无纺布膜生物反应器膜污染分析及其控制技术

利用自行开发的无纺布膜生物反应器（NWMBR）处理洗浴废水。结果表明,在有机负荷0.64 kgCOD/(m3?d)、污泥浓度5 g/L、水力停留时间6.3 h和膜通量13 L/(m2?h)条件下,出水可始终稳定在COD<20 mg/L,BOD5<3 mg/L,LAS<0.3 mg/L,NH3-N<0.5 mg/L以及浊度<0.5 NTU。在13 L/(m2?h)通量下膜表面形成松散的泥饼层,反应器稳定运行约50天后泥饼层泥量达到9.3 g/m2时导致膜污染的发生;当通量升至18 L/(m2?h)时迅速形成密实的泥饼层导致膜污染。经过分析发现,膜表面污染物主要由亲水有机物、羧酸类、多糖类、蛋白质类等有机物质组成,也存在少量的由Na、Ca、Si、Al等元素形成的无机污染。采用次氯酸钠反冲式清洗,可使无纺布膜的清水通量恢复率达98%,膜平均孔径可从8.25 μm恢复至47.2 μm。     

正渗透膜污染影响因素的研究与分析

以海藻酸钠（ALG）为典型有机污染物,采用TFC FO膜,以水通量下降率和污染阻力作为膜污染的评价指标,探究了正渗透（FO）过程中的膜摆向（FO模式和PRO模式）、原料液（FS）和驱动液（DS）的浓度、原料液中Ca²⁺浓度和pH对FO膜污染的影响规律,并提出适宜的膜清洗方案。结果表明,在PRO模式下,膜污染阻力为3.38×10¹¹m^-1,而在FO模式下仅为3.88×10¹⁰m^-1,表明FO模式污染轻;FS或者DS浓度的增大均会导致污染阻力增大,使得污染更加严重;当FS中不含Ca²⁺和含Ca²⁺浓度分别为1mmol/L和2mmol/L时,相较于初始通量,其通量降低率分别15.40%、18.49%和24.93%,当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增大到2mmol/L过程中,膜污染阻力增大1.6倍;当FS的pH为4.2、7.0和10.7时,水通量降低率依次增加,分别为14.56%、14.82%和18.78%。分别采用去离子水、pH为3.0的HCl溶液、pH为11.8的NaOH溶液以及十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS,pH=11.0）溶液对膜进行清洗,得到SDS溶液清洗效果较好,通量恢复率可达90.70%。     

无纺布膜临界通量及其在洗浴废水处理中的应用研究

以无纺布平板膜生物反应器为试验装置,采用通量阶梯式递增法的临界通量进行了测定,研究了混合液污泥浓度(MLSS)对无纺布膜临界通量的影响,考察了膜通量对无纺布平板膜生物反应器长期运行的影响。试验结果表明,无纺布膜的临界通量与MLSS浓度成反比,当MLSS的质量浓度从3 g/L增长到9 g/L时,无纺布膜临界通量从17 L/(m2·h)下降到13 L/(m2·h)。在MLSS的质量浓度控制为5 g/L,膜通量低于临界通量15 L/(m2·h)的条件下,无纺布平板膜生物反应器可连续稳定运行130 d,且反应器出水各项指标均可满足GB/T 18920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准的要求。     

错流速度对外置式MBR处理生活污水的影响

采用外置式管式膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水,研究了系统对COD、NH4^+-N和浊度去除状况,考察了错流速度对污染物去除效果及膜污染影响。结果表明,COD和NH4^+-N去除率均达93%以上,且错流速度对系统出水水质影响较小,但较高的错流速度容易使出水浊度增加。错流速度由0.56 m/s增至2.20 m/s,膜污染周期由10 d增至20 d,化学清洗频次减少,膜临界通量由30~40 L/(m^2·h)增至70~80 L/(m^2·h)。错流速度会改变膜表面污染阻力构成,而较高的错流速度容易使膜表面发生不可逆污染,不利于膜长周期操作运行。     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题，研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染，研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明，正渗透策略清洗方式中，淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳，其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa)，截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外，经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后，再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h，其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa)，截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出，正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏，且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物，因此，应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗，可延长化学清洗周期，减少化学清洗剂用量，具有一定的工业应用前景。     

膜蒸馏处理焦化废水生化出水的试验研究

采用直接接触膜蒸馏法处理焦化废水生化出水,在热侧进口温度为40℃,冷侧进口温度为20℃,不同流速(0.1~0.5 m/s)的条件下,膜蒸馏运行8 h,对出水水质、初始膜通量和热效率进行了分析,结果显示:随着流速的增加,热效率先增加后减小,最优流速为0.3 m/s,在此操作条件下,初始通量为11.28 kg/(m~2·h),热效率为19.9%,膜蒸馏出水CODCr的质量浓度为6.5 mg/L、色度为1度、电导率为27.0μS/cm、NH3-N的质量浓度为1.08 mg/L,达到HG/T 3923—2007《循环冷却水用再生水水质标准》中循环冷却水的水质要求。对不同流速下膜通量随时间的变化情况及膜污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,增大流速可以减缓膜污染。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水临界通量的研究

利用“通量阶式递增法”对临界通量进行了测定,得出MBR的3个水动力学操作区:超临界区、临界区和次临界区;在MLSS的质量浓度为6 000 mg/L、曝气量为0.5 m3/h的条件下,膜组件的临界通量区域为10.68～13.86 L/(m2.h),据此确定组件的次临界通量为12 L/(m2.h)。在此基础上研究了次临界通量下的运行特性,试验表明,次临界通量下的膜污染过程具有明显的两阶段特征:第一阶段的TMP呈平缓直线上升,第二阶段的TMP呈剧烈直线上升。     

正渗透膜净水试验研究

研究了正渗透(FO)过程中水通量和驱动溶质扩散规律,并以奎宁和腐殖酸作为模型有机物,研究FO膜对有机物的截留性能。结果表明,FO水通量与驱动液含量正相关,但由于内部浓差极化的影响并不呈正比例;温度越高所产生的水通量也越大,在温度11～36℃时水通量从4 L/(m2.h)上升至10 L/(m.h)。驱动溶质的反扩散量随运行时间的延长线性增加,由于唐南效应Na+的反扩散量大于2价阳离子。FO膜对奎宁和腐殖酸均有较好的截留效果。     

真空膜蒸馏和膜吸收耦合处理电镀废水

采用疏水聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)中空纤维膜对高盐有机电镀废水进行真空膜蒸馏(VMD)和膜吸收(MGA)实验。结果表明,在VMD中,曝气可提高产水通量,当曝气量超过2 m3/(m2·h)时,产水通量趋于稳定;随着料液温度和真空度的提高,产水通量显著增加。连续180 d运行实验表明,产水通量保持在2.4~2.6 kg/(m2·h),产水指标除NH3-N含量以外,均达到GB 8978-1996排放二级标准。MGA脱氨实验表明,当产水p H和流速分别为10.5和0.20 m/s,吸收剂浓度和流速分别为0.2 mol/L和0.20 m/s时,在30 min内可将NH3-N的质量浓度从270 mg/L脱除至10 mg/L以下,产水指标达到污水综合排放标准。     

超滤膜在饮用水处理中临界通量的影响因素研究

超滤膜在临界通量以下过滤可不产生膜污染或产生极轻的膜污染,针对超滤膜在饮用水处理中的临界通量的影响因素,系统考察曝气、过滤方式和混凝沉淀预处理等对浸没式超滤膜处理松花江水临界通量的影响.结果表明,曝气强度达到10 m3/(m2·h),连续曝气可将超滤膜的临界通量提高5 L/(m2·h),曝气强度达到40 m3/(m2·...     

Short-term fouling propensity and flux behavior in an osmotic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment

The short-term fouling behavior of forward osmosis (FO) membrane in an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was investigated, using NaCl or MgCl₂ as the draw solutions. The effect of membrane orientation, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration and draw solution (DS) osmotic pressure on water flux and membrane fouling behaviors was examined, along with the effects of simulated elevated salinity on sludge properties and on membrane fouling. Water flux and membrane fouling were not significantly affected by both MLSS concentration (4.91–12.60 g/L) and osmotic pressure (3.0–15.0 MPa), but were severely affected by elevated salinity, due to changes in activated sludge properties, in particular the increase in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and sludge hydrophobicity. MgCl₂ as the DS showed more significant influence on activated sludge properties and membrane fouling than NaCl but gave rise to lower salt accumulation. Analyses of the membrane foulants showed that small sludge floc/particles and EPS (in particular, proteins) were enriched in the fouling layer. UPLC–MS/MS analyses of the proteins showed that hydrophobic proteins were the main cause of membrane fouling.     

Forward-osmosis strategy and chemical cleaning of seawater desalination reverse osmosis membranes

In order to settle the membrane fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination process, this study reported a novel strategy based on forward-osmosis process and discussed the effects of different factors like different cleaning combination among reverse osmosis product, simulated reverse osmosis concentrate and simulated seawater, as well as cleaning time on the membrane permeate flux and salt rejection. For irreversible fouling, the effects of different chemical cleaning agents, immersion time and concentration were also investigated in this study. The results exhibited that the cleaning combination between diluted water and simulated reverse osmosis concentrate possessed the best cleaning performance in the process of forward-osmosis cleaning. Such approach also enhanced normalized flux from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa) and enhanced NaCl rejection from 80.59% to 92.80%. Furthermore, the normalized flux was enhanced from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa) and NaCl rejection was also enhanced from 80.59% to 96.27% after soaking in 2%(mass) citric acid solution for 2h, soaking with 1%(mass) ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetrasodium salt and 0.3%(mass) sodium tripolyphosphate solution for 1.5 h. According to the result of SEM images and AFM images, the forward-osmosis cleaning strategy could not cause the damage of selective layer of membrane surface and caused the drop of inorganic and organic fouling on the membrane surface. Hence, cleaning fouled RO membranes by such approach could prolong the chemical cleaning cycle and reduce the amount of chemical cleaning agent, which has certain industrial application perspectives.     

三乙酸纤维素正渗透膜的制备与性能

以三乙酸纤维素（CTA）为膜材料,1,4-二氧六环、丙酮为溶剂,甲醇、乳酸为添加剂,采用相转换法制备了三乙酸纤维素正渗透膜。研究了不同1,4-二氧六环/丙酮配比、添加剂乳酸含量、挥发时间、膜厚度、热处理温度条件下正渗透膜性能的变化规律。研究表明,当采用纯水为原料液,0.56mol/L CaCl2为汲取液时,优化制备的CTA正渗透膜的水通量达到14.10L/(m2?h),溶质反扩散量为0.031mol/(m2?h);采用0.1mol/L NaCl为原料液,4mol/L葡萄糖为汲取液时,优化制备的CTA正渗透膜的水通量保持在5L/(m2?h)以上,对NaCl的截留率大于99%。CTA正渗透膜相比于HTI膜,具有较高的亲水性、水通量、截留率,稳定性更好。     

Fouling effects of humic and alginic acids in nanofiltration and influence of solution composition

The objectives of this research were to investigate the combined and individual influence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of NOM on the fouling of thin-film composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes, and also the roles of solution chemistry on the permeate flux and fouling. Combined fouling is compared to the individual fouling behaviors (i.e., alginate or humic acid alone).Experiments were conducted using a “cross-flow” pilot-scale membrane unit with a full circulation mode. Fouling experiments were performed with individual and combined humic acid and alginate.The results demonstrated that increasing organic concentration increased greatly the rate and extent of flux reduction. Individual alginate fouling was more detrimental than individual humic acid fouling, and alginate exhibited greater flux decline than humic acid fouling alone at the same conditions. A higher flux decline was observed with increasing proportions of aliginate in combined fouling. In other word, there are antagonistic effects during combined fouling because the charge functional groups of two above foulants are negative and increase electrostatic repulsion between two foulants and also foulant-membrane. The flux reduction increased with increasing ionic strength, foulant concentrations, and with lower pH. This observation implies the importance of interaction between various foulants for deeper understanding of fouling phenomena. The membrane fouling was largely dependent on organic properties and fractions.