连续重整催化剂研究及应用进展

介绍主要的连续重整催化剂研发机构，综述美国环球油品公司、法国石油研究院和中国石油化工股份有限公司石油化工科学研究院在连续重整催化剂的研发及工业应用方面的进展，重点介绍不同机构催化剂的进步途径，对连续重整催化剂未来的发展方向进行推测。     

核石墨研发的设想

介绍了第四代核反应堆的设计理念.高温气冷堆具有第四代核反应堆的主要特征,是第四代核反应堆的主要候选堆型之一.石墨是高温气冷堆不可或缺的材料.核石墨的研发周期长,为了健康地、独立自主地发展我国的高温气冷堆产业,应尽早进行核石墨的研发工作;但核石墨研发的投资大,高温气冷堆的商业化前景有待示范堆验证,目前还不明朗,国家暂时还不会立项.本文就没有国家投入的条件下,开展核石墨先期研发应注意的问题,如何规避投资风险,提出了一些粗浅的看法.     

海洋涂料全球专利分析

通过对全球海洋涂料专利信息的检索,分析研究了海洋涂料总体技术发展趋势、全球专利市场布局、专利技术国家分布、重点及热点技术领域,重点对创新机构的专利申请特点、创新机构的研发领域及研发能力等进行介绍,以期帮助企业增强知识产权意识,了解海洋涂料产业发展的趋势和主要竞争对手专利申请情况,为技术合作及人才交流提供依据和参考。     

行业动态

北京橡胶院再次获得科研开发机构自主创新专项资金日前,北京市科委召开了“企业研发机构自主创新”座谈会,会上表彰了2006年获得北京市科技研究开发机构自主创新专项资金的34家科研单位。市科委马林主任介绍了市科委在促进企业自主创新方面所做的工作。该专项资金采取“无偿资助、择优支持”的原则,重点支持北京科     

高温气冷堆用核级炭和含硼炭材料工艺研发和评定

高温气冷堆中炭堆内构件功能主要包括热绝缘、中子屏蔽、支承石墨堆内构件和球床堆芯,是传递压力容器和石墨堆内构件之间的作用载荷、传热的路径。为满足这些功能要求,对高温气冷堆炭材料提出了多项特殊要求。相对于已有的HTR-10反应堆和国际上早期高温气冷堆,目前研发的核级炭材料如何确保其性能满足设计要求是一个显著的挑战。文中论述了高温气冷堆用炭和含硼炭材料工艺研发过程中,影响材料性能因素的筛分、调配以及与测试结果的相关性分析。目前该类材料制造工艺已经完成研发,通过了设计评定。同时,正式批量生产的炭和含硼炭材料已经用于高温气冷堆示范工程,取得了良好的效果。     

6.25m焦炉捣固、装煤、推焦一体机的功能及配置

介绍了国内自主研发的6.25 m焦炉捣固、装煤、推焦一体机(SCP-机)的功能及其主要配置,重点介绍了SCP-机的煤料储存和输送机构、捣固系统、装煤装置、推焦装置、启闭炉门装置、炉门清扫装置、炉框清扫装置等,着重比较了SCP-机所采用的进口捣固机与德国KOCH公司捣固机。     

不锈钢与哈氏合金在超临界水中的腐蚀与防护研究

随着我国能源结构的调整,核电大力发展已经基本呈现出必然的趋势,而第四代堆型的研发为确保核能高效利用指明了方向。超临界水堆作为第四代核能堆型中唯一的水冷堆,其良好的综合性能包括了可持续性、经济性、高效率性等,是国家未来水冷堆先进技术发展的必然结果。其当前的发展也遇到一些棘手的问题,最为突出的是材料的耐腐蚀性。本文将简单介绍超临界水堆及分析几种合金在其中的腐蚀情况。     

新型GJF干燥超微粉碎机

正国家高新技术企业浙江丰利粉碎设备有限公司研发的GJF干燥超微粉碎机列入国家火炬项目,被评为国家重点新产品。专家认为GJF干燥超微粉碎机集干燥、超微粉碎、分级三重工艺于一体,成功解决了含水量高的物料的超微粉碎难题,是粉体工程的重大突破,其技术处于国内领先水平;所采用的三角形齿圈定子和带高速活动锤的转子结构以及带变速分散机构的双螺旋加料装置属国内首创。     

新型GJF干燥超微粉碎机

正国家高新技术企业浙江丰利粉碎设备有限公司研发的GJF干燥超微粉碎机列入国家火炬项目,评为国家重点新产品。专家认为GJF干燥超微粉碎机集干燥、超微粉碎、分级三重工艺于一体,成功解决了含水量高的物料的超微粉碎难题,是粉体工程的重大突破,其技术处于国内领先水平;所采用的三角形齿圈定子和带高速活动锤的转子结构以及带变速分散机构的双     

宜兴均陶堆贴花画面的写意性风格

宜兴均陶是一门古老且优秀的陶瓷艺术,造型、画面、釉色都极具特色,其中画面装饰中发展最为成熟的是大拇指堆贴花手法。本文在介绍宜兴均陶独特的堆贴花装饰技法的基础上,重点探讨了宜兴均陶图案的独特的写意性风格。     

Temperature Measurement and Distribution Inside Planar SOFC Stacks

In this work, a kind of thin K‐type thermocouple and self‐developed CAS‐I sealant were used to assembly solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks and temperatures of unit cells inside a planar SOFC stack were measured. The open circuit voltage testing of the stack and characterization of the interface between sealant and components suggested excellent sealing effect by applying the developed method. The effect of discharging direct‐current on temperature and temperature distribution inside the designed SOFC stack was investigated. The results showed that the discharging current had a great impact and the gas flow rate had a slight impact on the temperatures of unit cells. Temperature distribution of unit cells inside the stack was much non‐uniform and there is a significant temperature difference between various components of the stack and heating environment. The relationship between temperatures and cell performance showed that the worse the cell performance, the higher the cell surface temperature. When the stack was discharged at a constant current and the temperature of cell surface was over 950 °C, the higher the temperature, the more drop the corresponding voltage.     

固体氧化物燃料电池的变工况特性

以大面积电池和千瓦级电堆为研究对象,在确定的燃料成分、流量、和工作温度下,系统研究了电流阶梯变化、电流脉冲变化、电堆热启停以及冷热循环(冷启停)等工况下电堆的输出性能。结果表明:在小电流区域,电堆的电压和功率能够快速跟踪电流变化;在大电流区域,电池的电压出现波动和弛豫,电堆的功率也出现弛豫。热启停实验结果表明,SOFC电堆对电流的on-off变化具有足够的耐受性,一定数量的热启停不会导致电堆性能的明显衰减。而冷热循环会导致应力释放,引起接触电阻变化,从而使电堆性能衰减,5次以上热循环可使应力释放趋于缓和。     

Use of effective conductivities and unit cell-based supraelements in the numerical simulation of solid oxide fuel cell stacks

The numerical simulation of current and temperature distribution in monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks requires fast computers because of the large number of mesh points required in casting a complex solid geometry into a finite difference form and the necessity to solve coupled, nonlinear differential equations. By analogy with the modelling of radiative heat transfer in packed bed reactors, a significant degree of simplification is achieved by defining effective electric and thermal conductivities for the repeating unit cell elements, identified as the basic building blocks of the SOFC stack. The effective conductivities are approximated by closed form formulae derived from the principles of electrostatics and heat conduction. The effect of radiation across the gas channels is incorporated into the expressions for the effective thermal conductivity. Using this approach, the unit cell geometry, local mass transfer processes and reaction kinetics are expressed in terms of a supraelement model in a finite difference grid for the numerical calculation of temperature and potential distributions in a stack by an iterative process. The simplifications thus provided render simulations of three-dimensional SOFC stacks tractable for desktop processors. By using the foregoing approach to numerical simulation, a parametric study of a cross-flow type SOFC is presented, and some of the results are compared with the available experimental data     

Worldwide SOFC Technology Overview and Benchmark

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are generally considered to be a promising future electricity-generation technology due to their high electrical efficiency. They also display a multi-fuel capability (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, etc.), may play a role in carbon sequestration strategies, and may render the highest electricity generation efficiency in power station design if coupled with a gas turbine. Nevertheless, their development still faces various problems with high-temperature materials, design of cost-effective materials and manufacturing processes, and efficient plant design. This article summarizes world wide efforts in the field of SOFC, presenting an overview of the main SOFC designs and the main developers active in this field. Based on data published in proceedings of international conferences during the last few years, a comparison is made of the results achieved in cell, stack, and system development.     

Anode-Supported Tubular Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A tubular anode-supported "micro-solid oxide fuel cell" (μSOFC) has been developed for producing high volumetric power density (VPD) SOFC systems featuring rapid turn on/off capability. An electrophoretic deposition (EPD)-based, facile manufacturing process is being refined to produce the anode support, anode functional and electrolyte layers of a single cell. μSOFCs (diameter <5 mm) have two main potential advantages, a substantial increase in the electrolyte surface area per unit volume of a stack and also rapid start-up. As fuel cell power is directly proportional to the active electrolyte surface area, a μSOFC stack can substantially increase the VPD of an SOFC device. A decrease in tube diameter allows for a reduction in wall thickness without any degradation of a cell's mechanical properties. Owing to its thin wall, a μSOFC has an extremely high thermal shock resistance and low thermal mass. These two characteristics are fundamental in reducing start-up and turn-off time for the SOFC stack. Traditionally, SOFC has not been considered for portable applications due to its high thermal mass and low thermal shock resistance (start-up time in hours), but with μSOFCs' potential for rapid start-up, new possibilities for portable and transportable applications open up.     

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technology Status

In its most common configuration, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) uses an oxygen-ion conducting ceramic electrolyte membrane, perovskite cathode, and nickel cermet anode electrode. Cells operate in the 600–1000°C temperature range and utilize metallic or ceramic current collectors for cell-to-cell interconnection. Recent developments in engineered electrode architectures, component materials chemistry, cell and stack designs, and fabrication processes have led to significant improvements in the electrical performance and performance stability as well as reduction in the operating temperature of such cells. Large kW-size power-generation systems have been designed and field demonstrated. This paper reviews the status of SOFC power-generation systems with emphasis on cell and stack component materials, electrode reactions, materials reactions, and corrosion processes.     

SOFCo Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

SOFCo-EFS Holdings LLC has developed a multi-layer, planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack that has the potential to provide superior performance and reliability at reduced costs. Our approach combines state-of-the-art SOFC materials with the manufacturing technology and infrastructure established for multi-layer ceramic (MLC) packages for the microelectronics industry. With the proper selection of SOFC materials, implementation of MLC fabrication methods offers unique designs for stacks. Over the past two years, substantial progress has been made in the design and manufacturing development of our second-generation stack. Effective stack and manifold seals have been developed. Cell performance has been improved and relatively low non-cell contributions to stack resistance have been achieved. Stack development has been facilitated through the implementation of two key test methods: (1) a 10-cm single-cell test to bridge the gap in performance data obtained from button cell tests (used for cell R&D) and stack tests; and (2) a novel instrumented short stack (<5 cells) that allows for effective isolation of individual contributions to stack resistance. As a result of progress made to date, a clear pathway for improving stack performance has been established, thereby building confidence that commercial stack performance targets will be reached.     

Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Combined Ammonia Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

An exergoeconomic study of an ammonia‐fed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based combined system for transportation applications is presented in this paper. The relations between capital costs and thermodynamic losses for the system components are investigated. The exergoeconomic analysis includes the SOFC stack and system components, including the compressor, microturbine, pressure regulator, and heat exchangers. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the system performance and costs of the components, depending on the operating temperature, exhaust temperature, and fuel utilization ratio. A parametric study is performed to show how the ratio of the thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost changes with operating parameters. For the devices and the overall system, some practical correlations are introduced to relate the capital cost and total exergy loss. The ratio of exergy consumption to capital cost is found to be strongly dependent on the current density and stack temperature, but less affected by the fuel utilization ratio.     

A new and simple way to prepare monolithic solid oxide fuel cell stack by stereolithography 3D printing technology using 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia photocurable slurry

Yttria (8 mol%) stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) photocurable slurry is the basis for stereolithography-based 3D (SLA) printed structured electrolyte support for monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack. The curing resin with trifunctional trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (TMPTA/HDDA) mass ratio of 1.5:8.5 and 1 wt% of photoinitiator provided excellent curing performance and low viscosity of 2.1 mPa·s. Stable 8YSZ photocurable slurry possessing high solid content of 43 vol% and low viscosity of 3.6 Pa·s at 30 s^?1 shear rate were obtained, without particle sedimentation after 180-day stability test. The activation energy of 8YSZ fabricated by 3D printing method was 0.87 eV, similar to that by dry-pressing method. The 3D printed monolithic 3-tube SOFC stack exhibited a peak power density of 230 mW·cm^?2 at 850 °C. This research proves the great potential of 3D printing technology to prepare monolithic SOFC stack, paving the way to develop SOFCs for practical applications.     

应用于大尺寸平板型固体燃料电池电堆的Al2O3-SiO2-CaO基密封材料软化特性及其验证

设计研制了Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CaO基密封材料,对其高温晶化与软化、热性能、界面黏结特性开展了原位观察,并进行了电堆实际应用验证。结果表明:在不高于1 100℃时该密封材料均为非晶态,850℃开始软化,900~1 000℃出现球化。热重分析表明密封材料在0~960℃的质量损失较小,约为0.06%;密封材料与连接板、电池界面黏结紧密,利于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)电堆密封应用。采用研制的密封材料组装了2个5单元SOFC短堆,分别进行了热循环与稳定性研究。结果表明:2个5单元电堆的开路电压达到6.0 V,平均开路电压1.2 V,电堆1热循环前后在35 A(0.56 A/cm²)条件下输出功率为运行无衰减,电堆2在27 A(电流密度0.43 A/cm²)进行恒流放电,运行300 h较为稳定。