波形壁湍流复涡黏模型时间解析PIV测量研究

采用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术(TRPIV)在水槽中对不同雷诺数下的波形壁面湍流空间流场进行测量,得到瞬时湍流边界层速度场空间分布的时间序列,分析了雷诺应力分量和平均速度变形率分量的空间分布,发现其在近壁区受波形壁面影响比较大,周期性比较明显,而远离壁面时受壁面条件的影响较小。利用空间互相关技术分析了雷诺应力分量与平均速度变形率分量之间的流向相位关系,发现二者在流向空间上存在相位差,且相位差的分布由壁面向外区从0先逐渐减小,在0.4—0.5波形壁波长的法向位置处达到最小值,然后再逐渐增大,且在一定的范围内雷诺数的变化对相位差的影响并不大。验证了湍流雷诺应力复涡黏性模型的合理性,为建立更加准确预测非平衡湍流的复涡黏性模型提供了实验依据。     

柱形流化床传热特性的数值模拟

对Shedid等搭建的圆柱体流化床采用欧拉?欧拉法进行三维数值模拟,考察了颗粒球形度、表观进气速度和床料初始堆积高度对流化床内垂直加热壁面与流动床料之间对流传热特性的影响,采用有效导热系数分别计算气相和固相的对流传热系数。结果表明,随表观进气速度增大,流化床内颗粒物料湍流运动加剧,加热壁面平均温度和流体平均温度下降,壁面流体间传热平均温度差减小,壁面流体间对流传热系数增大;随初始床料高度增加,流化床内颗粒与加热壁面的接触面积增大,导致固相平均对流传热系数增大。     

旋流燃烧室内气体-颗粒两相湍流流动的数值模拟

综合应用代数Reynolds应力模型和流体相脉动速度大小和方向均具有随机性的颗粒相随机轨道模型,对旋流燃烧室内有直流射流与旋转射流相互作用的气-固两相湍流流动进行了数值模拟.得到的气相轴向与切向速度和轴向脉动速度均方根值分布以及颗粒相轴向总质量流通量和轴向与切向速度分布与实验基本相符合,并比对气相湍流采用k-ε模型的相应计算结果有较明显的改进.     

考虑颗粒间碰撞的稠密气/固流动二阶矩两相湍流模型

将统一二阶矩两相湍流模型和颗粒动力学理论结合,推导并封闭了稠密两相流考虑颗粒间碰撞的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型.该模型用颗粒动力学理论模拟颗粒之间的碰撞,用各向异性的统一二阶矩模型考虑气相和颗粒相的湍流脉动,并用输运方程描述气固两相湍流之间的相互作用.最后用该模型对狭窄槽道内的气粒两相流动进行了模拟,模拟所得的颗粒水平方向和垂直方向的雷诺应力和实验结果吻合良好.结果表明,考虑颗粒间碰撞之后,颗粒水平方向雷诺应力的预报得到了明显改进.     

亚格子湍动能模型及循环流化床气固湍流特性分析

以气相大涡-颗粒相二阶矩双流体模型为框架,基于单相流亚格子湍动能推导方法,考虑固相影响推导气相亚格子湍动能方程,建立了适用于气固两相流动的气相亚格子湍动能模型;同时考虑气相亚格子湍动能与颗粒相速度脉动二阶矩之间的脉动能量传递,补充了气固相间脉动能量作用模型。模拟了循环流化床内气固两相湍流流动过程,模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,并较未考虑湍流模型的模拟结果更接近实验值。比较了不同亚格子湍流模型对颗粒运动的影响,与Smagorinsky亚格子涡黏模型相比,亚格子湍动能模型能够更好地模拟两相流的湍流特性。分析了气体表观速度对湍流作用的影响。研究表明,随着气体表观速度的增加,气相亚格子湍动能和亚格子能量耗散逐渐增加,径向分布的非均匀性增强。     

不同旋流数下湍流气粒两相流动特性的PDPA实验研究

利用相位多普勒仪 (PDPA)系统研究了不同旋流数下突扩旋风筒内气粒两相湍流特性的变化规律 .在相同的进口形状和总风量的条件下 ,分别测量了旋流数为 0、 0 .5和 1.0时气相和颗粒相的轴向、切向的平均速度和脉动速度 .结果表明 :旋流数的变化对轴向速度的分布和切向速度的似固核 -位涡结构 ,以及两相脉动速度和两相湍流各向异性都有比较明显的规律性影响 ;总体上 ,旋流对两相湍流起抑制作用 ,但随旋流数的增大 ,两相湍流脉动及其各向异性都有先减弱 ,后来又有所增大的趋势     

湍流边界层内不同粒径颗粒行为的PIV实验研究

为探究不同粒径颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动规律,采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对颗粒在平板湍流边界层内运动行为进行研究,分析同一来流速度条件下速度剖面、湍流度、雷诺应力统计量。运用新象限分裂法和空间相位平均法提取"喷射"和"扫掠"事件的脉动速度、雷诺应力二维空间拓扑形态。发现:颗粒速度剖面无太大差别,大颗粒湍流度和雷诺应力比小颗粒大,颗粒流向湍流度均大于法向湍流度;大颗粒脉动速度及喷射数目大于小颗粒,小颗粒喷射数目小于扫掠事件,说明大颗粒与周围流体动量交换更强烈,能量输运更强,在化工生产及污水处理方面更具前景。     

湍流泡状流混合层流动的PIV测量

在单相实验的基础上,使用PIV对不同位置注入气泡的泡状流湍流混合层流动进行实验研究。混合层高低侧流速比为4∶1,基于两股流体速度差和管道水力直径的Reynolds数范围为4400～158400。与单相相比,气液两相混合层流动脉动速度的测量结果表明,在低Reynolds数时气泡的加入会增强混合层的速度脉动,但随着Reynolds数的增大气泡的加入反而会减弱速度脉动。雷诺应力集中在隔板下游一个较窄的区域内,并随Reynolds数的增大而增大。从流动横截面上雷诺应力的分布可以看出,气泡的加入减小了混合层内的平均雷诺应力,并且与单相相比泡状混合层流动在同一横截面上的雷诺应力分布曲线会产生波动。     

稠密气固两相流动的颗粒二阶矩方法及鼓泡床流化特性的模拟

采用颗粒动理学方法,考虑颗粒速度脉动各向异性,建立颗粒相二阶矩模型。应用初等输运理论,对三阶关联项进行模化和封闭。考虑颗粒与壁面之间的能量传递和交换,建立颗粒相边界条件模型。数值模拟鼓泡流化床内气固两相流动特性,模拟结果表明鼓泡流化床内颗粒相湍流脉动具有明显的各向异性。预测颗粒速度与Muller等和Yuu等实测结果相吻合。预测颗粒脉动速度二阶矩与Muller等实验结果变化趋势相同。统计得到的固相雷诺应力型二阶矩与Muller等实测颗粒脉动速度二阶矩和Yuu等实测颗粒脉动速度相吻合。     

提升管内气固两相双组分颗粒流动的离散颗粒硬球模型的模拟

基于离散颗粒(DPM)硬球模型，数值模拟提升管内双组分颗粒气固两相湍流流动行为。应用Vreman的亚格子尺度（SGS）模型模拟气体湍流，建立考虑不同颗粒加速度效应的两颗粒碰撞最小时间计算模型。数值模拟预测了大颗粒和小颗粒的速度和浓度分布。研究结果表明小颗粒具有高的轴向速度和脉动速度，而大颗粒具有低的轴向速度和脉动速度。在床中心区域，小颗粒轴向速度分布出现3个峰值，对于大颗粒轴向速度仅出现两个峰值。在壁面区域大颗粒和小颗粒速度均出现两个峰值。沿床径向方向呈现床中心颗粒浓度低、壁面区域颗粒浓度高的环核流动结果。随着表观气速的增大，颗粒浓度沿径向和床高分布趋于均匀。在床中心区域模拟计算轴向颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和RMS速度与文献实验结果相吻合。在提升管内气体湍流对小颗粒流动具有一定的影响，颗粒间碰撞作用对颗粒相流动的影响大于气相湍流的影响。     

MASS TRANSFER IN TURBULENT PULSATING FLOWS

The effect of flow oscillation to the mass transfer between turbulent fluid and solid wall was investigatedby measuring the mass transfer rate between fluid and pipe wall with imposed oscillating flow usingelectrochemical method.The velocity and concentration field in the viscous sublayer which controls the mass trans-fer in such a process was simulated by a simple wave model of single harmonics.Experimental results confirmthat the flow oscillation has no influene on time averaged mass transfer rate,but the phase difference betweenphase averaged velocity field and concentration field shifts with the frequency of imposed oscillating flow.Numeri-cal analysis reveals that the concentration boundarylayer which is responsible for the mass transfer is muchthinner than the viscous sublayer which greatly weakens the influence of imposed oscillating flow on mass transfer.     

基于多GPU并行格子Boltzmann方法的方管湍流模拟

采用CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture)和MPI (Message-Passing-Interface)在超级计算机Mole-8.5E上实现了格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)多GPU并行算法,通过三维顶盖驱动方腔流算例验证了多GPU并行LBM算法的准确性和有效性,利用该并行算法分别对雷诺数Reτ为300, 600, 1200下的充分发展的方管湍流进行了大规模模拟。研究发现,当计算网格尺寸小于黏性底层厚度(即Δ+<5)时,在壁面附近的相关传递特性统计误差较小,预测精度满足工程应用范围;Reτ为300, 600时,不同网格尺寸Δ+下的模拟结果表明LBM在方管流中心湍流特性统计具有网格弱相关性,Reτ为600时,与DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation)相比,Δ+=1.667, 3.750, 6.250时平均流向速度的平均误差分别是1.357%, 2.994%和4.766%;Reτ分别为300, 600和1200时,对应网格尺寸Δ+分别为0.833, 1.667和3.333时的方管湍流模拟中,成功捕捉到了二次流特性,预测得到的中心面流向速度、脉动均方根速度等的规律与文献基本吻合,进一步验证了单松弛LBM的可靠性,相关计算结果也为理解高Reτ下的方管湍流特性提供了参考。方管湍流的模拟验证了单松弛LBM多GPU并行算法在超大规模网格计算中的潜力,为进一步实现实际工程流动所需更大规模的数值模拟奠定了基础。     

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENTS IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

Instantaneous wall shear stress and streamwise velocities have been measured simultaneously in a flat-plate, turbulent boundary layer at moderate Reynolds number in an effort to provide experimental support for large eddy simulations. Data were obtained using a buried-wire, wall shear gage and a hot-wire rake positioned in the log region of the flow. Fluctuations of the instantaneous U ⁺ versus Y ⁺ profiles about a mean law of the wall are shown to be significant and complex. Peak cross-correlation values between wall shear stress and the velocities are high, and reflect the passage of a large structure inclined at a small angle to the wall. Estimates of this angle are consistent with those made by other investigators. Conditional sampling techniques were used to detect the passage of various sizes and types of flow disturbances (events), and to estimate their mean frequency of occurrence. Events characterized by large and sudden streamwise accelerations were found to be highly coherent throughout the log region and were strongly correlated with large fluctuations in wall shear stress. Phase randomness between the near-wall quantities and the outer velocities was small. The results suggest that the flow events detected by conditional sampling applied to velocities in the log region may be related to the bursting process.     

Velocity of isolated particles along a pipe in stratified gas–liquid flow

The average velocity of isolated grains of sand was experimentally measured in smooth stratified flow in slightly declined pipes. Isolated particles in smooth stratified flow behave similarly to isolated particles propelled by both hydraulic conveying and intermittent gas/liquid flow. In all three cases, particle velocity is linear with respect to the average liquid velocity of the flow (or the average fluid velocity in the slug body for intermittent flow) and has a gradient of approximately one. The data in stratified flow are successfully correlated dimensionlessly (Eq. 7). The correlation is extrapolated to zero particle velocity to estimate the conditions required to ensure sand transport in a flowline in smooth stratified flow. The experimental results suggest that particle velocity is strongly governed by the size of a particle relative to the depth of the viscous sublayer at the pipe wall. If a particle is larger than the viscous sublayer, it is exposed to more coherent turbulent structures and therefore experiences a greater drag.     

Investigation of Energy Loss Mechanisms in Cyclone Separators

Based on the transient Navier‐Stokes equation of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, a vorticity form of the mean mechanical energy equation is derived which is suitable for strongly swirling flow or vortex flow, and reveals the mechanism of mean mechanical energy losses in cyclone separators. Results show that the mean mechanical energy losses in cyclone separators are mainly caused by mean viscous dissipation, turbulent diffusion, and turbulent energy production in a steady turbulent flow. Order‐of‐magnitude analysis indicates that the rate of local turbulent energy production and mean viscous dissipation is related to the local turbulent Reynolds number at each point in cyclone separators. A large local turbulent Reynolds number designates the turbulent energy production as the primary contributor to mean mechanical energy losses, whereas in the case of a small turbulent Reynolds number the order‐of‐magnitude quotient between the two quantities decreases, indicating the increased significance of the mean viscous dissipation contribution to mean mechanical energy losses. A combination of theoretical analysis and LDV experimental results indicates the mean viscous dissipation is larger in the quasi‐forced vortex region and the boundary layer than in other regions of cyclone separators. The energy losses are mainly caused by turbulent energy production in a majority of the regions (except in the laminar sublayer very close to the wall), especially the largest energy losses in the central quasi‐forced vortex region. Hence, decreasing turbulence is an effective approach for drag reduction in cyclone separators.     

Numerical study of bubbly upflows in a vertical channel using the Euler–Lagrange two-way model

Bubbly flows exist extensively in industrial processes, so it is very meaningful to study hydrodynamic characteristics of them to improve efficiency of bubbly flow equipments. This paper introduces a numerical method of the Euler–Lagrange two-way model for the air–water bubbly flows in detail. The flow field is simulated by using direct numerical simulations (DNS) in Euler frame of reference, while the bubble dynamics are fully analyzed by integration of Newtonian equations of motion taking into account interphase interaction forces including drag force, lift force, wall lift force, pressure gradient force, virtual mass force, gravity force, buoyant force, and inertia force in Lagrange frame of reference. The coupling between phases is considered by regarding the interphase interaction forces as a momentum source term of the continuous phase. Bubbles distribution and turbulent statistics of the liquid phase are comprehensively analyzed. The results show that an overwhelming majority of bubbles cluster near the walls, and turbulent structures of the liquid phase are modified to some certain by addition of bubbles, namely, the mean streamwise velocity become increased at the core of the channel, the wall-normal and spanwise turbulent intensities and Reynolds stress are reduced. Redistribution of turbulent energy from the streamwise velocity components to wall-normal and spanwise velocity components is also suppressed due to the addition of bubbles.     

Effect of Sub-Grid Scales on Large Eddy Simulation of Particle Deposition in a Turbulent Channel Flow

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of particle transport and deposition in turbulent channel flow were presented. Particular attention was given to the effect of subgrid scales on particle dispersion and deposition processes. A computational scheme for simulating the effect of subgrid scales (SGS) turbulence fluctuation on particle motion was developed and tested. Large-eddy simulation of Navier-Stokes equations using a finite volume method was used for finding instantaneous filtered fluid velocity fields of the continuous phase in the channel. Selective structure function model was used to account for the subgrid-scale Reynolds stresses. It was shown that the LES was capable of capturing the turbulence near wall coherent eddy structures.

The Lagrangian particle tracking approach was used and the transport and deposition of particles in the channel were analyzed. The drag, lift, Brownian, and gravity forces were included in the particle equation of motion. The Brownian force was simulated using a white noise stochastic process model. Effects of SGS of turbulence fluctuations on deposition rate of different size particles were studied. It was shown that the inclusion of the SGS turbulence fluctuations improves the model predictions for particle deposition rate especially for small particles. Effect of gravity on particle deposition was also investigated and it was shown that the gravity force in the stream wise direction increases the deposition rate of large particles.     

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENTS IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

Instantaneous wall shear stress and streamwise velocities have been measured simultaneously in a flat-plate, turbulent boundary layer at moderate Reynolds number in an effort to provide experimental support for large eddy simulations. Data were obtained using a buried-wire, wall shear gage and a hot-wire rake positioned in the log region of the flow. Fluctuations of the instantaneous U⁺ versus Y⁺ profiles about a mean law of the wall are shown to be significant and complex. Peak cross-correlation values between wall shear stress and the velocities are high, and reflect the passage of a large structure inclined at a small angle to the wall. Estimates of this angle are consistent with those made by other investigators. Conditional sampling techniques were used to detect the passage of various sizes and types of flow disturbances (events), and to estimate their mean frequency of occurrence. Events characterized by large and sudden streamwise accelerations were found to be highly coherent throughout the log region and were strongly correlated with large fluctuations in wall shear stress. Phase randomness between the near-wall quantities and the outer velocities was small. The results suggest that the flow events detected by conditional sampling applied to velocities in the log region may be related to the bursting process.     

A MODEL OF THE VISCOUS WALL REGION OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

The viscous wall region of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow is investigated using a nonlinear, time-dependent, three-dimensional model. In the model, the velocity field is assumed to satisfy periodic boundary conditions in the longitudinal and spanwise directions, the velocity vanishes at the pipe wall, the velocity fluctuations are assumed to vanish at large distances from the wall, and a law of the wall profile is imposed on the longitudinal and spanwise average of the longitudinal component of velocity outside the viscous wall region. The model equations are solved using pseudospectral methods and the computed mean velocity profile, fluctuation intensities, and turbulence production rate are found to be in good agreement with experiment in the viscous wall region. It is found that the bulk of turbulence production is generated by length scales larger than 40 in the spanwise direction and 200 in the longitudinal direction.     

Limiting flux in microfiltration of colloidal suspensions by focusing on hydrodynamic forces in viscous sublayer

Cross‐flow microfiltration tests were performed on colloidal suspensions under turbulence conditions. By changing the particle diameter, flow rate, and channel height in the membrane housing to measure limiting fluxes, the influence of each parameter on the limiting flux was assessed from the viewpoint of hydrodynamic forces exerted on a particle in the viscous sublayer. In analyzing all the data taken, the particle Reynolds number calculated from the limiting flux is proportional to the 1.5 power of that calculated from the flow rate at the boundary between the viscous sublayer and the intermediate layer. This fact indicates that the limiting flux can be determined in situations where the drag force exerted by the flux is balanced by the lift force in the viscous sublayer. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1760–1765, 2018