水/乙醇混合工质在硅基微通道中的流动与换热

以不同浓度的乙醇水溶液为工质,在5种不同几何尺寸的梯形硅基微通道中进行了层流流动与换热的实验研究。基于实验结果,分别得出了摩擦常数和平均Nusselt数的实验关联式。实验发现微通道的几何尺寸对微流体的流动与换热特性有着非常显著的影响,各通道中的换热随乙醇溶液浓度的变化而呈现不同的特性,而流动特性则不随溶液浓度的变化而变化。同时还发现在本实验参数范围内,入口段效应对流动与换热的影响都十分显著。     

三角形微通道内纳米流体流动与换热特性

以去离子水为基液,通过两步法制备出粒子体积分数为0.1%的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TiO₂纳米流体,并分别在流体内添加一定量的表面活性剂以提高其稳定性。利用紫外分光光度计和热物性分析仪,对3种纳米流体稳定性和热导率进行测试。此外,为研究纳米流体在三角形微通道内的流动与换热特性,利用红外热像仪观察通道底面温度分布。结果表明,表面活性剂会对纳米流体吸光度产生影响,且粒子会随着时间的增加逐渐团聚。纳米颗粒的添加可有效提高工质的热导率并强化对流换热,微通道底面温度明显降低,且均温性得到改善。3种纳米流体中,TiO₂纳米流体呈现出更加良好的导热和换热性能。     

三角形微通道内纳米流体流动与换热特性

以去离子水为基液,通过两步法制备出粒子体积分数为0.1%的Si O2、Al2O3、Ti O2纳米流体,并分别在流体内添加一定量的表面活性剂以提高其稳定性。利用紫外分光光度计和热物性分析仪,对3种纳米流体稳定性和热导率进行测试。此外,为研究纳米流体在三角形微通道内的流动与换热特性,利用红外热像仪观察通道底面温度分布。结果表明,表面活性剂会对纳米流体吸光度产生影响,且粒子会随着时间的增加逐渐团聚。纳米颗粒的添加可有效提高工质的热导率并强化对流换热,微通道底面温度明显降低,且均温性得到改善。3种纳米流体中,Ti O2纳米流体呈现出更加良好的导热和换热性能。     

微通道中纳米流体流动沸腾换热性能研究

为研究微通道中纳米流体流动沸腾的换热性能,设计了一种水力直径为143 μm的矩形硅基微通道,搭建了研究微通道中纳米流体流动沸腾换热的高速测量和光学可视化实验平台.研究了质量分数为0.2%的Al2O3纳米流体及纯水在微通道中的流动沸腾换热性能.通过比较在两种换热工质中系统压降和壁温,并结合流型的同步变化分析了纳米流体的流...     

流体在超轻多孔金属泡沫中的流动和换热特性

以去离子水为冷却液,对其在超轻多孔铜泡沫中的流动和换热特性进行了实验研究。在测定和分析流量、压力降和温度等实验参数的基础上,获取了热流密度、金属泡沫孔密度、液体流量等参数对层流流体流过金属泡沫时的压力降、通道壁面温度、对流换热等特性的影响。结果表明金属泡沫会显著强化对流换热,大大降低通道的壁面温度,其对流换热能力会随Reynolds数的增大而逐渐增强,最大Nusselt数可达空矩形通道的13倍,但与空通道相比,金属泡沫通道的压力降显著增大,并随Reynolds数及金属泡沫孔密度的增大而增大。     

Al_2O_3-水纳米流体在微圆管内的流动特性

测定了不同体积分数下A l2O3-水纳米流体在内径0.193 mm和0.508 mm 2种玻璃微圆管内的流动阻力特性。结果表明:纳米流体流动从层流向湍流转变的临界雷诺数Rec发生在2 100附近;对0.508 mm微圆管,纳米流体由层流向湍流的转变与去离子水基本一致,对0.193 mm微圆管纳米流体流型转变较去离子水略有提前。在雷诺数小于1 500—1 700的层流范围,纳米流体和水的摩擦因子都与经典理论预测值吻合良好,同Hagen-Poiseu ille公式偏差小于7.5%,雷诺数大于此范围后前者的摩擦因子比后者和理论值有所偏高;而在过渡区和湍流范围,纳米流体的摩擦因子比水有较大提高,且随体积分数增加摩擦因子增加的趋势更为明显。     

基于热舒适性纳米喷泉的流动与传热特性

目前关于纳米喷泉流动与传热特性及微区域热舒适度方面的研究较少,为了研究其流动与传热机理,本文基于气-液两相流模型和金刚石-乙二醇/水纳米流体高沸点、低冰点等优良特性,在有限柱体空间内建立了一种基于热舒适性的新型高效换热喷泉-“纳米喷泉”,对比研究了金刚石-乙二醇/水纳米流体、水射流工质分别对喷泉流动与传热的影响,同时讨论了纳米颗粒体积分数v和表征流体流动情况的雷诺数（Reynolds,Re）对喷泉流动与传热的影响,分析了局部温度分布、流线分布、平均温度和流体换热量在空间内的变化,并依据ASHRAE 55-1992标准和ISO7730标准对微区域的热舒适度进行了评价。结果表明：随着Re数和v增大,换热强度均得以不同程度地提升,热舒适程度也逐渐增加。Re=1.0×10⁵和Re=1.2×10⁵时,纳米颗粒体积分数从0增加至1%的换热强度提升较为明显,前后两种Re数可分别强化1.5%和2.8%;Re=1.4×10⁵时,体积分数从3%增至5%的换热强度可提升11.5%,强化效果最为明显。故较小Re数下,较低组分的纳米流体强化换热效果较好;而在较大Re数下,较高组分纳米流体的强化换热效果更好。     

Al2O3-CuO/水混合纳米流体对流传热性能及热经济性分析

为了探究管内混合纳米流体单相对流传热性能,实验对比研究了雷诺数为1040～7086范围内体积分数为0.02%的Al₂O₃-CuO/水(W)混合纳米流体及其相应的一元纳米流体的流动与传热特性。结果表明,纳米颗粒的添加导致在过渡区雷诺数范围提前,在层流范围(10402O₃/W和Al₂O₃-CuO/W纳米流体的Nu数与去离子水相比分别最大增加了32.09%和38.38%;而CuO/W纳米流体由于团聚体尺寸大,流体向前驱动力不足以克服自重易沉积于管内壁,传热效果反而比水差。在紊流范围(40732O₃/W和Al₂O₃-...     

不同磁场作用下Fe3O4/water纳米流体层流流动对流传热系数的实验研究

对体积分数为3%的Fe₃O₄/water纳米流体在不同温度、不同磁场大小和方向的均匀磁场和梯度磁场作用下的对流换热进行了详细的实验研究。首先,开展了纳米流体能量方程的量纲1分析,讨论了纳米流体强化换热的机理。发现磁性纳米粒子所受到的磁力远远大于布朗运动力。实验测试结果与量纲1分析相吻合,在垂直均匀磁场作用下,纳米流体层流流动的平均对流传热系数提高了5.2%;在垂直梯度磁场作用下,平均对流传热系数提高了9.2%。而在水平均匀磁场作用下,纳米流体平均对流传热系数下降了4.8%。另外,随着温度的升高,对流传热系数均逐渐升高。     

减阻型纳米流体在圆管内的流动和换热特性

实验测定了在Reynolds数4000～16000范围内,质量分数0～0.5%的石墨、多壁碳纳米管、Al₂O₃、Cu、Al、Fe₂O₃、Zn纳米粒子加入到100～400 mg·kg^-1浓度的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)减阻剂中所制备的减阻型纳米流体的摩擦阻力系数和对流传热系数。结果表明:在CTAC中加入水杨酸钠(NaSal)与去离子水所配制的减阻剂具有一定的稳定性和很强的减阻特性,当减阻剂浓度为200 mg·kg^-1时其减阻特性最优。石墨纳米粒子在增强对流换热和减少流动阻力方面具有较佳的综合性能,当石墨纳米颗粒质量分数为0.4%时,其综合性能因子K是去离子水的5倍。最后给出了减阻型石墨纳米流体在圆管内的流动阻力和换热关联式,其计算值和实验值吻合良好。     

Experimental research on stabilities,thermophysical properties and heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in heat exchanger systems

Stable TiO₂-water nanofluids are prepared by a two-step method, stabilities of nanofluids are investigated by precipitation method and transmittance method respectively, and thermal conductivities and viscosities are also measured. An experimental system for studying the heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids is established, and heat transfer and flow characteristics of TiO₂-water nanofluids in heat exchanger systems with a triangular tube and circular tube are experimentally studied. The effects of nanoparticle mass fractions (ω=0.1 wt%-0.5 wt%) and Reynolds numbers (Re=800-10000) on the heat transfer and flow performances of nanofluids are analyzed. Fitting formulas for Nusselt number and resistance coefficient of nanofluids in a triangular tube are put forward based on the experimental data. The comprehensive performances of nanofluids in a triangular tube are investigated. It is found that nanofluids in a triangular tube can significantly improve the heat transfer performance at the cost of a small increase in resistance coefficient compared with that in a circular tube, especially the resistance coefficients are almost the same between different nanoparticle mass fractions at turbulent flow. It is also found that the comprehensive evaluation index η decreases with Reynolds number at laminar flow but a critical maximum value appears at turbulent flow.     

水基石墨烯纳米流体在矩形小槽道内的流动换热特性

测试了水基石墨烯纳米流体的部分热物性,研究了不同浓度、雷诺数(Re)和加热功率条件下水基石墨烯纳米流体作为换热工质在设计的矩形结构小槽道内的对流换热性能。结果表明,层流状态(Re=500~2000)下,矩形槽道壁面温度随Re增大逐渐降低,随加热功率增大逐渐升高,与常规流体换热特性一致;在相同Re和换热功率条件下,随纳米流体浓度增大,壁温逐渐减小;水基石墨烯纳米流体的换热强度比基液去离子水提升较大,Re=2000、加热功率为210 W时,浓度为0.03wt%的水基石墨烯纳米流体的平均努塞尔数(Nu)为9.3,比基液水提升48.8%;受入口效应影响,沿槽道长度局部对流换热系数逐渐减小,最高可达25674.5 [W/(m2?℃)],较基液水最大可提高39.1%;Re=500~1400时,石墨烯纳米流体的流动换热强度随Re增大明显增强;由实验数据结合理论模型拟合了适用于石墨烯纳米流体对流换热强度的计算式,计算结果与实验结果最大相对误差不超过25%,平均相对误差仅为4.8%。     

Optimization of natural convection heat transfer of Newtonian nanofluids in a cylindrical enclosure

This study characterizes and optimizes natural convection heat transfer of two Newtonian Al2O3 and TiO2/water nanofluids in a cylindrical enclosure. Nusselt number (Nu) of nanofluids in relation to Rayleigh number (Ra) for different concentrations of nanofluids is investigated at different configurations and orientations of the enclosure. Results show that adding nanoparticles to water has a negligible or even adverse influence upon natural convec-tion heat transfer of water:only a slight increase in natural convection heat transfer of Al2O3/water is observed, while natural convection heat transfer for TiO2/water nanofluid is inferior to that for the base fluid. Results also reveal that at low Ra, the likelihood of enhancement in natural convection heat transfer is more than at high Ra:at low Ra, inclination angle, aspect ratio of the enclosure and nanoparticle concentration influence natural convec-tion heat transfer more pronouncedly than that in high Ra.     

Experimental study on thermo-hydraulic performances of nanofluids flowing through a corrugated tube filled with copper foam in heat exchange systems

Thermo-hydraulic characteristics of TiO₂-water nanofluids in thin-wall stainless steel test tubes (corrugated tube and circular tube) filled with copper foam (40 PPI) are experimentally investigated and compared with those in test tubes without copper foam. The effects of nanoparticle mass concentration on flow and heat transfer performances are investigated. In addition, the mutual restriction relationships between Reynolds number (Re), Nusselt number (Nu) and resistance coefficient (f) are discussed respectively. Also, the comprehensive coefficient of performance (CCP) between heat transfer and pressure drop is evaluated. The results show that core-enhancement region for heat transfer using experimental tubes filled with copper foam is notably different from that of tubes without copper foam. There is a corresponding Reynolds number (about Re=2400) for the maximum CCP of each condition. And the heat transfer can be enhanced dramatically and sustained at 8000 ≤ Re ≤ 12000.     

Experimental and CFD Heat Transfer Studies of Al2Oa-Water Nanofluid in a Coiled Agitated Vessel Equipped with Propeller

This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of A1203-water nanofluid in a coiled agitated vessel with propeller agitator. The experimental study was conducted using 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.30% volume concentra tion of A1203-water nanofluids. The results showed considerable enhancement of convective heat transfer using the nanofluids. The empirical correlations developed for Nusselt number in terms of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, viscosity ratio and volume concentration fit with the experimental data within ±10%. The heat transfer characteris tics were also simulated using computational fluid dynamics using FLUENT software with the standard ke model and multiple reference frame were adopted. The computational fluid dynamics （CFD） predicted Nusselt number agrees well with the experimental value and the discrepancy is found to be less than ＋8%.     

Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

两种波纹深度板片传热及阻力特性的对比实验研究

通过实验的方式和对比的方法对两种不同波纹深度板片组成的可拆板式换热器的传热及阻力特性进行研究,每种深度板片组成的板式换热器采用硬板63°/63°、软板29°/29°和混合板63°/29°三种波纹角度组合,此实验采用水/水换热,设置了两种工况,一种是冷热两侧等流速,另一种是固定热侧流速,计算两种工况下传热系数和压降的数值,描绘出对应的曲线。实验证明相同波纹夹角板片组合,该浅密波纹板片的传热系数均高于普通波纹板片,平均高于140 W/(m²·K),即传热系数平均提高1.9%,在混合板中两者传热系数的差别在300 W/(m²·K)以上,提高达4.8%,阻力的变化趋势与传热系数相同。推导出每组设备适用于一定Reynolds数范围的Nusselt数方程和摩擦系数方程,与已有研究成果对比分析,证明了该实验的正确性,同时也揭示这两种波纹板片的传热和阻力性能有优化的余地,为进一步的研究指明了方向。该实验也表明,除深度外的几何尺寸和结构均相同的两种波纹板片,虽然外形接近,但对应的Nusselt数和摩擦系数关系式却不相同,而且差别很大。     

涡强化扁管管片散热器流动与传热的数值模拟

以空气为介质(Pr=0.698),通过数值模拟的方法,在Re=300～1800的范围内对涡强化扁管管片散热器初始段层流状态下的流动与传热进行了模拟分析,说明了涡产生器横向位置,即交错系数Sr改变时对局部Nu_local和横断面上的平均Nu_b的影响,并通过实验数据验证了数值模拟方法的正确性,证实了通过数值模拟的方法研究、开发换热板芯的可行性.     

钛合金螺旋扭曲管内强迫对流实验分析

以去离子水为工质,研究了钛合金螺旋扭曲管内的强化传热与流阻性能,并与钛合金圆管比较;根据实验数据拟合螺旋扭曲管内努塞尔特数和阻力系数的实验关联式,并与经典对流传热关联式比较. 结果表明,Dittus?Boelter方程、Sieder?Tate方程、Михеев方程和Gnielinski方程适用于模拟螺旋扭曲管内对流换热特性.     

黏度随温度变化对三角形螺旋夹套内湍流流体流动及换热的影响

考虑受热流体黏度随温度变化的影响,对三角形螺旋夹套内流体湍流换热进行了数值模拟分析。经与实验结果比对,证明了模拟方法可靠。基于模拟结果重点分析了受热流体黏度变化对流道内流体流动和换热特性的影响,剖析了受热流体的截面平均流动阻力(fRe_m)和平均Nusselt数(Nu_m)沿流动方向的发展特点,并比较了不同流动参数和不同结构参数下流道内受热流体定黏度和变黏度时流体总流动阻力和传热系数的差别。结果表明:考虑流体黏度随温度变化时会明显影响三角形螺旋夹套内流体的流动和换热特性。对比两种流体fRe_m和Nu_m沿流体流动方向的发展过程发现,在早期、中间和后期发展3个阶段中,后期发展阶段中两种流体的发展趋势明显不同;相同来流条件和热边界条件下,与定黏度流体相比,同一横截面上变黏度流体各点的局部流动阻力较小,而局部Nusselt数却较大,因此变黏度流体总的流动阻力较小,而总的传热系数较大;Reynolds数越低,流道量纲一曲率越小,变黏度受热流体的流动和换热性能与定黏度流体流动和换热性能相比差异愈明显,则考虑流体黏度随温度变化对流体流动和传热的影响更为重要。