不同圆球复合无序堆积床内流动传热数值分析

圆球堆积床内孔隙分布影响其内部流场及温度场分布, 且小管径-球径比堆积床由于壁面限制, 内部孔隙率变化剧烈, 其内部流动和传热不均匀现象明显。针对D/d_p为3的圆球无序堆积床构建了3种非等直径圆球复合堆积结构:径向分层复合堆积、轴向分层复合堆积以及随机复合堆积结构, 并采用DEM-CFD方法建模计算, 从径向及整体角度分析比较不同复合堆积床内流动换热特性及其流场和温度场分布的均匀性。结果表明:孔隙率及孔隙大小分布共同影响堆积床内流场和温度场分布;相对于单一等直径圆球堆积, 采用复合堆积结构能使堆积床内部孔隙率分布更均匀, 其内部流场和温度场分布也更为均匀;对于D/d_p为3的堆积通道, 径向分层堆积结构对于提高整体流动换热性能及改善内部流动换热均匀性都有显著效果。     

小管径-粒径比颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应数值研究

采用DEM-CFD方法对小管径-粒径比颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应进行了数值研究。针对D/d_p=5.0圆球无序堆积通道构建了光滑壁面和波节壁面两种通道壁面结构,分析了不同壁面结构堆积通道内孔隙率分布、流动和温度场分布及其流动换热性能。结果表明：小管径-粒径比光滑壁面颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应显著,壁面附近平均流速明显高于堆积中心区域,而平均温度要低于堆积中心区域,壁面附近0.5d_p区域内通过的流体质量流量比例为46%;波节壁面结构抑制了通道壁面附近漏流,可小幅提高堆积通道的换热能力,但堆积通道内的流动阻力也随之增大,其综合换热性能较光滑壁面堆积通道有所下降。     

小管径-粒径比颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应数值研究

采用DEM-CFD方法对小管径-粒径比颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应进行了数值研究。针对D/dp=5.0圆球无序堆积通道构建了光滑壁面和波节壁面两种通道壁面结构,分析了不同壁面结构堆积通道内孔隙率分布、流动和温度场分布及其流动换热性能。结果表明:小管径-粒径比光滑壁面颗粒无序堆积通道内壁面效应显著,壁面附近平均流速明显高于堆积中心区域,而平均温度要低于堆积中心区域,壁面附近0.5dp区域内通过的流体质量流量比例为46%;波节壁面结构抑制了通道壁面附近漏流,可小幅提高堆积通道的换热能力,但堆积通道内的流动阻力也随之增大,其综合换热性能较光滑壁面堆积通道有所下降。     

球床反应堆面心立方单元局部流动与传热的数值分析

球床反应堆燃料球表面局部热点的存在影响到反应堆的安全,其形成与燃料球尺度的冷却剂局部流动密切相关。为保证计算结果的准确性和物理真实性,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法和全结构网格对面心立方(FCC)单元面接触排列方式的局部流动和传热进行了数值分析。研究分析了非定常流动的特点及其对对流换热的影响。燃料球表面的时均温度分布表明燃料球表面存在稳定的热点或热斑,也发现瞬时温度波动较大,存在明显高于时均值的瞬时热点。     

气固流化床外取热器内流动和换热特性分析

外取热器是维持催化裂化反应-再生系统热平衡和保持装置平稳运行的关键设备之一。外取热器的优化设计和合理调控，要求深入理解外取热器内的流动特性、换热特性及两者之间关系。在一套大型冷模热态实验装置上，分别考察了表观气速、颗粒质量流率对换热管附近的局部固含率和气泡频率、床层与换热管间传热系数的影响。结果表明：增加表观气速可以降低局部固含率、增加局部气泡频率、强化床层与换热管间换热；随着颗粒质量流率增加，局部固含率和局部气泡频率均增加；在较低表观气速下，增加颗粒质量流率不利于换热，而在较高表观气速下，传热系数随颗粒质量流率逐渐增加。不同流型下，气固流动特性对换热特性的影响不同。在鼓泡床流型下，过高的局部固含率不利于颗粒在换热表面的更新，增加换热管附近的局部气泡频率可以明显强化换热；而在湍流床流型下，换热管附近的局部固含率和气泡频率的增加，均使传热系数逐渐增大。建立了针对不同流型的换热经验关联式，预测值与实验值的平均相对偏差分别为6.9%和1.3%。     

基于Ergun方程的石墨泡沫内流动阻力研究

石墨泡沫是一种新型多孔功能材料,具有低密度、高导热、耐高温,耐腐蚀等优点.基于对颗粒填充床经典模型Ergun方程的分析,根据石墨泡沫材料内部的微几何结构,建立了面心立方体泡沫模型,在流动阻力相等的条件下,推导了多孔泡沫球孔直径与填充床颗粒直径间的对应关系,提出了可用于石墨泡沫类多孔材料的流动阻力方程,并将该方程的预测值...     

整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床内气固两相流动规律数值模拟

采用双流体模型(TFM)对一种新型整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,在喷动床锥体两侧开若干侧喷嘴形成辅助多喷嘴结构,使其在喷动床锥体处产生喷动-流化效果,从而对环隙区锥体边界处堆积颗粒层产生扰流作用。通过CFD数值模拟获得了喷动床内颗粒速度及浓度的分布情况,并与单喷嘴喷动床模拟结果进行对比。研究并优化分析了不同侧喷嘴数量以及侧喷嘴宽度等关键参数对喷动床气固两相流动的影响规律。研究表明,与常规喷动床相比,整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构能有效增强喷动床内环隙区颗粒相运动,特别是强化了喷动床环隙区底部流动死区的颗粒运动,使得锥体边界层颗的粒体积分数显著下降,颗粒体积分数沿径向分布变得更为均匀,同时省略了旁路供气辅助设备。     

多孔介质结构对储层内流动和换热特性的影响

针对含水层储能对选址的要求高且存在地下水污染的问题，提出了构建人工填充储层进行储能，并对储层内的局部流动和换热特性进行了研究。采用共轭传热模型分别对填充非均匀颗粒、十二面体梯度开孔和二十面体梯度开孔结构3种多孔介质孔隙内的流动和换热进行了直接数值模拟，对比分析了多孔介质结构对流动和换热特性的影响。研究发现，通过选择合适的填充介质，储层内的综合换热性能能够得到改善，3种多孔介质中十二面体梯度开孔多孔介质的总换热效率(η)最高；非均匀颗粒多孔介质的平均努塞尔数(Nu_sf)最大，但同时单位压降(?p/?x)与摩擦系数(f)也最大；十二面体梯度开孔多孔介质和二十面体梯度开孔多孔介质的Nu_sf随雷诺数(Re)的变化存在交叉，在Re较小时二十面体梯度开孔结构的Nu_sf较大，Re较大时十二面体梯度开孔结构的Nu_sf较大。     

电沉积Ni—Co合金及其结构研究

采用硫酸盐体系电沉积Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ合金，研究了电镀工艺参数对镀层组成及电流效率的影响，测定了镀层结构。实验发现：在Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ合金镀层中，当Ｃｏ含量低于７６ｗｔ％时，合金由两种面心立方结构的固溶体组成；Ｃｏ含量介于７６￣９０ｗｔ％之间时，由面心立方和六方密排两种结构的固溶体组成；Ｃｏ含量超过９０ｗｔ％时，合金只有一种立方密排结构的固溶体相成。     

气固两相流强化传热研究进展

在气流中加入颗粒,形成气固两相流。根据气流速度的不同,气固两相流分为鼓泡流态化、快速流态化、气力输送等形式。不同的流动形态,两相流内颗粒浓度及颗粒的运动规律不同,其传热特点也存在差异。通过回顾几种多相流流态的传热特点,总结了多相流与传热面换热的影响因素、气固两相流的传热机理与模型。气固两相流中颗粒浓度、颗粒运动对其传热起决定性作用,而操作参数(气流速度、床层压力、床层温度等)则主要通过改变颗粒浓度和颗粒运动影响传热。此外,通过气固两相流强化传热的应用实例——气固两相流与填充床的热交换,分析了颗粒在对流换热中所起的作用,并进一步提出了今后研究方向和难点所在。     

Numerical study on fluid flow and heat transfer in grille-support structured packed beds

Packed beds of particles are widely used in chemical industrial production as core units of fixed bed reactors, dryers, filters and other equipment. Based on traditional structured packed beds, this paper proposes some novel grille-support structured packed beds. The novel grille-support packed beds can be quickly constructed by using the new grille, including grille-support simple cubic (G-SC), grille-support body center cubic (G-BCC), grille-support loose face center cubic (G-LFCC) and grille-support compact face center cubic (G-CFCC) packing. In this paper, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of grille-support structured packed beds are numerically studied. Results show that, the packed beds with different packing forms have diverse flow and heat transfer performance. Under the same face center cubic packing form, the flow and heat transfer could be also significantly different with disparate grilles. It is also revealed that, compared with the traditional structured packed bed, the pressure drop of the grille-support structured packed bed is reduced while the heat transfer coefficient is similar, so the overall heat transfer efficiency is notably improved.     

Computational study of forced convective heat transfer in structured packed beds with spherical or ellipsoidal particles

Randomly packed bed reactors are widely used in chemical process industries, because of their low cost and ease of use compared to other packing methods. However, the pressure drops in such packed beds are usually much higher than those in other packed beds, and the overall heat transfer performances may be greatly lowered. In order to reduce the pressure drops and improve the overall heat transfer performances of packed beds, structured packed beds are considered to be promising choices. In this paper, the flow and heat transfer inside small pores of some novel structured packed beds are numerically studied, where the packed beds with ellipsoidal or non-uniform spherical particles are investigated for the first time and some new transport phenomena are obtained. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and RNG k–ε turbulence model with scalable wall function are adopted for present computations. The effects of packing form and particle shape are studied in detail and the flow and heat transfer performances in uniform and non-uniform packed beds are also compared with each other. Firstly, it is found that, with proper selection of packing form and particle shape, the pressure drops in structured packed beds can be greatly reduced and the overall heat transfer performances will be improved. The traditional correlations of flow and heat transfer extracted from randomly packings are found to overpredict the pressure drops and Nusselt number for all these structured packings, and new correlations of flow and heat transfer are obtained. Secondly, it is also revealed that, both the effects of packing form and particle shape are significant on the flow and heat transfer in structured packed beds. With the same particle shape (sphere), the overall heat transfer efficiency of simple cubic (SC) packing is the highest. With the same packing form, such as face center cubic (FCC) packing, the overall heat transfer performance of long ellipsoidal particle model is the best. Furthermore, with the same particle shape and packing form, such as body center cubic (BCC) packing with spheres, the overall heat transfer performance of uniform packing model is higher than that of non-uniform packing model. The models and results presented in this paper would be useful for the optimum design of packed bed reactors.     

Particle-resolved simulation of packed beds by non-body conforming locally refined orthogonal hexahedral mesh

The traditional fixed-bed reactor design is usually not suitable for the low tube-to-particle diameter ratios (N=D/d < 8) where the local phenomena of channeling near the wall and backflow in the bed are dominant. The recent "solid particle" meshing method is too complicated for mesh generation, especially for non-spherical particles in large random packed beds, which seriously hinders its development. In this work, a novel high-fidelity mesh model is proposed for simulation of fixed bed reactors by combining the immersed boundary and adaptive meshing methods. This method is suitable for different shapes of particles, which ingeniously avoids handling the complex "contact point" problem. Several packed beds with two different shapes of particles are investigated with this model, and the local flow in the bed is simulated without geometrical simplification. The predicted pressure drop across the fixed bed and heat transfer of the single particle are in good agreement with the corresponding empirical relations. Compared with spherical particles, the packed bed packing with pentaphyllous particles has lower pressure drop and better heat/mass transfer performance, and it shows that this method can be used for the screening of particle shapes in a fixed bed.     

Heat transport in structured packings with co-current downflow of gas and liquid

Improvements in catalyst activity make the heat transport in fixed bed reactors increasingly important. Structured packings operated in two-phase flow are expected to outperform randomly packed beds, but heat transfer data on structured packings is scarce. In this work structured packings such as OCFS (Open Cross Flow Structures), CCFS (Closed Cross Flow Structures), knitted wire, and foam were characterised with respect to the heat transfer performance. A dedicated set-up was designed and built which enabled us to measure the heat transfer rates in two-phase flow at ambient pressure in the absence of reaction. Benchmarking and set-up validation was carried out using glass beads. The structured packings—especially OCFS and CCFS—show heat transfer coefficients that are superior over those of glass beads, at lower energy dissipation.     

结构化金属填充床传递特性的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学（CFD）与计算传热（CHT）方法,对结构化金属填充床内的流体动力学和传热特性进行了详细的模拟,以预测其流场和温度场.分析了床层结构参数和物性的变化对结构化金属填充床传热性能的影响,发现在Re较小且结构化材料和床层空隙率相同的情况下,气固相之间换热的比表面积越大,传热效果越好.进一步将模拟结果与传统颗粒填充床的压降与传热特性进行对照,从而推断结构化金属填充床具有很好的传递性能.     

A review on process intensification in HiGee distillation

This review paper describes the state‐of‐the‐art in the field of HiGee contactors used for gas–liquid mass transfer processes, with a special focus on distillation, and for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Several types of rotating beds are discussed, including single‐block rotating packed‐bed, split‐packing rotating bed, rotating zigzag bed, two‐stage counter‐current rotating packed bed, blade packing rotating packed bed, rotating bed with blade packing and baffles, counter‐flow concentric‐ring rotating bed and crossflow concentric‐baffle rotating bed. The working principles of HiGee technology, as well as the modeling, design and control aspects, and practical applications are explained and discussed. In addition, this paper addresses the advantages and disadvantages with respect to mass‐transfer performance, pressure drop, rotor complexity and suitability to perform continuous distillation and to be filled with catalyst packing for heterogeneous reactions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

An investigation of sphere packed shell-side columns using a digital packing algorithm

This paper on the fundamental structural properties of shell-side packed columns presents an investigative study using a novel packing algorithm with the aim of validation against experimental results. The novel contribution in the predictive approach employed is the digitalisation of particles, container and packing space to generate complex life-like stochastic packing structures of particulate systems at relatively high speed (when compared to traditional vector-based approaches) which are comparable with experimentally packed beds without need for further conversion of numerical data. A variety of packed column simulations, comprising more complex beds than often seen in the literature, namely shell-side beds with increasing complexity of internal structure and packed with spherical particles, have been undertaken and the resulting averaged numerical data compared like-for-like with experimental results with key trends reproduced. The overall aim of this work is to demonstrate the usefulness of the technique and associated computer code as an engineering aide for research, design and optimisation of the performance of packed bed systems of any geometric complexity in terms of packing structure, as well as to highlight possible areas for further development of the code.     

Simulation of heat transfer and hydrodynamics for metal structured packed bed

Modeling and simulation based on computational hydrodynamics and heat transfer for metal structured packed bed are carried out to predict the flow field and temperature field, and to evaluate its performance in transport aspect. The comparison between the simulation results for the metal structured packed bed and the experimental heat transfer performance as well as pressure drop of the conventional pellet packed bed is made, which quantitatively validates that transport performance of the metal structured packed bed is much better. Furthermore, the effects of geometric parameters and the property of solid phase on heat transfer of the metal structured packed bed are discussed. It is found that at low Re, the specific surface area is a key factor to determine the heat transfer capability of the structured bed. However, when Re turns to be high, the property of solid phase and voidage of the structured packed bed will play an important role in the evaluation of its heat transfer. In light of above results, some feasible methods are available to enhance the heat transfer performance.