改性CNTs在矿用阻燃输送带覆盖胶中的应用研究

本文研究了改性碳纳米管（以下简称改性CNTs）在矿用阻燃输送带覆盖胶的应用,主要考察了不同质量份（0~3phr）的改性CNTs对胶料的硫化特性、物理机械性能、磨耗性能、电性能、导热性能,酒精喷灯燃烧性能。结果表明,随改性CNTs用量的增加,拉伸强度基本不变;定伸强度提高;扯断伸长率减小;硬度略微提高。老化前后相应性能变化率均在±25%之间,达到矿用阻燃输送带覆盖胶标准要求。邵坡尔磨耗体积降低,覆盖胶的耐磨性能提高;硫化胶的体积电阻和表面电阻均有明显下降,能够达到导静电的指标要求;硫化胶阻燃性能（酒精喷灯燃烧试验）的有焰燃烧时间均为零,无焰燃烧时间缩短,使阻燃性能及其稳定性得到保证;同时考察了该胶料不同温度（60℃,120℃）下的导热性能,发现随改性CNTs用量的增加,胶料的热扩散率和导热系数明显增加;采用有限元法,结合等效硫化理论,计算出随改性CNTs用量的增加,矿用阻燃输送带ST3500的工程正硫化时间可缩短2min左右,在保证产品质量前提下,提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本。     

微藻生物柴油的制备及其性能指标评价分析

以微藻毛油为原料,采用近临界醇解（SRCA）工艺制备微藻生物柴油,并分析了微藻生物柴油的各项指标。分析结果表明：微藻生物柴油的密度、运动黏度、闪点、含硫量、硫酸盐灰分、含水量、机械杂质、铜片腐蚀、十六烷值、酸值、游离甘油和总甘油等12项指标符合GB/T 20828-2007对调和用生物柴油BD100的要求;10%蒸余物残炭（4.03%）、氧化安定性（0.85 h,110℃）以及90%回收温度等3项指标与国标要求存在一定的差距;冷滤点（34℃）指标也不满足实际使用要求。通过结晶过滤或馏分切割可以降低产品的冷滤点;通过馏分切割可以获得90%回收温度达标的生物柴油组分（180℃以下馏分）;通过添加2 000 μg/g抗氧剂,可以使氧化安定性提高到9.50 h,从而达到国标要求。     

活塞式航空发动机燃用生物航煤与RP-3燃料的适用性对比

以大豆油为原料，经催化裂解、精馏、芳构化和加氢过程制备生物航煤，并分析了其组成及理化性能；进一步采用活塞式航空发动机进行发动机台架试验，对比分析了生物航煤与RP-3燃料的燃用适用性。研究结果表明：生物航煤的基本组成为直链烷烃74.54%、环烷烃13.04%、芳香烃10.31%、醚类1.07%和非α-链烯烃1.04%；生物航煤的热值较高(44.4 MJ/kg)，冰点低(-48 ℃)，但黏度较高(2.11 mm²/s)。与RP-3燃料相比，生物航煤具有更低的启动温度；温升速度(相差4 ℃之内)、油耗(相差小于0.02 g/s)与RP-3燃料接近，当发动机转速超过4 200 r/min时，过量空气系数波动较大(0.8~1.2)，燃烧状态恶化。台架试验后发动机拆解检查发现，燃用生物航煤后出现结焦积炭现象，这是由于该批次生物航煤黏度较大(>2 mm²/s)，对雾化效率、燃烧充分程度等发动机工作性能产生影响。     

0.6Mt/a焦化汽柴油加氢装置的技术改造

0.6 Mt/a焦化汽柴油加氢装置改造为航煤加氢装置后,兰州石化航煤生产能力由0.3 Mt/a增加到了0.9 Mt/a,使闲置装置恢复了生产能力,满足了市场需求,提高了经济效益。标定结果表明:在反应条件较为缓和的情况下,精制航煤碱性氮含量为0.06~0.92μg/g,达到设计≯1μg/g的指标;硫醇硫含量为0.0001%~0.000 7%,达到设计小于0.001 2%的指标;总酸值为0.001 5~0.002 6 mg KOH/g,达到设计小于0.014 mg KOH/g的指标;其余各项指标亦均达到国家3#喷气燃料及军用航煤质量要求;2013年实际加工航煤58.14万t,增效9 000万元。     

稻米油生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料低温流动性能的研究

将稻米油生物柴油分别与0#柴油和煤直接液化柴油掺混,研究生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料的低温流动性能。结果表明,两种石化柴油均能降低生物柴油的冷滤点、倾点和运动黏度。与0#柴油掺混,φ(生物柴油)=60%时,混合燃料冷滤点和倾点最低分别为-10℃和-15℃;与煤直接液化柴油掺混,φ(生物柴油)=80%,就可以使混合燃料的冷滤点和倾点分别降到-10℃和-16℃。     

中/低温煤焦油催化加氢制备清洁燃料油研究

以中/低温煤焦油460 ℃以下馏分为原料,在30 mL小试加氢反应装置上对其进行加氢改质,制备清洁燃料油.加氢反应过程中系统压力为8 MPa～15 MPa,反应温度为400 ℃～460 ℃,氢/油体积比为1 800～2 000,煤焦油原料全部转化,产品油平均体积收率大于106%,进一步分离后获得汽油馏分(≤170 ℃)和柴油馏分(>170 ℃),其中汽油馏分和柴油馏分分别占总体积的22.75%和77.25%(该比例随不同煤焦油来源而不同),无任何尾油残留,且均达到国家标准中93#汽油和0#柴油规定的各项技术指标;此外,煤焦油和产品中硫含量的分析结果表明,产品油中硫的含量大大降低,完全可以达到清洁燃料油的标准.     

生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性标准测试方法的现状和趋势

生物柴油调合燃料的氧化安定性是一个非常重要的指标。本文介绍了多种可用于测定生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性的标准方法,比较了各种方法的差异及各自的优缺点,并且指出馏分燃料加速氧化法即石化行业标准 SH/T 0175(ASTM D 2274)以及油脂稳定指数法即 Rancimat 法(EN 14112)是可能被普遍采用,并作为生物柴油调合燃料产品标准中氧化安定性指标的指定分析方法。其它标准方法如馏分燃料 43℃ 贮存氧化法(SH/T 0690,ASTM D 4625)、高温稳定性评价法(ASTM D 6468)、 JFTOT法(GB/T 9169,ASTM D 3241)以及汽油诱导期法(GB/T 8018,ASTM D 525)可作为研究生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性的辅助方法。同时对我国正在制定的生物柴油调合燃料B5和即将制定的B10、B20国家标准中氧化安定性指标和方法提出了建议。     

劣质柴油加氢改质工艺研究

以直馏柴油、催化柴油与焦化柴油的混合柴油为原料,在200 mL固定床加氢装置上进行加氢改质试验。试验重点考察高硫、高氮劣质柴油加氢改质后的柴油产品能否满足欧IV车用柴油标准。试验结果表明,由于混合馏分油硫、氮含量高,十六烷值低,采用传统的加氢精制技术进行加氢处理,难以满足十六烷值的要求。改进后的技术可以使柴油产品的硫和氮含量均低于10×10-6的同时,十六烷值提高16～19个单位,能够达到欧V车用柴油标准,其副产的重石脑油馏分可以作为优质的催化重整原料。     

Zn改性对Ni/ZSM-22催化剂费托重柴油异构降凝性能的影响

采用离子交换、成型、负载方法对ZSM-22分子筛进行改性，得到不同Zn负载量的ZSM-22分子筛载体，通过X射线衍射、N2物理吸附?脱附及吡啶吸附红外等表征其物化性质。以改性ZSM-22分子筛为酸性组分、Ni为金属组分制备Ni基加氢异构催化剂，以费托重柴油为原料对其异构降凝性能进行评价。结果表明，离子交换对分子筛结构影响较小，且Zn在分子筛表面呈高度分散状。分子筛负载Zn可降低Br?nsted (B)酸与Lewis (L)酸的酸量比值(B/L)，且随Zn负载量增加，B/L值降低，异构烃收率提高，有效抑制裂解反应，提高柴油收率。负载Zn可明显降低重型柴油冷滤点，随Zn负载量逐渐提高，冷滤点上升。在金属加氢性能相同时，减少B酸含量有利于提升催化剂上金属位与酸性位的匹配及重型柴油异构性能。以所制Zn负载量为0.42wt%的Ni基分子筛催化剂在柴油的冷滤点达到国六车用柴油标准-10#柴油要求(冷滤点?5℃)时，柴油收率仍高达90.65%。     

桦甸页岩油热加工生产燃料油的研究

对桦甸页岩油重油馏分(＞360 ℃)进行热加工实验,研究了桦甸页岩油重馏分热加工反应的影响因素,并分析了裂解油的基本性质.结果表明:随着反应时间的延长、反应温度的提高,裂解油收率逐渐降低,焦炭收率和气体及损失率逐渐升高;当反应温度为395 ℃、反应时间为2 h时,裂解油的密度、凝点、闪点、运动粘度、残炭、灰分分别为0.875 g/mL、21.50 ℃、64 ℃、19.90 mm2/s、0.400、0.047,裂解油的质量已经达到了20#重柴油的使用要求.     

Formulation of Canola-Diesel Microemulsion Fuels and Their Selective Diesel Engine Performance

Vegetable oils have been considered as an alternative to diesel fuel due to their comparable properties and performance. However, the high viscosity of vegetable oil causes engine durability problems with long-term usage. Vegetable oil viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel fuel in thermodynamically stable mixtures using microemulsion fuel formulation techniques. This work focuses on the formulation of microemulsion fuels comprising diesel fuel and canola oil as the oil phase with ethanol and sec-butanol as viscosity reducers as well as 1-octanol and oleyl amine as surfactant/cosurfactant. Selective tests on an instrumented diesel engine were performed for formulated microemulsion fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel for comparison. The results show that formulated microemulsion fuels have fuel properties that meet the ASTM requirements for viscosity, cloud point, and pour point for biodiesel. Even more important, they have phase stability over a wide range of temperatures (−10 to 70 °C). Although all of the microemulsion fuels showed higher fuel consumption than diesel fuel, some of the microemulsion fuels had significantly reduced CO and NO_x emissions as well as reduced particulates when compared to baseline diesel fuel. The research demonstrates the potential of these microemulsion fuels as alternative to neat diesel fuel.     

柴油低温流动改进剂的合成及性能评价

介绍了在甲苯溶液中将甲基丙烯酸酯-马来酸酐二元共聚物用高级脂肪醇、聚乙二醇酯化,得到一系列新聚合物,通过对长庆石化分公司混合柴油的冷滤点的测试,改性后的二元共聚物可降低混合柴油的冷滤点3-4℃;利用多种低温流动改进剂的协同作用,探讨了合成主剂与不同的降凝剂和蜡晶分散剂复配效果;用差示扫描量热法（DSC）对加剂柴油和空白柴油在降温过程中的相变情况进行了研究,实验结果表明加剂后延缓了柴油中石蜡的结晶速度,使石蜡结晶温度降低,改善了柴油的低温流动性。     

Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

This paper discusses the physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends. The attention is focused on the properties which influence the injection and engine characteristics significantly. Main properties have been investigated experimentally. The analysis of experimentally obtained fuel properties of tested fuels and their influence on engine characteristics are presented. Physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel and ethanol-diesel fuel blends were measured according to requirements and test methods for diesel fuel (EN590, 2003). The tested fuels were neat mineral diesel fuel (D100), 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel fuel blend (E05D95), 10% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E10D90) and 15% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E15D85). It has been proved that, for ethanol-diesel fuel blends, some additives are necessary to keep stability under low temperature conditions. Also, cold weather properties test, such as cloud point and pour point tests are negatively affected by phase separation. The rest of the properties, excepting flash point, were within diesel fuel standard specifications. Based on this study, it can be concluded that using additives to avoid phase separation and to raise flash point, blends of diesel fuel with ethanol up to 15% can be used to fuel diesel engines if engine performance tests corroborate it.     

Aviation fuel JP-5 and biodiesel on a diesel engine

Naval aviation turbine fuel, JP-5, has been accepted as alternative to JP-8 in the frame of the Single Fuel Policy. This has resulted in some ongoing research on JP-5 fuel for its application as a naval single fuel. The necessity to cope with the environmental problems identified in the process of implementing the Single Fuel Policy as well as the strict requirements of modern diesel engines has lead to the need of improved single fuel quality. The development of biomass derived substitutes for diesel, such as biodiesel, is a possible attractive solution. The present paper is an effort to evaluate JP-5 along with diesel and biodiesel for use in a diesel engine. These fuels were used alone and in various mixture fractions in a single cylinder stationary diesel engine in order to evaluate their performance under defined operating conditions of the engine. JP-5 reduced both the NOx and particulate matter emissions as compared to the reference fuel case. Biodiesel significantly lowered particulate emissions, but slightly increased NOx emissions and fuel consumption. Fuel sulfur content has an undesired effect on smoke opacity. Biodiesel increased the fuel consumption when added to petroleum fuels and the increase was larger at high engine loads. Diesel and JP-5 showed similar fuel consumption, with diesel consumption increasing at high engine loads. Ternary blends showed similar behavior. The blends with lower biodiesel content showed lower volumetric fuel consumption.     

航煤、柴油色谱模拟蒸馏的应用

介绍了采用气相色谱模拟蒸馏的原理快速测定航煤、柴油的馏程的方法。使用一条具有一定分离度的非极性毛细管色谱柱,将样品通过可程序升温进样口进入色谱柱,在线性程序升温条件下将样品按沸点次序分离,模拟经典实沸点蒸馏测定出馏程;并通过经典手工馏程分析数据,对每一类样品的结果进行修正,建立相对应的样品类型。试验表明,采用气相色谱模拟蒸馏可在8 min内准确、简便地测定出航煤和柴油的馏程。     

飞行器燃料再生冷却热管理系统参数设计

考虑飞行器的服役环境以及热管理系统质量与几何尺寸的设计要求，探讨了以航空燃料再生冷却技术为基础的高超声速飞行器综合热管理系统的方案。根据不同的热载荷种类和换热方式，结合新提出的超临界压力碳氢燃料管内传热关联式，给出了飞行器热管理系统中两种类型换热设备的传热参数设计方法。利用MATLAB/SIMULINK平台的图形化交互界面创建并封装了飞行器热管理系统的主要功能模块，并以国内典型的RP-3型航空煤油为例，实现了以航空燃料为热沉的热管理系统参数设计过程。     

环烷烃与航空煤油掺混燃烧特性研究

双碳背景下,采用生物质基航空燃油替代传统航油成为当前的研究热点之一。生物质基航油组分与传统航油不同,生物质基航油的环烷烃由木质素加氢脱氧得到,与传统航油中的环烷烃在结构上有所差别。不同结构的环烷烃的燃烧特性有很大差别,基于此,本文通过可变压缩比内燃机研究了四种典型生物质基环烷烃（环戊烷、环己烷、乙基环己烷以及十氢萘）与RP-3航空航油掺混后的低温燃烧特性及其在压燃式发动机中对燃烧过程的影响以研究燃料单一性的可行性。结果表明提高掺混比例,十氢萘对燃烧效果有明显的促进作用,着火点提前,放热峰值有所增加,放热更为集中;乙基环己烷有着与航油相似的燃烧特性,而环己烷与环戊烷会使燃烧相位推迟,放热率下降,增大混合燃料的易压燃难度,不利于燃烧。研究对于木质素催化加氢制备环烷烃和生物质基环烷烃具有重要的指导意义。     

Identification and characterization of microbial contaminants isolated from stored aviation fuels by DNA sequencing and restriction fragment length analysis of a PCR-amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene

Microorganisms contaminating aircraft fuel tanks containing jet propellant-8 (JP-8) were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Thirty-three samples from six geographically separated airport bases were collected. Two bacterial genera were identified by DNA sequencing including the following isolates: Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Populations of the above species recovered on culture media ranged from 10 to 10³ CFU/ml with Staphylococcus and Agrobacterium being identified in samples taken from more than one airport base. From the bacterial communities isolated and identified in this study, only Staphylococcus was previously reported to thrive in aviation fuel tanks. Changes in aviation fuel composition and/or the ability of certain microbes to grow under certain environmental conditions may account for the isolation of previously undocumented bacterial species in aviation fuel tanks. Restriction fragment length analysis of the PCR-product proved a more reliable, simpler and quicker method to distinguish S. epidermidis and A. tumefaciens than conventional DNA sequencing.