多效膜蒸馏技术分离尿素水溶液的研究

应用新型多效膜蒸馏技术,对尿素水溶液体系进行分离试验研究。用正交试验方法对操作条件进行优化设计,结果表明,在试验范围内,当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量30 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,膜通量最大;当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量10 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,造水比最大;膜通量随膜侧进口温度升高而增加,膜通量随进料流量增大而增加,造水比反之。     

新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件盐水浓缩的试验研究

利用新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件对氯化钠溶液进行膜蒸馏试验研究。考察了进料温度、流速、浓度对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,膜通量和造水比随着进料温度T3升高而增大,随着进料浓度的增加而减小;料液流量增加时膜通量增大,造水比降低;试验过程中截留率基本保持不变,稳定在99.8%以上。当料液浓度为3.0%,进料温度T1为30.0℃,T3为95.0℃、流量为7.0 L/h时,膜通量为4.1 L/(m2·h),造水比为7.0,截留率可达99.8%,经过60 d浓缩试验后,膜通量、造水比和截留率均保持稳定。     

舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化实验研究

采用 NACE膜设计舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化工艺流程,实验考察海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度对产水通量的影响,通过连续运行实验考察膜通量的变化,并采取多种清洗方法比较膜通量的恢复情况。结果表明：舰船冷却水真空膜蒸馏海水淡化的产水通量受海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度影响显著,适宜操作条件为进料海水温度 70～80 ℃,海水流量 35～40 L/min,真空度 0.08～0.09 MPa。膜通量下降时采用 0.5 mol/L 稀盐酸清洗,通量能恢复98.8%。当海水流量40 L/min,水温80 ℃,真空度0.09 MPa时,膜通量达到18 L/（m²·h）。     

热回收式板框膜蒸馏组件的制备及性能研究

制备了一种新型的热回收式板框膜蒸馏组件,该组件主要由疏水性平板微孔膜和中空纤维换热丝构成,并对其负压辅助气隙式膜蒸馏过程进行了研究。重点考察了进料液温度、进料液流量和透过侧真空度等操作参数对膜组件膜通量、造水比及脱盐率等性能的影响。实验结果表明,膜通量随着进料液温度、进料液流量及真空度的升高而增大;造水比随进料温度和真空度的升高而增大,但随进料流量的加大而减小。在进料液温度为95℃、进料液流量为70 L/h、真空度为0.05 MPa时,膜通量和造水比最高可达33.0 kg/(m~2·h)和2.050,而脱盐率始终在99.98%以上,与传统膜蒸馏相比,造水比提高1倍以上,表现出了高通量下较好的热回收效果。     

利用多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩硫酸和磷酸水溶液

利用自制中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件进行了多效膜蒸馏过程浓缩稀硫酸和磷酸溶液的研究, 考察了膜入口温度、料液进口浓度和料液流量对渗透通量和造水比的影响。结果表明,膜入口温度升高时渗透通量和造水比增加;料液流量增加,渗透通量增加,而造水比随之降低;料液酸浓度增加,渗透通量和造水比均随之下降,且硫酸的影响更为显著。实验过程中渗透通量和造水比最高可达5.3 L/(m²·h)和11.5。在适当的操作条件下,该过程可将质量分数(下同)为2%的稀硫酸或稀磷酸溶液浓缩至40%以上,且渗透液最大的电导率仍小于200 μS/cm。以10%的硫酸溶液为料液,利用2个不同的膜组件进行了持续30 d的多效膜蒸馏过程稳定性实验研究,实验期间所用膜组件操作性能没有明显下降,没有观察到膜渗漏现象。     

直接接触式膜蒸馏用于处理含盐溶液的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）中空纤维膜作为膜材料,利用直接接触式膜蒸馏法处理质量分数分别为5%、15%和25%的NaCl溶液;使用正交实验方法对操作条件进行优化设计,研究表明当料液侧入口温度T₁为80℃,渗透液侧入口温度T₃为20℃,流量100 L/h时膜通量最大,可达12.599 kg/（m²·h）;当料液侧入口温度T₁为80℃,渗透液侧入口温度T₃为35℃,流量Q为40 L/h时造水比最高,可达13.775,截留率均可达到99.9%以上;单因素实验结果表明膜通量随着T₁和Q的增大而增加,随着T₃的升高而降低;造水比随着T₁、T₃的升高而增加,随着Q的增加而降低。研究表明膜蒸馏技术处理含盐溶液具有很好的应用前景。     

新型中空纤维空气隙式膜蒸馏用于海水淡化

利用自制的添加隔热管状隔网并呈螺旋缠绕结构编排的中空纤维膜组件进行了空气隙式膜蒸馏(AGMD)海水淡化过程性能研究, 实验以模拟标准海水(质量分数3.5%, 总溶解性固体含量35000 mg·L^-1)为热料液进水, 考察了热料液进水温度、热料液流量、冷凝液进水温度和冷凝液流量对膜通量、造水比和热效率的影响。结果表明, 随着热料液进水温度增加, 膜通量、造水比和热效率均增加;冷凝液进水温度增加, 膜通量下降而造水比和热效率增加;热料液流量增加, 膜通量上升而造水比和热效率明显下降;冷凝液进水流量对膜蒸馏过程性能影响较小。实验过程中产水TDS始终保持在3.0 mg·L^-1以下, 相应的离子去除率高于99.99%, 膜通量、造水比和热效率最高可分别达5.87 L·m^-2·h^-1、5.37和0.943。研究表明, 引入清洁能源取代传统电加热驱动热源将进一步突出膜蒸馏技术的实际应用潜力。     

闭式热泵膜蒸馏电镀废水系统的热力性能分析

为了可以对电镀废水中的金属盐类和水实现高效的资源化回收,且相较于常规蒸发法处理废水更加节能,提出了闭式热泵膜蒸馏电镀废水系统。该系统将膜蒸馏技术与闭式热泵进行耦合,基于质量和能量守恒原理编写膜蒸馏自定义模型,在与实验数据进行对比验证后,通过Aspen Plus仿真平台建立流程来模拟工作情况。通过改变关键操作参数,得到以下结果：进料速度会引起系统功耗的大幅度增加而对于膜蒸馏的潜热的影响较小,因此进料速度对于系统造水比(GOR)影响最大。蒸发温度对于系统的能效比(COP)有着较大的影响,且COP随着蒸发温度的提升而上升,在不同蒸发温度下,系统GOR的下降趋势随进料温度升高先缓再陡。进料浓度对于系统产量比(YRO)有着重要作用,YRO随进料浓度上升而上升;当处在较低的蒸发温度下,不同浓度下的GOR在低进料温度时值较为接近。     

热泵膜蒸馏系统结构及其优化分析

热泵膜蒸馏系统具有能耗低、可用于中高浓度料液等特点。针对不同料液温度、水蒸气凝结温度、热泵驱动能源等要求,给出了五类典型结构的热泵膜蒸馏系统,介绍了其结构和应用特点。在此基础上,建立吨水总费用与主要影响参数的关系方程,并进行了计算分析。结果表明,料液温度、膜组件成本与寿命、电价等对降低吨水总费用均具有重要影响。     

热泵膜蒸馏系统及其特性分析

热泵可同时提供热能和冷能,与膜技术耦合具有较好的节能效果。在介绍热泵膜蒸馏系统结构和工作原理的基础上,对膜通量、热泵制冷系数、吨水能耗、单位热泵功率产水率、热泵功率与膜面积比等参数随料液温度的变化关系进行了分析。分析结果对掌握热泵膜蒸馏系统的基本特性具有较好的指导作用。     

用于膜蒸馏的中空纤维膜组件优化

引　言膜蒸馏是一项新型膜分离技术 ,具有常压低温操作、可利用废热等优点 ,受到越来越多研究者的重视[1] .可用于膜蒸馏的组件有多种 .从商业角度考虑 ,中空纤维膜及管式膜更具吸引力 ,因其单位体积设备可得到较大的膜面积 ,且能减轻极化现象的影响 .许多膜蒸馏研究工作中采用了中空纤维膜组件 ,Ａｇａｓｈｉｃｈｅｖ等求解了层流状态下的传热方程[2 ] ,Ｈｏｇａｎ等人将膜蒸馏与太阳能装置耦合 ,并通过换热系统回收部分热量 ,有效地提高了热效率[3] .但目前尚没有针对膜蒸馏设计的膜组件 ,膜蒸馏通常采用微滤膜组件 .而由于传热现象的影响…     

Study on a new air-gap membrane distillation module for desalination

A new air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module for desalination with internal latent-heat-recovery which consisted of parallel hollow fiber membranes and heat exchange hollow fibers was successfully developed. The influences of feed flow rate, feed temperature and feed initial concentration on AGMD process were investigated. The vapor pressure polarization coefficient (η) was introduced to measure the reduction in the effective driving force for mass transfer with regard to the driving force imposed. Among all AGMD experiments, the maximum water vapor permeate flux (J_D) of 5.30 kg/m² h and the gained output ratio (GOR) of 5.70 were obtained. A theoretical model based on the mass and energy balances of the hot feed side was established to calculate the temperature and the local water vapor permeate flux distributions along the hollow fiber membrane, which showed that the temperature drop and local water vapor permeate flux drop were much larger at the upper part than those at the lower part of the membrane module in the hot feed side.     

多效膜蒸馏技术用于果汁浓缩

利用自制的具有高效内部热量回收功能的多效膜蒸馏组件对西瓜汁、梨汁、柚子汁和苹果汁4种果汁进行了浓缩试验,考察了进料温度、浓度和料液流量对膜通量和造水比的影响。浓缩试验中选用温度为75℃的热水作为低品位热源以保障果汁经历的最高温度不超过70℃。在浓缩过程中膜平均通量约为3 L/（m2.h）,造水比约为7.5,相当于九效蒸发器的节能效果。选取苹果汁为料液,利用上述单因素、浓缩试验后的膜组件进行了周期为2个月的多效膜蒸馏浓缩操作稳定性试验,试验期间所用膜组件的操作性能没有明显下降。     

Effects of embedding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and alumina on the direct contact poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membrane distillation performance

Flat-sheet membranes were fabricated by incorporating alumina (Al₂O₃) and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs; MWCNTs-COOH) in PVDF-co-HFP membrane via the phase-inversion method for application in membrane distillation (MD) application. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed on the resulting membranes to investigate the effects of functionalized MWCNTs. The results revealed that the embedding of functionalized MWCNTs led to a significant modification of the membrane characteristics, including the structural morphology, thickness, roughness, porosity, pore size, and pore size distribution. The effects of operational parameters such as the hot feed solution temperature (47–67?°C), feed flow rate (0.35–0.55?L/min), and feed concentration (0–100?g/L) on the performance of the fabricated membrane were tested using the DCMD system. The experimental results demonstrated that the permeate flux was enhanced by approximately 32.43% by using functionalized MWCNTs, reaching a value of 16.35?kg/m² h at 35?g/L feed concentration, 67?°C hot feed temperature, and 0.55?L/min feed flow rate, at the constant temperature of 20?°C and 0.35?L/min flow rate. The functionalized MWCNTs embedded within the membrane successfully modified the interactions between water and the membrane to improve the water vapor transport while inhibiting salt penetration into the pores.     

双极膜电渗析法连续制备聚合硫酸铁

研究了双极膜电渗析法连续制备聚合硫酸铁（PFS）的工艺。主要考察了电流密度、原料补充液中硫酸亚铁和硫酸的摩尔比以及原料补充液流速对产品PFS各性能指标（盐基度、全铁含量、pH、密度等）和过程能耗的影响。研究结果表明：电流密度从10mA/cm²增加到20mA/cm²时,盐基度从8.59%显著增加到11.32%,去浊率从84.31%逐渐增加到95.34%,但当电流密度大于20mA/cm² 时,盐基度和去浊率稍有下降,过程能耗最高可达4.26kW·h/kg H₂SO₄,酸液罐酸浓度最高可达0.45mol/L;原料补充液中硫酸亚铁和硫酸的摩尔比从2.01增加到4.08时,盐基度从8.69%增加到11.38%,去浊率从94.96%逐渐增加到95.88%,能耗在3.05~3.15kW·h/kg H₂SO₄ 范围内变化,酸液罐酸浓度约为0.38mol/L;原料补充液流速从1mL/min增加到3mL/min时,盐基度从11.52%下降到6.75%,去浊率从95.92%逐渐降低到75.61%,同时,能耗从3.09kW·h/kg H₂SO₄下降到2.77kW·h/kg H₂SO₄。     

Application of Membrane Deliquoring Technology in Ginkgo Biloba Extract Production

To displace the original vacuum hypothermia triple effect evaporation technology, save energy, and enhance product activity, nanofiltration technology is applied in getting rid of most solvent of macro porous resin eluent, which is generated in producing Gingko biloba extract. Membrane K and membrane L are studied systematically in this experiment. The results indicate that permeate flux increases with the accretion of operating pressure, operating temperature, and recycle flux, and decreases with the increase of feed concentration. An increased operating pressure and recycle flux resulted in a decreased permeate concentration, and increased operating temperature and feed concentration lead to an increased permeate concentration. Active components content in permeate almost does not change with operating condition. However, the cutoff ratio is about 99%, which can meet the need of production. Optimized operating condition was assured and small field experiment was done. It was shown that nanofiltration membrane technology could effectively eliminate solvent of macro porous resin eluent. Elementary estimation indicates that nanofiltration membrane technology can reduce 90% energy and 70% cost over the original technology.