恒壁温时污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能影响的分析

基于热力学第一、二定律 ,在恒壁温工况下分析了污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能的影响 ;提出了反映污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能影响的指标———单位传热量的熵增率 ;讨论了管内流体Reynolds数(无污垢时 )和量纲为 1的入口换热温差等参数对单位传热量熵增率的影响 .研究结果表明 ,该指标不仅能反映污垢对管内传热过程的影响 ,而且能反映污垢对管内流动过程的影响 ,而由污垢层导热所引起的熵产在管内传热过程总的熵产中占有重要的地位     

纳米流体对流传热的研究进展

将纳米颗粒加入到传统换热介质中形成的纳米流体是一种新型的强化传热介质。它不仅具有较高的单相对流传热系数,而且分散稳定,不容易磨损和堵塞管道。文中综述了纳米流体在对流条件下强化传热的实验研究进展及强化传热模型,并对实验结果和强化传热的机理及模型进行了简要分析。发现:纳米流体强化对流传热的效果与颗粒和基液的属性等有关;强化传热主要是由于导热系数的增加和纳米颗粒的运动及重新分布引起的物性变化等影响。同时提出了纳米流体对流传热研究中存在及有待改进的一些问题。     

HFC245fa水平光管与强化管管束外冷凝换热

试验研究了新型环保工质HFC245fa在光管与强化换热管管束上的冷凝换热特性。试验管束由4列排深为5排的列管构成,换热管公称外径为19.05mm、有效换热长度为1000mm。试验中,通过改进的Wilson图解法获得强化换热管水侧对流传热系数,利用2接点温差电偶测试蒸气与冷却水温差(±0.025℃),利用热电偶通过小周期标定法获取试验管进出水温差(±0.01℃);考察了冷凝温度、热通量对冷凝换热的影响。研究结果表明:HFC245fa在光管单管外冷凝传热系数与Nusselt模型预测值一致性较好;同热通量下,强化换热管单管上的冷凝传热系数为光管的13.5倍;光管管束上的试验结果比Nusselt管束模型预测值高20%～50%;强化管冷凝换热性能受作用热通量的影响较大。试验结果对工质与新管材推广、应用具有指导意义。     

多孔介质在高温相变蓄热中的强化换热

采用实验方法,验证了金属泡沫、膨胀石墨在高温蓄热系统中强化换热的作用。实验结果表明,在250～290℃之间,金属泡沫多孔材料能够提高纯硝酸钠的换热率2.1倍。由于多孔材料严重抑制了自然对流,在液相加热阶段,硝酸钠与多孔材料混合物的换热率不高于纯硝酸钠的一半。通过比较底部加热和顶部加热两种加热方式下蓄热系统的换热性能,进一步揭示了多孔材料对自然对流的影响。     

强化传热技术在硫酸工业中的应用研究

随着强化传热拽术的不断发展,近年来国内外已研制出多种类型的异形强化管,例如螺旋槽管、横纹管、缩放管、双面整体型低翅片管等。有的强化管具有管内外两侧同时强化流体对流传热的作用,例如缩放管等,特别适合于硫酸生产中的二氧化硫气—气换热。在湍流条件下,流体对流传热热阻集中于近壁处流动滞流底层中,当各种强化管选取最佳的表面粗糙度尺寸,就能获得良好的强化传热效果,即以较低的流体输送功耗为代价,获取较高的对流给热系数,以此提高换热器的传热性能。     

球凸板对磁场中导电流体自由表面流动的传热强化

在许多工业应用和能源工程的磁流体流动传热中,外部磁场抑制导电流体的湍流脉动,降低了其对流传热系数。基于涡流发生的球凸板是一种高效的强化换热手段,其主要特点是传热强度大、流动阻力小、综合传热性能高,本文数值研究了利用球凸板强化磁场中导电流体自由表面流动换热的性能。计算采用磁场作用下的修正湍流模型和诱导磁场方程,并利用标量输运方程的求解器对它们进行求解。结果表明,在中等Hartmann数(30～70)下,球凸板的换热增强因子达到1.3～2.3,而阻力损失仅为光滑平板的1.34～1.45倍。在获得较高强化传热效果的同时,球凸板的阻力损失增加相对较小,因而获得了较高的综合传热性能。     

套管式相变储能单元的强化换热

利用数值模拟方法研究了四种相变储能单元的放热性能。储能单元包括：光管中填充石蜡、翅片管中填充石蜡、光管中填充石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料、翅片管中填充石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料。结果表明添加5%（质量分数）膨胀石墨的强化效果与设计翅片的强化效果相当,而强化效果最好的是同时采用上述两种强化换热措施。换热流体流量越大,强化换热措施对储能单元的放热性能影响越大。在换热流体流量为0.02 m·s^-1时,第四种储能单元的放热时间比第一种减少50%,同时有效温区内的温度最多可提高5 K。储能单元进口水温与相变储能材料熔点间温差越大,强化换热的作用越明显。强化换热的措施在换热流体流量大及换热温差大的储能单元中作用显著。     

磁场调控磁性纳米流体流动和传热研究进展

磁性纳米流体在实现能量高效和可控传递领域极具发展潜力。本文综述了磁场作用下磁性纳米流体对流换热及沸腾换热的最新进展,主要包括强制对流换热、混合对流换热、自然对流换热、池沸腾换热及管内沸腾换热等方面的实验研究,分析了磁场类型、强度、梯度、频率、方向及磁铁位置等对磁性纳米流体流动和热传输特性的影响,指出可通过改变外加磁场来实现对磁性纳米流体流动和传热的控制,并探讨了磁性纳米流体流-磁耦合作用下的传热机理以及目前所面临的挑战。在此基础上,提出了未来磁场调控磁性纳米流体对流换热和沸腾换热的主要发展方向：制备稳定的磁性纳米流体,建立系统有效的流动和传热理论模型,并从微介观尺度诠释热-流-磁耦合协同换热机理。     

多回路泵驱动回路热管系统的换热特性

为提高泵驱动回路热管系统的温度效率,探讨多回路系统替代单回路系统用于空调系统排风能量回收的技术可行性,制作了单回路和三回路泵驱动回路热管系统样机,搭建实验测试平台,研究单回路和三回路系统在夏、冬季运行工况下的换热特性,并基于换热温差均匀性原理进行对比分析。结果表明,相比于单回路系统,三回路系统的性能更优,冬季工况下室内外温差为31.9℃时,换热温差均匀性明显改善,系统温度效率提高22.6%,夏季工况下系统温度效率变化不大。     

多回路泵驱动回路热管系统的换热特性

为提高泵驱动回路热管系统的温度效率,探讨多回路系统替代单回路系统用于空调系统排风能量回收的技术可行性,制作了单回路和三回路泵驱动回路热管系统样机,搭建实验测试平台,研究单回路和三回路系统在夏、冬季运行工况下的换热特性,并基于换热温差均匀性原理进行对比分析。结果表明,相比于单回路系统,三回路系统的性能更优,冬季工况下室内外温差为31.9℃时,换热温差均匀性明显改善,系统温度效率提高22.6%,夏季工况下系统温度效率变化不大。     

相变储热的传热强化技术研究进展

相变储热技术具有储热密度大、相变温度稳定以及过程容易控制等优点,具有广泛应用前景。相变储热技术在应用中需完成热能的储存与释放过程,其传热特性直接决定应用效果。储热技术的传热强化主要包括三个方面：一是相变材料本身的导热强化;二是潜热型功能热流体的对流传热强化;三是储热器的传热强化。本文综述了国内外在相变储热技术的传热强化研究方面的进展,主要介绍了膨胀石墨、泡沫金属等复合相变材料的导热强化,相变微胶囊及相变微、纳米乳液潜热型功能热流体传热强化以及管壳式储热器、板式储热器、螺旋盘管储热器等储热器的传热强化。文章指出,膨胀石墨基复合相变材料具有高热导率、大储热密度以及良好的定型特性,且价格低廉,极具应用前景。纳米乳液功能热流体具有表观比热容大、流阻较小等优势,但存在稳定性较差、过冷度大等问题。板式储热器具有较大的传热面积、较高的传热功率,适宜应用于相变材料传热系统。但应用背景不同,针对不同场景提供不同储热器的选型及指导值得作进一步的研究。     

相变微胶囊悬浮液储能系统放冷特性实验研究

利用相变材料定温储能特性,搭建了以水为换热流体、相变微胶囊（MPCM）悬浮液为储能介质的潜热储能系统。采用放冷速率、相变完成率、单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数表征实验系统的放冷特性,通过该潜热储能系统与以纯水为工作介质的显热储能系统的对比,分析了循环水体积流量以及搅拌速率对系统放冷性能的影响。结果表明：MPCM主要在17~19℃范围内发生相变,当悬浮液温度到达20℃时,其相变完成率接近90%;增大循环水流量可以提高放冷速率,循环水体积流量为6 L·min^-1时,MPCM悬浮液的放冷速率在相变区间最高可达1.52 kW,相较于显热储能系统提升了70%;在0~200 r·min^-1的范围内,增大搅拌速率可增大MPCM悬浮液的单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数,搅拌速率为200 r·min^-1时,MPCM悬浮液的单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数分别为73.86 MJ·m^-3和2176 W·m^-2·K^-1,比显热储能系统分别高1.66倍和1.87倍。     

中温相变蓄热系统强化传热方法研究进展

中温相变蓄热系统在太阳能热利用、余热回收等领域有广泛的研究与应用前景,但相变材料较低的热导率严重削弱了相变蓄热系统的热响应速率和蓄放热效率。针对这一问题,本文从提高传热系数、拓展传热面积、增大平均温差3个方面对近年来中温相变蓄热系统强化传热方法进行了综述。通过分析可以看出,通过导热增强填料对相变材料进行改性时,应注意填料对导热和对流的共同作用,综合考虑填料对热导率、蓄放热时间等性能的影响;直接式相变蓄热系统重量轻,传热效率高,适合应用在移动式相变蓄热车中;梯级相变蓄热系统符合能量梯级利用理念,蓄放热效率高。在未来研究中,对导热增强填料的进一步改性、直接式相变蓄热系统、梯级相变蓄热系统及多种技术协同强化传热的作用机理和强化传热效果还有重要研究潜力与价值。     

Molecular dynamics simulation and mechanism study on thermal conductivity of alcohols

Heat transfer is one of the basic issues in chemical production, and thermal conductivity is an important thermodynamic data in the design of chemical product production processes. In this paper, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods are used to simulate the heat transfer of liquid alcohols at four different temperatures, and the thermal conductivity of the corresponding conditions is obtained. The average relative deviation between the calculated value and the experimental value was 3.77%. Through the decomposition of heat flux, it was found that molecular kinetic energy, Coulomb interaction and intramolecular dihedral angle contribute the most to the heat conduction of alcohols. At the same time, as the molecular volume increases, the thermal conduction pathway of the intramolecular interaction term gradually dominates, indicating that the thermal conduction mechanism of alcohols has a significant relationship with the molecular structure. In addition, as the temperature elevates, the heat flux transmitted through the molecular kinetic energy, intermolecular Coulomb interaction, and the intramolecular angle bending and bond stretching term increases, while the heat flux transmitted through the molecular potential energy decreases significantly. This work provides a microscopic explanation for the effects of the structure and temperature of liquid alcohols on thermal conductivity, and provides a micro foundation for the study of heat conduction of liquid alcohols.     

醇类有机物热传导的分子动力学模拟及微观机理研究

传热是化工生产的基本问题之一，热导率是化工产品生产工艺设计中一类重要的热力学数据。通过非平衡分子动力学方法模拟了8种液态醇类有机物在不同温度下的导热过程。热导率计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差为3.77%。通过对热流的分解发现，分子动能、分子间库仑相互作用和分子内的二面角对醇类有机物的热传导影响较大。同时随着分子链增长，通过分子内相互作用进行的热传导逐渐占主导作用，表明醇类有机物的热能传输机理与分子结构有显著关系。此外，随着温度的升高，通过分子的动能、分子间库仑作用和分子内键角、键伸缩作用项传输的热流增大，表明温度对液态醇类有机物的热传导也有一定影响。本工作从微观分子间和分子内作用分析了液态醇类有机物结构和温度对热导率的影响，为液态有机物的热传导研究提供了微观依据。     

CFD investigation of the feasibility of polymer-based microchannel heat sink as thermal solution

Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) are promising thermal solutions in miniaturized or compact devices. Lightweight aspect has been given huge emphasis in recent years. Metal-based materials are commonly used to fabricate MCHSs due to their high thermal conductivity. Consequently, MCHSs are heavy due to the high density of these materials albeit the small footprint of MCHSs. Polymer-based materials are interesting alternatives. Despite their poor thermal conductivity, lightweight feature attracts the interest of researchers. Heat transfer is a conjugate process of heat conduction and heat convection. Poor heat conductions aspect may be compensated through enhancement of heat convection aspects. Although polymer-based materials have been used in microscale heat transfer studies, their focus was not on their feasibility. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of polymer-based MCHSs as thermal solutions. The effect of thermal conductivity of fabrication materials, including polymer-based PDMS, PTFE, PDMS/MWCNT, and metal-based aluminum, on the thermal performance of MCHSs was investigated and compared at various inlet flow rate, fluid thermal conductivity, and microchannel ratio at different constant heat fluxes using three-dimensional CFD approach. Results showed that the thermal performance of MCHSs was greatly affected by the heat conduction aspect in which poor heat conduction limited the thermal performance improvement due to enhanced heat convection aspects. This suggests polymer-based materials have the potential for heat transfer applications through thermal conductivity enhancement. This was confirmed in the further analysis using a recently proposed high thermal conductivity polymer-based graphite/epoxy MCHS and a hybrid-based PDMS/aluminum MCHS.     

Thermal Conductivity of PNIPAm Hydrogels and Heat Management as Smart Windows

Though thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST) hydrogels have attracted intense attention to be applied in smart windows, less efforts are paid on the LCST effect on the heat transfer process. Herein, the research mainly focuses on heat transfer process of thermoresponsive PNIPAm hydrogels. It is the first time reported that LCST behaviors can decrease thermal conductivity upon heating process. To be utilized as a smart window, thermal conduction flux is investigated yet the thermal conduction energy occupies little to manage the thermal transfer process in a model house. It is found that radiation thermal transfer predominates the heat transfer process for PNIPAm-based smart windows. These results are meaningful to provide basic data for energy transfer in using thermoresponsive hydrogels.     

Understanding and enhancing the direct contact membrane distillation performance by modified heat transfer correlation

The sensitivity of direct contact membrane distillation to feed temperatures and feed flow rate is investigated experimentally. At very low flow rates, the process becomes heat transfer limited where the thermal energy of the aqueous feed solution is lost by the conduction resistance minimizing the distillate production. At high flow rates, the film heat transfer coefficient for both liquid solutions increases, creating a larger temperature difference across the membrane boundaries. Hence, the mass fluxes increase linearly with the water flow rate. These findings are also assessed by simulating the heat and mass transfer equations that describe the membrane distillation (MD) thermo-physical operation. It is found that the underlying physics of the MD module must faithfully capture and explain the true process behaviour. Hence, a modified correlation for the Nusselt number is developed and tested.     

基于广义原理的对流换热热阻计算方法及检验

使用积耗散与广义热阻原理分析对流换热中耗散与广义换热温差间的关系, 提出了控制体内三种广义热阻值计算方法的表达形式, 并在二维平行通道层流换热中进行检验, 与传统热阻计算方法作比较后发现传统的表面传热系数不能准确体现研究区域内的热导（阻）能力, 三种广义热阻计算方法的表达形式相互吻合, 结果一致, 且对流换热退化为热传导时与定义式和热传导计算结果统一, 表明是可靠的对流热阻计算方法; 使用该方法研究二维平行通道内入口段的对流换热, 发现广义热阻值的普遍趋势是随流动发展热阻增大, 符合对流换热的基本理念, 定义式热阻则表现变化很大, 受温差与壁面热流量影响明显; 检验中发现了广义式热阻与定义式热阻的差异是由于定义式热阻为简化表达导致。     

Improved crack resistance and thermal conductivity of cubic zirconia containing graphene nanoplatelets

Composites of 8 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have been pointed as alternative interconnectors in SOFC due to their mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Here we show that GNP addition provides rising crack-resistance behavior, with long crack toughness up to 78% higher than that of 8YSZ, also improving its thermal conductivity (up to 6 times for the in-plane direction). Toughness versus crack length is measured for 7 and 11 vol.% of GNP using single edge V-notched beam technique and ultrashort pulsed laser notching; and thermal behavior is analyzed by the laser flash method. Materials also have highly anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion. These properties contribute to enhance their performance under the harsh operating conditions of SOFC, as thermal residual stresses could be reduced while significantly improving the system mechanical stability. Moreover, the heat transfer may be enhanced especially along the interface direction which would increase the system efficiency.