功能化离子液体催化酯化反应研究进展

综述了具有不同官能团的单核、双核离子液体催化酯化反应的研究进展,针对不同官能团的单核、双核离子液体的催化机理、催化效果进行了分析,表明离子液体在酯化反应中的催化活性主要取决于其官能团和阴阳离子的结构。通过对比单核、双核离子液体催化酯化反应的研究结果发现,双核离子液体在催化酯化反应性能上相对于单核离子液体表现出一定的优势。最后,对离子液体作为酯化反应催化剂的潜在的应用前景进行了展望。     

离子液体催化合成酯研究进展

概述了不同种类离子液体在催化酯化反应中的应用。采用离子液体催化酯化反应,催化剂热稳定性好、效率高、环境友好且可回收重复利用,克服了传统方法普遍存在的副反应多、催化剂不易回收、设备腐蚀性大、环境污染以及后处理困难等缺点。探索了离子液体催化酯化的反应机理,指出了离子液体新体系发展需要解决的瓶颈问题及其在催化酯化反应中存在的不足,展望了离子液体在催化酯化反应中的发展方向。     

离子液体催化酯化应用研究与进展

结合近几十年来的研究工作,综述了离子液体的发展历程、种类、特点、制备方法以及离子液体作为催化剂在酯化反应中的应用及其催化机理,比较了离子液体催化剂与传统催化剂在酯化反应中的应用,并根据目前催化酯化中存在的问题,提出了解决方法。     

三乙胺离子液体用于催化衣康酸酯化反应研究

制备了多种Brφnsted酸性离子液体,分别将其作为催化剂用于衣康酸酯化反应,考察其催化性能与结构的关系.筛选对比表明三乙胺类离子液体具有较好的催化性能及重复使用性,由FT-IR、NMR对其进行了表征测定.以离子液体[HSO3-pTEA]pTSA为催化剂合成衣康酸二正丁酯,在重复使用7次后催化所得酸转化率为96.5%.优化工艺条件下得酸转化率为98.8%,酯收率为96.7%;以离子液体[HSO3-pTEA]HSO4为催化剂合成衣康酸二异辛酯,在重复使用7次后催化所得酸转化率为95.2%.优化工艺条件下得酸转化率为98.7%,酯收率为96.3%.     

离子液体催化合成乙酸丙酯的研究

用微波方法制备了[bmim]PTSA离子液体,应用于催化合成乙酸丙酯反应中,分析了离子液体的催化活性,研究了影响酯化反应的各种因素。结果表明：离子液体[bmim]PTSA是该酯化反应良好溶剂和催化剂,离子液体用量15mL,醇酸摩尔比1．5：1．0,反应时间2．0h,酯化率达94．2％。离子液体易分离回收,可重复使用。     

磁性聚合离子液体的制备及其催化合成酯反应研究

通过季铵化法合成一系列咪唑类离子液体并附着在表面硅烷化的Fe₃O₄磁性纳米颗粒上，用于催化季戊四醇/三羟甲基丙烷与油酸的酯化反应制备季戊四醇油酸酯和三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯。FT-IR、BET、XRD、VSM等表征结果表明成功制备了磁性聚合离子液体。确定了合成季戊四醇油酸酯的最佳反应条件为：催化剂质量分数5%、酸醇摩尔比4∶1、反应温度190℃、反应时间7 h,此时磁性聚合离子液体酯化率达到94.43%;合成三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯的最佳反应条件为：催化剂质量分数5%、酸醇摩尔比3.5∶1、反应温度150℃、反应时间7 h,此时磁性聚合离子液体酯化率达到97.60%。在2种不同的酯化反应体系中，磁性聚合离子液体在重复使用多次后依旧保持较高的酯化率。同时对磁性聚合离子液体的2种酯化反应的催化动力学进行了研究，得出活化能Ea₁=26.27 kJ/mol、Ea₂=20.38 kJ/mol。     

离子液体在催化领域的研究进展与工业化应用

综述了近两年离子液体催化剂在酯化反应、重排反应、羰基化反应和二氧化碳环加成反应中的研究进展,并介绍离子液体在烷基化和碳酸酯工业化生产中的实践。     

固载化离子液体催化酯化反应研究进展

固载化离子液体兼具载体材料高比表面积与离子液体的高催化活性等优点,不仅提升了离子液体的利用率,大幅度降低了离子液体的用量,而且可以显著提高离子液体在酯化反应中的催化活性。本文主要综述了固载化离子液体在催化酯化反应方面的研究进展,分别介绍了以硅胶、介孔分子筛、磁性介孔二氧化硅纳米材料以及高分子等为载体的固载化离子液体在酯化反应中的催化性能,简要分析了固载化离子液体催化酯化反应的机理与影响固载化离子液体催化活性的因素,并对固载化离子液体目前存在的问题以及今后的发展方向进行了总结,建立系统的载体与离子液体的构效关系,并对其性能进行长期的工业评测是今后的主要努力方向。     

离子液体催化合成醋酸正丙酯的工业实验

在南京扬子石化精细化工有限责任公司年产1500t醋酸正丙酯工业装置上进行了BILE-3型离子液体催化合成醋酸正丙酯的工业实验。考察了BILE-3型离子液体催化合成醋酸正丙酯工艺中反应体系水、酸度等工艺条件对酯化反应的影响,并与传统硫酸催化酯化工艺进行了比较。工业实验结果表明,酯化反应体系中水小于反应物料质量分数5%,酸度在45～65gKOH/100g,酯化釜液位高度在反应釜容积的50%～70%,酯化反应转化率为95%以上,选择性为99%以上;与传统硫酸催化酯化相比,BILE-3型离子液体催化工艺具有生产成本低、过程清洁、不腐蚀设备、运行周期长等优点。     

离子液体催化酯化反应的研究进展

综述了近年来离子液体作为一种绿色催化剂在酯化反应中的应用研究进展,指出了目前离子液体催化酯化中存在的问题,并给出了解决这些问题的方法和建议。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.