改进型气升式内环流硝化反应器氧传递特性的研究

在废水处理领域,气升式内环流硝化反应器有着较好的应用前景;但其氧传递性能有待进一步改善.通过调整导流筒直径以及导流筒内静态混合元件的个数,试验了反应器结构对氧传递特性的影响.研究发现,当导流筒直径取5.5 cm,并在导流筒内安装13个静态混合元件时, 这种改进型硝化反应器的氧传递能力显著提高.在表观气速为5.05～ 23.80cm(s(1的条件下, 测得氧传递系数为0.151～ 0.778 min(1,充氧能力为7.84 ～ 42.80 g O2(h(1,容积供氧能力为2.00 ～ 10.93 kg O2·m(3(d(1,氧转移效率为39.2% ～ 48.1%,氧转移动力效率为3.2 ～ 4.0 kg O2( (kW(h) (1.相对于普通气升式内环流硝化反应器,改进型内环流硝化反应器的氧传递系数、充氧能力、氧转移效率和氧转移动力效率都提高72.5%.根据Higbie渗透模型和Kolmogoroff各向同性理论,建立了氧传递系数与相关参数的关联式,预测值与试验结果相吻合,两者的相对误差为9.15%.     

CFD数值模拟用于130m3气升式内环流发酵罐改造

针对130 m3气升式内环流反应器不能满足酵母发酵工艺传质混合要求,以及气含率过高装料系数达不到要求的实际情况,提出在气升式生物反应器上升管中加置内件的改造方案,并采用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)对改造前后的气液传质进行了模拟.模拟结果显示,加置内件可以有效地促进气泡的分散,改善气液两相的混合,强化氧传递过程.改造后,气含率下降,装料系数明显提升,酵母产量得到提升.     

气升式环流反应器数值模拟研究进展

气升式环流反应器是一种结构简单,传质、传热效率高的多相反应器,反应器性能受物性参数和结构参数的影响,由于两相和三相流的复杂性,使得其在工业化设计放大和应用过程中存在困难。论述了气升式环流反应器内相间作用力类别和计算模型,对应用于气升式环流反应器模拟计算的简化模型、两相流模型和k-ε湍流模型进行总结,在分析现阶段气液两相流理论的基础上,明确反应器内不同流动形态下相间作用力、气泡的分散机理、气泡对湍流的影响、流动模拟模型的选取标准,能有效提高气升式环流反应器模拟的准确性及模型的普适性,为反应器的设计放大及传质模拟计算提供更加可靠的理论依据。     

垂直筛板流化床中FCC催化剂的流化性能

以FCC催化剂颗粒研究垂直筛板流化床内构件对气固两相流化性能的影响,考察了板孔气速、颗粒循环量和帽罩开孔比等筛板结构对流化床压降和提升量强度的影响. 结果表明,气固两相总体逆流流动条件下,帽罩内气速达4 m/s,气固高速并流喷射无气泡,两相接触好、返混小,属快速流态化. 由于没有气泡,床层压力波动小,在塔板上颗粒返混小. 垂直筛板压降随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度增大而增大,随帽罩开孔比、板孔径增大而减小,颗粒提升量大,床层压降大. 提升量强度随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度、颗粒循环量增加而增大,随帽罩高度与塔节高度比增大而减少,随帽罩筛孔孔径变化存在最大值. 当帽罩开孔比为1.2~2.5、板孔面积与帽罩截面积比为0.42、帽罩底隙高与板孔孔径比为0.36~0.64时帽罩流化性能较好.     

多级鼓泡塔中液相返混系数与交换速度的研究

采用示踪方法对高2 000 mm,内径282 mm多级筛板鼓泡塔内液相返混系数进行测量研究,并通过扩散-返混模型以及RTD曲线给出鼓泡塔内筛板上下二侧液体交换速度,同时考查了表观气速、开孔率等因素对轴向扩散系数与液体交换速度的影响.根据实验得出鼓泡塔内轴向返混系数以及液体交换速度与表观气速、开孔率有很大关系,均随表观气...     

气体分布器结构对气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动的影响

使用欧拉两流体模型研究气体分布器结构对气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动的影响,预测了环己烷氧化反应器内单环结构、三环结构、五环结构的气体分布器时反应器内液相速度分布、气含率分布、液相循环速度以及液相微观混合特性.模拟结果表明,在等量的进气流量下,气体分布器环数增加,液相速度分布和气含率分布更趋均匀;气体分布器环数增加,液相推动力增加,从而使得液相循环速度增加,液相的宏观混合效果增强;气体分布器环数增加,导流筒内外的平均气含率增加.随机游走模型模拟结果表明,气升式环流反应器与普通鼓泡床反应器对气体分布器结构要求不同.     

新型矩形垂直筛板的研究

研究了一种矩形垂直筛板.该塔板是在塔板上设置数个由板孔、升气筒、矩型罩、底隙所构成帽罩单元,在单元内气液呈喷射状态接触,实现两相传热传质.流体力学性能和传质性能研究证明该塔板压降、漏液等性能与新型垂直筛板相当,但雾沫夹带要比新型垂直筛板低.因而该塔板具有较大的生产处理能力和较宽的稳定操作范围.     

分布器结构对环流反应器气含率分布的影响

采用κ-ε二方程模型和欧拉多相流模型,对一种单筒单级气升式气液环流反应器内的湍流气液两相流进行了全尺寸的数值模拟研究,考察了采用3种不同气体分布器时反应器内气含率和流速分布的细节.模拟结果表明不同结构的分布器对总体气含率和内筒中的两相速度分布有很大影响,因而对气含率分布和气液两相接触效果有较大影响,从而对反应过程产生影响.单环分布器产生的气液两相接触效果较差,对于反应过程很不利.对于大直径的环流反应器推荐使用多环分布器.计算所得的整体气含率与实测的整体气含率进行了对比,吻合较好.     

气液并流筛板流态的模拟

文章利用CFX软件对开孔率为17%、150×120 mm的矩形气液并流筛板的气液两相流态进行模拟,分析了气液两相并流筛板的传质传热机理及筛板压降产生的主要原因。通过模拟研究了气液两相并流时气相和液相流量变化分别对塔板压降产生的影响。     

宝塔罩型塔板性能研究

开发了一种宝塔罩型塔板。该塔板是在塔板上设置数个由板孔、升气筒、塔型罩、进液孔所构成的豆塔罩单元，在单元内气液呈喷射状态接触，实现两相传热传质。流体力学性能和传质性能研究证明：该塔板压降、氧解析效率、漏液等性能与新型垂直筛板相当，但雾沫夹带要比新型垂直筛板低。因而该塔板具有较大的生产处理能力和较宽的稳定操作范围。     

偏氟乙烯聚合反应器气液传质特性的研究

采用纯氧物理吸收法在直径为300mm的有机玻璃釜中测定气液容积传质系数KLa。研究了桨型、装料高度、桨叶位置及桨叶直径对KLa的影响。结果表明,随着液深的增加或桨叶安装位置的提高,KLa值下降;而桨径增加,KLa值增加。     

气液两相并流下行通过堆叠筛板填料的压降特性

堆叠筛板填料已在核电站放射性气体除气塔中得到成功应用。针对这一新型填料的应用设计,在较广泛的气液流量下,对气液并流下行通过不同规格堆叠筛板填料的阻力特性进行了系统的实验。实验填料共6种规格,孔径参数包括6、10和14 mm,不同孔径填料对应不同的孔间距、板间距,每种孔径填料具有正方形和正三角形两种筛孔分布方式。通过压降数据分析,研究了流动参数和几何参数（孔径、开孔率、布孔方式、板间距）对气液两相并流通过填料的流动行为及压降特性的影响;结合多孔板阻力系数经验公式提出了堆叠筛板填料干板阻力系数的计算模型,模型很好地反映了不同几何参数对干板阻力系数的影响,预测偏差在5%范围以内;基于均相流模型提出了堆叠筛板填料气液两相压降的预测模型,模型预测偏差在10%范围以内。研究工作对堆叠筛板填料塔的应用设计及进一步的传质动力学研究有一定参考价值。     

SDBS和正丁醇及NaCl对鼓泡塔中氧传质的影响

表面活性剂和醇类物质的存在很大程度上可以改变水中氧的传质效率。本实验在内径15 cm的曝气塔中研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和正丁醇及NaCl对KLa的影响。结果发现,SDBS的传质系数在0.1 mmol/L以内急剧下降,而后随着浓度的增大,传质系数逐渐上升。而正丁醇对氧传质系数的影响则一直呈现上升趋势。通过添加NaCl,发现SDBS在NaCl浓度低于0.2%（质量百分数）时KLa随NaCl浓度的增加而增大;在NaCl浓度高于0.3%时,KLa随NaCl浓度升高下降明显。而固定浓度的正丁醇的KLa随NaCl的浓度改变变化不甚显著。虽然SDBS和正丁醇都可以对传质产生影响,但是效应却不一样,表明机理也不相同。     

Design of Sieve Plate Spargers for Bubble Columns: Role of Weeping

Weeping through perforated plates occurs when the pressure drop of the gas/vapor passing through it is insufficient to support the liquid. The critical weep velocities (V_{O, crit}) were measured for the plates having hole diameter range of 1 to 6mm. The thickness to hole diameter ratio (t/d_O) and the pitch to hole diameter ratio (P/d_O) were varied in the range of 1 to 6 and 3.9 to 25.8, respectively. It was found that the V_{O, crit} is a strong function of plate parameters and the clear liquid height. A mathematical model for “No weep” condition was developed under the following two extreme conditions: (i) holes are partially open, (ii) holes are completely active. The results obtained from the experimentation and the mathematical correlation were put into a coherent form. The weeping criterion in terms of the Froude number was correlated with the plate parameters and the clear liquid height.     

内循环生物流化床曝气过程氧传质特性研究

针对水-空气-高分子颗粒三相体系,测试了内循环好氧生物流化床曝气过程中气-液相间氧传递的体积传质系数KLa,分析了操作参数(进气量QG、固含率εs和升降流区截面积比Ar/Ad)对氧传质系数KLa的影响。结果表明,KLa随着进气量的提高呈线性增加趋势;固含率对KLa有正反两方面的作用,存在一个较适宜的固含率使氧传质效率达到最高;随升降流区截面积比Ar/Ad的增大,KLa随之提高。基于KLa影响因素的分析对实验数据进行拟合,建立了关于体积传质系数KLa的关联式:Kd=2.23×10-6Reb0.582Ab0.976εs0.016。该关联式预测结果与实验数据吻合良好,对类似流化床反应器的设计有一定参考价值。     

液固分布器的数值模拟和结构优化

流化床内液固两相流的均布问题一直是制约流化床发展的难点。本文采用颗粒动力学双流体模型来描述液固两相流，应用CFD方法模拟了二维液固流化床换热器下管箱中的流场流动特性，并用模拟手段优化了下管箱中液固分布器的结构参数。模拟结果与试验值吻合较好，模拟结果表明：在V型挡板角度小于滑落角的挡板型式下，多孔板的开孔率在35%左右，开孔直径大小在12mm左右时，下管箱中固含率的不均匀度最小，这种结构参数下液固分布器的分布效果最好。     

Stability analysis of perforated plate type single stage suspension fluidized bed without downcomer

The stability of operation of a perforated plate type suspension bed without downcomer was analyzed experimentally and numerically. The effects of the feed rate, the gas flowrate and the opening ratio and hole diameter of the perforated plates on the operating stability of the fluidized bed were examined. A full three-dimensional discrete particle simulation method proposed by Tsuji [1993] was performed to study the formation of a stable suspension fluidized bed. The course and behavior of particles that formed a dense and stable fluidized bed are discussed. Both the experimental and simulation results of this study show that the process of forming a suspension bed can be categorized into (i) an induced stage, (ii) a growing stage, and (iii) a stable stage. The velocity of gas through the orifice directly controls the formation of the bed while the solid flow rate over a considerable range maintains a balanced hold-up in the suspension bed system without downcomers. The existence of a multiplicity of steady states corresponding to different gas flow rates, for the same feed rate and perforated plate type, was observed. Results show that the design of the plate, the particle feed rate and the gas velocity distribution through the hole affect the stability of the fluidized bed. The simulated results agree qualitatively well with experimental observations.     

Effect of Bed Diameter,Distributor and Inserts on Minimum Fluidization Velocity

The minimum fluidization velocity of beds has been determined experimentally in beds of 0.089 m and 0.29 m diameters, respectively. The particles studied had sizes ranging from 100 μm to 1 mm in diameter, and densities from 1128 to 11400 kg/m³. Three distributors were used in the experimental scheme, each perforated by holes of 0.8 mm in diameter but with varying hole densities, as well as a porous plate. It was found that the minimum fluidization velocity was affected by both the diameter and distributor used. The effect of vertical tubular inserts on the minimum fluidization velocity was investigated in the 0.29 m diameter bed. The experimental data in the large bed, using four distributors, were parameterized within experimental error.     

Statistical study of the grid zone behavior in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed using a mini-capacitance probe

The behavior of the grid zone in a shallow-air-sand fluidized bed was studied by means of a mini-capacitance probe coupled with the on-line correlation technique. Experiments were carried out in a bed with a diameter of 203 mm. The bed had a height of 50 mm and was operated at different air flow rates. A perforated “plexiglas” plate with a hole diameter of 1.59 mm and a thickness of 9.53 mm was used as the distributor. The technique has been found to be effective in determining locally or microscopically the jet penetration depth and the dead zone height. The phenomenon of jetting in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed is described semi-quantitatively.