新刊导读

我国有机氯产品原料路线仍以煤焦、农副产品为主,国外技术先进国家大多数以石油、天然气为原料。与国外某些有机氯产品的工艺技术比较,我国的装置规模小,原料及工艺路线落后,能源及原料消耗高,环境污染严重,连续化、自动化水平低,生产成本高,难与进口产品竟争。所以加快某些有机氯产品原料路线的转换势在必行。     

正确认识有机磷杀虫剂

五十年代出现的有机磷农药,一登舞台便受到热烈的欢迎,因为它解决了有机氯的两大难题:生物累积和环境污染。有机氯受到生态学家及医学界的猛烈抨击。四十年过去了,历史的钟摆摆了回来,有机磷受到绿色团体的抨击。绿色主义者认为在第三世界使用有机磷农药,等于让小孩玩火柴那样不可接受,他们     

氯菊酯粉剂防治粘虫大面积试验示范

粘虫是辽宁省粮食作物猖獗性害虫,防治上多年沿用粘虫散等有机氯制剂,造成农业环境污染,危害人体健康。1978～1982年期间,锦州市农科所进行了以取代有机氯制剂为目的应用防治粘虫研究工作,筛选出0.04％氯菊酯粉剂,亩施4斤粉剂(有效成分0.8克),防治小麦、谷子、玉米、高粱等作物一、二、三代粘虫幼虫,施药后24小时防治效果可达88.5     

环境中有机氯农药残留与女性乳腺癌

以六六六（HCH）、滴滴涕（DDT）为代表的有机氯农药是我国最早大规模使用的农药,因其有累积性、不易降解,我国在1983年已禁止使用,然而,由于这2类农药在自然条件下很难降解等原因,在我国环境中至今仍有残留.这些残留的有机氯农药对人类和野生动物的健康存在巨大威胁.有机氯农药在我国城乡人群中存在不同程度的蓄积.人的乳腺癌与接触有机氯农药可能有联系,但至今尚未确定它们之间的因果关系.     

土壤中有机氯滴滴涕和六六六的气相色谱测定

建立了用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药[滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)]的方法.考察了检测物的最低检出限、回收率和精密度,并对气相测试条件进行了优化.监测到的土壤有机氯农药的残留以p,p'-DDE和p,p-DDT为主,为了解土壤环境有机氯的含量提供了一个理论依据.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定刺梨中 11种有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定刺梨中11种有机氯农药残留的方法。以石油醚为萃取溶剂,采用加速溶剂萃取法对样品中有机氯农药进行萃取、佛罗里硅土净化后,运用DB-1701弹性石英毛细管色谱柱分离,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析。结果表明:11种有机氯农药在1～100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,方法的回收率为77. 68%～106. 22%,方法检出限为0. 011～0. 069μg·kg~(-1),相对标准偏差为1. 44%～14. 61%,满足刺梨中有机氯农药残留测定的要求。     

Fenton氧化与混凝耦合法处理有机氯农药废水的研究

研究了Fenton氧化与混凝耦合法处理有机氯农药废水的特性.以COD、色度去除率为指标比较了Fenton氧化、混凝、Fenton氧化与混凝耦合法处理有机氯农药废水的去除效果,也比较了处理后废水的可生化性.从技术角度,上述方法均能作为有机氯农药废水的预处理措施.通过经济分析,选取混凝法作为该废水的预处理措施.     

我国农药的生产及对环境的影响

我国现阶段的农药环境污染主要与农药的生产、使用及管理状况密切相关。本文概述了有机氯农药禁用后我国农药生产使用的特点、发展与现状,分析了农药生产使用中存在的问题及其造成的环境影响、对人体危害,并就此提出相应的看法与建议。(本文的研究课题为国家“九五”环保攻关项目)     

二氧化氯的漂白及制备方法

我国大多数造纸厂生产漂白纸浆均采用含氯漂白技术,应用这些漂白剂漂白后的纸浆废液中含有很多的有毒甚至剧毒的有机氯化合物。本文介绍的二氧化氯是一种新的对环境污染少、对纸张漂白效果好、不影响纸张质量的漂白剂。阐述二氧化氯用于纸浆漂白原理及其优势,介绍二氧化氯的几种常见制备方法。     

原油有机氯源头防控技术

源头预防和过程脱除是塔河油田预防原油有机氯超标的两大重要方法。制定了有机氯源头防控制度,合成了一种有机氯脱除剂,室内筛选出最佳反应参数;在现场进行了工业试验,原油有机氯现场脱除率最高达87.5%;为保障原油有机氯稳定脱除,自行设计了一种有机氯脱除装置。研究成果形成了源头控制、过程脱除的立体式原油有机氯防控体系,对油田运行降本增效具有积极意义,降低了下游炼化企业相关炼化装置的腐蚀风险,具有较高的工业应用价值。     

Identification and estimation of LAS in waters and effluents

The detergent industry of the United States has replaced alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) derived from tetrapropylene by linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) in its formulations in an effort to eliminate waste surfactants from the nation's pollution load. The effectiveness of this move will be assessed by the monitoring of sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters by numerous agencies during the next several years. Most of the analytical methods available respond to a whole range of surfactants and are not specific for LAS. This deficiency can be avoided by use of the desulfonation-gas chromatography technique, which gives unequivocal proof of the presence or absence of LAS and is readily applicable at the range of interest in the neighborhood of one part per million. Examples are given of examination of various samples for presence and semiquantitative estimation of LAS. A simple procedure is described for prepurification and separation of anionic surfactants from other components of the sample. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Cincinnati, October 1965.     

硫酸法烷基化工艺的推进

讨论了烷基化油在清洁汽油中的地位和发展趋势,简介了国内外烷基化的生产情况,详细介绍了硫酸法烷基化工艺,对硫酸法烷基化技术进行了综述,认为硫酸法烷基化工艺更适合我国国情。     

烷基化技术进展

为减少汽车尾气对环境的污染,环保法日益严格,各国对清洁能源的需求更加迫切,清洁燃料的生产成了炼油厂的重中之重,因烷基化油具有良好的性能使其得到很大重视,烷基化技术也因此得到了很大程度的开发。烷基化油是一种具有低蒸汽压、不含烯烃及芳烃等有害杂质的理想汽油高辛烷值调和组分。目前,烷基化技术包括液体酸烷基化法及固体酸烷基化法。其中,液体酸烷基化法又分为氢氟酸法、硫酸法、离子液体法等。介绍了Stratco、Exxon Mobil、UOP、Phillips、Kellogg等世界几大公司的烷基化技术;同时对国内采用上述部分技术投建的装置情况也做了简单介绍;分析概括了一些新型烷基化技术的利用和发展情况;强调了固体酸烷基化技术的优势;最后对中国石油的发展提出了建议。     

Nonbuilt heavy duty liquids: Detergency and formulating parameters

The detergency of nonbuilt heavy duty liquids containing linear alkylate sulfonate and/or linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic active is discussed. Single cycle detergency on a broad range of linear alkylate sulfonate-nonionic compositions was evaluated on cloths soiled in the laboratory with a mixture of synthetic sebum and dust and a commercially available soiled cloth, ACH #120A. The effects of multiple cycle wash testing also were covered. Formulating parameters to produce usable nonbuilt heavy duty liquids are discussed. The nonionic of choice for maximum detergency in nonbuilt heavy duty liquids should be derived from ca. a 14 carbon chain length alcohol with ca. 70% ethylene oxide. For optimum solubility, linear alkylate sulfonate should be the sodium salt derived from a linear alkylbenzene of ca. 235–240 mol wt, a product like that currently used in light duty liquids. The presence of linear alkylate sulfonate in nonbuilt heavy duty liquids helped reduce product clear point. Nonionics were found to give the best performance on cotton cloth. Linear alkylate sulfonates were most effective on synthetics. Multiple cycle testing with Spangler soil on nonbuilt heavy duty liquids was shown to be unnecessary. Mixed active systems gave the best overall product on the basis of performance and physical properties.     

Degradation of linear alkylate sulfonates in sewage

Residual linear alkylate sulfonates isolated from sewage effluents during a field test of biologically soft detergents reveal chain-length and phenyl isomer distributions similar to those in the influent stream. The data suggest no preferential degradation of linear alkylate sulfonate isomers under the field test conditions. The effluent is, however, characterized by apparent changes in branching content.     

可资源化烷基化废酸裂解装置若干问题分析与探讨

介绍了烷基化废酸裂解工艺过程。探讨了实际生产过程中裂解温度、助燃空气温度、燃料气用量、硫磺用量、空气过剩量等烷基化废酸裂解装置的各种影响因素。重点提出了降低燃料气能耗以使装置变亏为盈的措施。     

Adhesion of polystyrene latex particles to cotton fibers in aqueous sodium alkylate solutions

The adhesion of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles to cotton fibers was investigated in aqueous sodium alkylate solutions. The PSL particles were polymerized in a surfactant-free system. The sodium alkylates used were sodium octanoate, sodium decanoate, and sodium dodecanoate. The number of particles adhering to the cotton fibers from an aqueous suspension containing sodium alkylate was determined spectroscopically. The rate constant of particle adhesion and the apparent equilibrium amount of the PSL particles adhering to the fibers were obtained. The total potential energies of interaction between the particle and fiber were calculated using the electrokinetic potentials and the thickness of the adsorbed layer on the basis of the heterocoagulation theory. A plot of the logarithmic rate constant of adhesion against the maximum potential energy was found to be linear. The relation between the equilibrium amount of adhesion and the depth of the primary well was also linear. The adhesion of PSL particles to cotton fibers in aqueous sodium alkylate solutions was interpreted in terms of the total potential energy, which was calculated by considering the existence of an adsorption layer.     

俄罗斯脂肪胺生产及欧洲织物柔软剂应用进展

综述了俄罗斯脂肪胺生产技术,醛还原烷基化制伯胺,伯胺甲醛甲基化制叔胺及伯胺乙氧基化季铵化制乙氧基季铵盐。欧洲生产的乙氧基化季铵盐,咪唑啉阳离子ＳＡＡ及其在织物柔软剂上的应用进展,对国内叔胺生产工艺路线的选择和织物柔软剂开发品种提出了可行性建议。     

原料中正丁烷组分对烷基化装置设计的影响

烷基化装置原料中的正丁烷组分作为烷基化反应的惰性组分,在装置设计中并不是我们重点关注的对象;但其在原料中浓度的高低,会影响烷基化油产品的收率和产品质量,同时对装置分馏部分设计有着较大的影响,通过对原料中正丁烷组分含量的分析,有助于我们在前期设计阶段更准确的估算装置分馏系统的设备规格及装置消耗。     

炼油厂烷基化装置反应器轴封国产化改造

介绍烷基化装置反应器轴封国产化改造的全过程