泡沫铜强化甲烷水合物生成动力学实验研究

提高水合物生成速率和储气密度对天然气水合物技术应用非常重要。将三种孔密度的泡沫铜（CF）分别浸入十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）溶液中构建水合储气强化体系,在高压静态反应釜中研究泡沫金属对甲烷水合物生成动力学特性。实验结果表明,泡沫铜骨架能为水合物生成提供充足的结晶点,同时可作为水合物生长过程水合热迁移的“高速公路”。甲烷水合物在SDS/CF体系中可快速生成,最大水合储气速率分布在19.24~21.04 mmol·mol^-1·min^-1之间,其中添加15 PPI泡沫铜的SDS溶液储气量最高（139 mmol·mol^-1）,且达到最大储气量90%所用时间最短（10.1 min）。在6.0~8.0 MPa压力下,相比SDS溶液,添加15 PPI泡沫铜的SDS溶液储气量提高了8.8%~35.6%,储气速率提高了4.7%~40.4%;特别在压力为5.0 MPa时,该孔密度SDS/CF体系储气量甚至比SDS溶液增加13倍,储气速率增加16倍。     

含砂搅拌体系甲烷水合物生成与分解实验研究

利用高压反应釜装置,在不同初始压力、砂粒粒径等条件下进行甲烷水合物的生成与分解实验,研究细质砂粒固相颗粒对甲烷水合物成核诱导时间、生成和分解等的影响规律。结果表明:砂粒能够促进甲烷水合物生长,体系初始压力越高,水合物生成速率越高;体系初始压力为7.2 MPa、砂粒粒径为2 000目(6.5μm)时,水合物生成过程最稳定,且水合物生成量最多;在分解过程中,纯水体系和含砂体系的分解速率相当,只存在气体释放量的差异。进而得出结论:砂粒固体颗粒的存在会促进水合物生成,所以在水合物开采过程中,若工况满足水合物生成条件,水合物二次生成会更易发生,使得矿藏砂粒、水合物、天然气、海水在管道内的多相混输堵塞风险增加;含砂条件对水合物分解的影响作用不大,矿砂在水合物分解过程中对流动安全的影响有待深入研究。该研究成果为解决深水浅层水合物开采过程中的流动安全保障问题,提供了重要的理论基础和技术支撑。     

油水体系内水合物的生成:温度、压力和搅拌速率影响

水合物在管道内的生成对流动安全保障构成了极大威胁。为研究水合物在油水体系内的生成特性,本文以天然气、柴油、水为实验介质,在高压可视反应釜内开展了一系列不同温度、压力和搅拌速率的水合物生成实验。根据测试实验中温度、压力的变化趋势,首先分析了两种不同实验步骤下水合物的生成过程。然后,基于从反应釜可视窗处观察到的实验现象,研究了温度、压力和搅拌速率对水合物生成和分布位置、水合物生成形态及水合物形态演化过程的影响。实验中,可以观察到水合物的聚集、沉积和壁面膜生长现象。同时,实验还研究了温度、压力和搅拌转速对诱导时间、壁面水合物膜生长速率及气体消耗速率等水合物生成动力学参数的影响。本文研究成果可为油气管道水合物防治技术的发展提供理论支持。     

苏丹红7B染色剂对水合物生成分解动力学的影响

基于高压反应釜装置进行了一系列不同初始压力、不同过冷度条件下,添加染色剂/不加染色剂的水合物生成与分解实验,通过分析实验过程中体系压力、温度随时间的变化,研究了苏丹红7B染色剂对水合物生成结晶诱导期、水合物生成体积分数及气体消耗率的影响.结果表明:苏丹红7B对水合物生成与分解的动力学的影响,在不同的实验条件下,表现不一;在高过饱和度下,苏丹红7B对水合物生成与分解动力学的影响会减弱;在过冷度较高时,苏丹红7B对水合物生成与分解动力学表现出较大的影响,一方面促进水合物结晶诱导,另一方面又抑制水合物生长,还对水合物分解时间有延长的作用.经深入剖析油溶性染色剂苏丹红7B分子会随温度变化的溶解与析出,与乳化剂协同吸附或脱附,进而影响水合物生成/分解动力学的传质及颗粒行为.总之,本研究论证了在引入染色剂研究水合物生成分解规律时,应该优选对水合物动力学生成及分解没有影响或影响较少的染色剂物质.     

四氢呋喃对离子液体水溶液二氧化碳水合物生成特性影响

为改善离子液体1-胺丙基-3-甲基咪唑溴([APMIm][Br])水溶液CO_2水合物的生成特性,加入四氢呋喃(THF)形成复配溶液体系,研究复配体系中吸收CO_2同时生成水合物的特性。建立可视化高压反应釜,在273.15—288.15 K、0.5—3.5 MPa条件下,测试了不同浓度的[APMIm][Br]和THF体系中水合物-溶液-CO_2气体三相相平衡数据。实验结果表明:离子液体会抑制CO_2水合物生成,而THF能有效促进离子液体水溶液CO_2水合物的生成,水合物生成压力可大幅降低。基于离子液体水溶液缔合特性的活度系数模型理论和气体水合物的Van der Waals-Platteeuw模型理论,对复配溶液中CO_2气体水合物的相平衡进行了计算,与实验值相比,平均相对误差为1.84%。复配溶液对低压二氧化碳表现出良好的溶液吸收和气体水合物生成双效捕获能力。     

蜡晶析出对CO2水合物相平衡及诱导特性的影响

为了探明蜡晶析出对水合物生成相平衡特性及成核特性的影响,本文选用2^#工业白油与60^#昆仑石蜡的混合溶液来模拟含蜡体系,利用高压可视化搅拌釜开展含蜡体系水合物生成实验,结合水合物生成过程中的可视化图像,研究不同蜡晶浓度对水合物生成相平衡曲线、水合物成核诱导时间、诱导时间变化率的影响规律及蜡晶析出对水合物生成机理的影响。结果表明：①随着蜡晶浓度的增加,水合物生成相平衡条件逐渐降低,相平衡曲线较无蜡体系向右偏移,且蜡晶浓度越大,偏移趋势越明显,在温度281.5K时,3.5%（质量分数）的蜡含量比无蜡体系的相平衡压力降低6.5%;②通过分析不同蜡晶浓度对水合物成核诱导时间的影响发现,蜡晶析出加快了水合物结晶,缩短了水合物成核诱导时间,且蜡晶浓度越大,诱导时间缩短越明显;③通过探究不同蜡晶浓度对水合物成核诱导能力的影响发现,随着蜡晶浓度的增加,蜡晶析出对水合物诱导成核的促进能力总体呈现先增大后减小的趋势,即蜡晶对水合物的促进能力不是无限增大的,会随蜡晶浓度的增加逐渐减弱;④通过分析蜡晶析出对水合物生成速率及生成位置的影响发现,当体系达到水合物生成条件时,反应釜中心部分的水合物会先于气液表面及釜壁生成。本文研究成果有助于深海油气开采的应用发展,同时为更好研究蜡晶与水合物耦合特性提供可靠的pVT数据。     

自生热体系开采天然气水合物实验研究

为了评价自生热体系(氯化铵+亚硝酸钠+盐酸+氯化钙)开采天然气水合物的效果,在高压反应釜内模拟低温高压环境合成饱和度为76％的天然气水合物模型,开展自生热体系开采天然气水合物实验研究,研究分析了氯化铵+亚硝酸钠溶液浓度、盐酸用量、氯化钙用量对开采效果的影响,并优选出适用于开采天然气水合物的自生热体系最佳配方.结果表明:...     

甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程

利用恒压预冷法研究了不同反应物量(30.0,100.0g)、不同压力(2.50,3.50,4.50 MPa)、温度为6℃时无搅拌甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程.实验结果表明,水合物在此体系中的生成形态为浆状;CH4水合反应速率随压力升高而增大;当初始反应物量较少(30.0g)时,甲烷储气量(标准状态下水合物中甲烷与初始反应物的体积比)随压力升高而增大不明显(3.50 MPa时为3.0 mL/mL,4.50 MPa时为3.1 mL/mL),当初始反应物量较多(100.0g)时,甲烷储气量随压力升高反而降低(由2.50 MPa时的5.4 mL/mL变为4.50 MPa时的0.9 mL/mL);反应过程中可能同时生成了纯叔丁胺结构的Ⅵ型和甲烷/叔丁胺结构的Ⅱ型两种水合物,且Ⅵ型与Ⅱ型量比在反应后期比前期大;甲烷与浓度为9.3%(mol)的叔丁胺溶液生成的水合物中甲烷储气量较低(最高5.4 mL/mL).通过分析甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程,认为其可能包括反应分子接触聚集、水合物骨架形成和水合物晶体增长等3个步骤.     

甲烷+氨水体系水合物生成条件实验测定及计算

甲烷在氨水体系中生成水合物的实验数据对于开发水合法回收合成氨驰放气工艺以及操作条件的确定具有重要意义。本文测定了氨摩尔分数为1.018、3.171、5.278氨水溶液中甲烷气体水合物的生成条件。结果表明：氨的加入对甲烷水合物的生成起着明显抑制作用,而且随着氨浓度的增加,生成压力越高。采用Chen-Guo模型对甲烷在氨水中生成水合物的数据进行了计算,得到了较为满意的计算结果,平均误差为2.71%,说明Chen-Guo模型能够较好地预测该类体系的水合物的生成条件。     

全可视化反应釜内二氧化碳水合物的生成分解特征

二氧化碳水合物封存技术已成为目前碳封存研究的热点。该技术中对于二氧化碳水合物的生成分解特征及其影响因素的研究是当前的重点和难点。本文设计了高压全透明双反应釜实验平台,以高纯度二氧化碳和去离子水作为研究对象,在17℃、7MPa的初始温压条件下,进行了二氧化碳水合物的初次和二次生成分解实验,并设置对照组对搅拌的影响进行了研究,而后与甲烷在相同条件下的实验进行对比。实验结果表明,搅拌会促进二氧化碳水合物的生成,在400r/min的转速条件下,缩短诱导时间可达40%,增大压降速率可达15%,形成更多且更致密厚实的水合物,并延缓了分解;多次生成可以减少水合物的诱导时间,但对于水合物生成的总量几乎没有影响。与甲烷水合物相比,二氧化碳水合物生成的量大且更难以分解,实验结果有利于二氧化碳的海洋水合物封存技术的开发应用。     

Study on the kinetics of hydrate formation in a bubble column

Gas hydrate formation experiments were performed using methane in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in aqueous solution in a transparent bubble column in which a single pipe or a sintered plate was used to produce bubbles. The mole fraction of THF in aqueous solution was fixed at 6%. The hydrate formation kinetic behaviors on the surface of the rising bubble, the mechanical stability of hydrate shell formed on the surface of the bubble, the interactions among the bubbles with hydrate shell were observed and investigated morphologically. The rise velocities of individual bubbles with hydrate shells of different thickness and the consumption rates of methane gas were measured. A kinetic model was developed to correlate the experimentally measured gas consumption rate data. It was found that the hydrate formation rate on the surface of the moving bubble was high, but the formed hydrate shell was not very easy to be broken up. The bubbles with hydrate shells tended to agglomerate rather than merge into bigger bubble. This kind of characteristic of hydrate shell hindered the further formation of hydrate and led to the lower consumption rate of methane. The consumption rate of methane was found to increase with the decrease of temperature or increase of pressure. The increase of gas flux led to a linear increase in consumption rate of methane. It was demonstrated that the developed kinetic model could be used to correlate the consumption rate satisfyingly.     

0℃以下含SDS的甲烷水合物生成方式及过程对其分解速率的影响

The dissociation rates of methane hydrates formed with and without the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate(methane-SDS hydrates),were measured under atmospheric pressure and temperatures below ice point to investigate the influence of the hydrate production conditions and manners upon its dissociation kinetic behavior.The experimental results demonstrated that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate below ice point is strongly dependent on the manners of hydrate formation and processing.The dissociation rate of hydrate formed quiescently was lower than that of hydrate formed with stirring;the dissociation rate of hydrate formed at lower pressure was higher than that of hydrate formed at higher pressure;the compaction of hydrate after its formation lowered its stability,i.e.,increased its dissociation rate.The stability of hydrate could be increased by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at formation temperature and pressure before it was cooled down,or by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at dissociation temperature and formation pressure before it was depressurized to atmospheric pressure.It was found that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate varied with the temperature(ranging from 245.2 to 272.2 K) anomalously as reported on the dissociation of methane hydrate without the presence of surfactant as kinetic promoter.The dissociation rate at 268 K was found to be the lowest when the manners and conditions at which hydrates were formed and processed were fixed.     

含盐蒙脱石中甲烷水合物的生成/分解特性及离子分布研究

目前,天然气水合物成藏和开采是新能源开发应用的热点,但海域沉积物中天然气水合物的形成/分解特性,及盐离子对水合物稳定性的影响等关键问题亟待解决。利用天然气水合物原位取样技术对甲烷水合物在含盐多孔介质中生成和分解过程进行原位扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)测试和能谱分析(Energy Dispersive Spectrometry, EDS),系统研究了含0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液的蒙脱石中甲烷水合物生成、分解过程中形貌的变化及离子分布特征。研究发现水合物生成和分解过程元素分布发生明显改变,水合物生成的排盐效应使得NaCl在水合物颗粒与颗粒交结处以水合盐离子的形成存在,并且Na+和Cl-在蒙脱石表面分层排布。水合物生成后蒙脱石表面呈独立颗粒状,水合物分解后蒙脱石表面凹陷并形成微小的气体通道,并且水合物分解后蒙脱石的骨架堆积结构发生改变。研究得出水合物成核、生长、分解过程均在特定基元颗粒间是独立进行的,并且生长与分解过程与水合物晶胞结构有关。     

甲烷与冰快速形成天然气水合物的影响因素研究

设计了冰-气生成天然气水合物的实验装置,对由冰和甲烷反应生成天然气水合物的影响因素进行实验研究。结果表明,压力越高,温度越低,冰粒越小,越有利于水合物的生成,促进水合物快速形成的搅拌速度和促进剂浓度最佳值分别是800 r/min和800 mg/L。     

Characteristics of methane hydrate formation in carbon nanofluids

When methane hydrate is formed artificially by simply reversing its process of natural generation, the amount of methane gas consumed by hydrate formation is fairly low, which is problematic for its large scale synthesis and application. Therefore, this study examined methods for increasing the amount of gas consumed by adding MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and OMWCNTs (oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes). The surfaces of the MWCNTs were oxidized chemically, and dispersed uniformly in distilled water after a dispersion operation. The amount of methane gas consumed during the formation of methane hydrate in the oxidized carbon nanofluid was approximately 4.5 times higher than that in distilled water. The hydrate-nanocarbon fluid phase boundary line was shifted to the right side of the hydrate-pure water phase boundary line in the pressure–temperature phase diagram. The carbon nanofluid system accelerated the rate of methane hydrate formation at low subcooling temperatures (<8 K).     

基于水合物的混空煤层气分离技术

混合气体的水合物法分离是一项具有广阔应用前景的新技术。在对气体水合物理论、应用技术进行概述的基础上,针对抽采煤层气混掺空气的现状,提出一种新工艺:将原料气引入反应器中,控制温度和压力,在特定条件下生成甲烷水合物,排出非水合气体—空气,实现煤层气的净化提浓。生成的甲烷水合物,或气化后经管道输送,或装罐储存。水合物的快速合成是分离技术的关键。     

On the Applicability of a Quasi-Stationary Solution of the Diffusion Equation for the Hydrate Layer Formed at the Gas–Ice (Water) Interface

The problem of methane hydrate formation when the process is controlled by gas diffusion in the hydrate layer formed at the gas–ice (or water) interface is solved. It is shown that an approximate quasi-stationary solution of the diffusion equation is in good agreement with its numerical solution over a wide range of the solubility of the gas in the hydrate, which is dependent on pressure. It is found that the time for the complete transition of the water (or ice) phase into the hydrate state decreases with an increase in the saturation concentration of the mobile gas in the hydrate. The kinetic equations derived based on a quasi-stationary solution of the diffusion equation, which are relationships for the intensity of hydrate formation in snow-containing (or water-containing) formations during the filtration of hydrate-forming gases, are used to describe the concentration fields of the diffusing gas and the dynamics of hydrate layer growth.     

Methane hydrate dissociation experiment in a middle-sized quiescent reactor using thermal method

Dissociation kinetic behavior of methane hydrate was studied at 268.15 K using thermal method in a closed quiescent middle-sized reactor of 10 L, which with a multi-deck cell-type vessel as the internals and coiled copper tubes placed inside assuring hydrate form or dissociate in all cells of the vessel simultaneously to reduce or eliminate the scale-up effect. A dramatically reduced dissociation rate phenomenon - “buffered dissociation” due to the ice melting was observed. The influences of the water temperature, the heating rate, the quantity of hydrate, and the dissociation pressure upon the dissociation rate and the extent of the buffering effect were investigated experimentally to reveal the gas production mechanism from hydrate below the ice point. The experimental results indicate that the rate of heat transfer and the thermodynamic driving force were the key rate-limiting factors for hydrate dissociation in the closed reactor. The buffering effect of gas production can be eliminated and the dissociation rate can be increased by increasing the temperature of the heating water and lowering the dissociation pressure. However, the temperature buffering behavior cannot be eliminated.     

降温模式对甲烷水合物形成的影响

在定容条件下,以两种不同的降温模式(缓慢降温和快速降温)进行甲烷水合物在沉积物中的形成实验. 结果表明,甲烷水合物在沉积物中的形成过程包括气液溶解、核化、生长、稳定4个阶段. 在相同的初始条件下,降温模式对水合物生成的热力平衡影响较小,但对水合物生成动力学有显著改变. 快速降温下水合物生长速度明显快于缓慢降温,随着水合物初始条件不同,缓慢降温比快速降温水合物形成时间约增加21.4%~28.8%.     

Methane hydrate formation and dissociation behaviors in montmorillonite

The methane hydrate formation and the methane hydrate dissociation behaviors in montmorillonite are experimentally studied. Through the analyses of the microstructure characteristic, the study obtains the porous characteristic of montmorillonite. It is indicated that methane hydrate in montmorillonite forms the structure I(sI) crystal.Meanwhile, molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to study the processes of the methane hydrate formation and the methane hydrate dissociation in montmorillonite. The microstructure and microscopic properties are analyzed. The methane hydrate formation and methane hydrate dissociation mechanisms in the montmorillonite nanopore and on the montmorillonite surface are expounded. Combining the experimental and simulating analyses,the results indicate the methane hydrate formation and methane hydrate dissociation processes have little influence upon the crystal structure of porous media from either micro-or macro-analysis. It is beneficial to the fundamental researches on the exploitation and security control technologies of natural gas hydrate in deep-sea sediments.