值确定管间距,否则会导致管群布置时管间距选取偏小。     

Two phase natural convection: CFD simulations and PIV measurement

Buoyancy induced flow and heat transfer are important phenomena in a wide range of engineering systems e.g. electronics and photovoltaics cooling, thermosiphon heat exchangers, solar-thermal heat absorbers, passive decay heat removal systems, etc. Such systems are subject to thermal stratification. The objective of the present work is to study the single phase and two phase (boiling) natural convection accompanied by thermal stratification. We carried out velocity and temperature measurements in a rectangular tank (0.8×0.6×0.6 m³) fitted with (a) a central tube, and (b) a 10 tube assembly; which form the heat transfer surface. Flows were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Additionally, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of these systems were performed: first with an assumption of no-boiling (i.e. no phase change) near the heat transfer surfaces; for which we used the open source CFD code OpenFOAM-1.6. For two phase simulations, we used the boiling model of Ganguli et al. (2010) and carried out simulations using the commercial software FLUENT 6.3. The extent of stratification and mixing has been investigated for a range of Rayleigh numbers from 4.34×10¹¹ to 2.59×10¹⁴. The flow information obtained from PIV was analyzed for insights into the dynamics of turbulent flow structures. We used the signal processing technique of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for this purpose. From the analysis, we were able to estimate the size, velocity and energy distribution of turbulent structures in our flows. This information was used to estimate wall heat transfer coefficients. A good agreement was observed between the predicted and the experimental values of heat transfer coefficients.     

HEAT DISSIPATION IN MICROELECTRONIC SYSTEMS USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS WITH NATURAL CONVECTION

The present study is an initial investigation of the use of phase change materials with natural convection for the dissipation of thermal energy in a model of an integrated circuit (IC) acting as a heat source. A 1.91cm diameter long copper cylinder filled with a phase change material (PCM), P-116 Sunoco wax, was used as the heat exchange structure.

The effectiveness of the PCM cylinder was found to be a strong function of the geometrical arrangement. With the cylinder of PCM positioned on top of the heating cartridge (which simulated the IC heat source), the gravitationally induced natural convection currents are shown to play a significant role in dissipating the heat generated by the cartridge. In an inverted position the effects of natural convection currents were not apparent. The effective thermal conductivity of the cylinder containing the melted wax was at least an order of magnitude higher when positioned above the heating cartridge than when positioned below. Pictures of the melting process were taken for three different experimental configurations, and these substantiate the existence of the natural convection currents in the melt.     

含竖直线热源松散颗粒物料的传热特性

基于Brinkman扩展达西模型,采用直角坐标系下的压力与速度耦合SIMPLE算法,对竖直线热源下松散颗粒的物料传热特性进行了数值模拟. 结果表明,竖直线热源作用下的松散颗粒物料中存在明显对流换热效应,且与粒度大小和空隙率无明显相关性. 热源表面平均Nusselt数Nuavg随瑞利数Ra增大呈线性增加趋势,而热源表面局部Nusselt数NuR与Ra之间的关系较复杂,但除热源表面顶端位置外,其余位置均可由关联式NuR=aRa2+bRa+c表示. 为降低对流换热的影响,利用热源表面温升数据测算试样导热系数时(交叉热线法),实验时间不宜超过120 s;而基于平行热线法测热物性参数,温度测点宜布置在试样筒中下部位置处(Y<0.33). 利用本模型计算的典型测点温升与实测结果较吻合,而利用热传导模型计算的部分测点温升与实测值最大偏差达17℃,中下部区域则较小.     

Applicability analysis of mathematical models for the combustion characteristics in the pool fire

A pool fire characterized by high temperature and heat radiation, is a common accident in chemical industry. The important combustion characteristic parameters are the heat radiation flux, the burning rate, the flame height, etc., but the most significant one is the heat radiation flux. The calculation model of the pool fire has an important role to assess the accident. There are three types of widely used pool fire models, the Shokri and Beyler model, the Mudan model, and the point source model. The models are used to calculate the combustion parameters of three different kinds of oils in tanks of different scales. The predictions of three models are compared with the simulation results. The analysis shows that the point source model has a large error for pool fires with the diameter greater than 10 m and the thermal radiation flux smaller than 5 kW/m², and the model is more applicable to heavy crude pool fires. The scope of application of the Mudan model is broader, and this model ensures higher accuracy if the thermal radiation flux is smaller than 5 kW/m². The Shokri and Beyler model is more suitable for the case where the pool fire diameter is greater than 40 m and the thermal radiation flux is above 5 kW/m², and the results for the light crude pool fire based on this model are more reasonable.     

超疏水表面有滑移时的层流换热分析

在考虑速度滑移的前提下,对于圆管形微通道内温度边界层充分发展的恒热流量对流传热,推导了速度和温度分布表达式,并进一步得到对流传热系数和Nusselt数计算式。此外,还针对超疏水表面不同结构参数下的滞留空气层,提出了超疏水表面的有效导热模型,推导出超疏水表面不同结构参数下的热阻。最后将传热系数与超疏水表面热阻进行耦合,得出超疏水表面有效传热系数及其与超疏水表面结构参数的关系。计算结果表明:超疏水表面上流体的滑移使得管内温度更加均匀,传热系数或Nusselt数有所增加,恒热流条件下最多可以增加1.8倍;超疏水表面热阻随肋间距和肋高的增加而增大;超疏水表面的表观传热系数随肋间距或孔宽的增加而显著降低,随肋高或孔深的增加,表观传热系数也降低,其幅度与肋间距以及肋高与肋间距之比有关;各种结构参数条件下均存在表面滞留空气层的临界厚度,在此厚度以下表面有效传热系数不低于普通表面无滑移时的数值。因此,需要综合考虑超疏水表面的结构参数,包括肋高、肋间隙等,才能使超疏水表面有利于传热。