以油化学基表面活性剂配制新型洗涤剂

本文叙述了以油化学基表面活性剂为原料配制各种洗涤剂，如粉状洗涤剂、液体洗涤剂、洗衣皂、洗衣膏、织物柔软剂、液体餐具洗涤剂等。基于再生资源的表面活性剂在未来的洗涤剂配方中将增加。天然表面活性剂有助于获得更好的洗涤效果。     

洗涤剂用酶的作用及最新技术

自从1960年蛋白酶首次成为洗涤剂用酶起,酶已经成为洗涤剂的重要成分,并不断提升了洗涤剂的性能。近几年,酶不仅仅提高了洗涤性能,还可以在不影响洗涤性能的前提下,减少表面活性剂或其他化学品的用量,降低洗涤剂的环境负荷。本文综述了各种洗涤剂用酶的作用、酶护理织物的最新趋势及最新的液体酶的稳定技术。     

酶在液体洗涤剂中的稳定性研究进展

综述了酶在液体洗涤剂中稳定性的相关研究进展。随着洗涤工业技术的发展,酶制剂已经逐步成为工业生产中不可缺少的助洗剂,研究酶与洗涤剂组分之间的共存是一个关键问题,所以主要探讨了蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及其复合酶与表面活性剂之间的相互作用,从而为解决液体洗涤剂中酶的稳定性问题提供一定的理论指导。     

影响酶洗涤效果因素的探讨

介绍了加酶洗涤剂的发展以及酶在洗涤剂中的应用。探讨了加酶洗涤剂中表面活性剂及其浓度、洗涤温度和洗涤时间对洗涤效果的影响，pH值对酶活性的影响。对影响酶洗涤效果的各种因素进行了阐述。并论述了酶在洗涤剂中的其他应用。     

液体洗涤剂技术与市场研讨会召开

液体洗涤剂技术与市场研讨会于2011年10月12日-14日在浙江省上虞市召开。本届会议由中国日用化学工业研究院、全国表面活性剂和洗涤剂行业生产力促进中心主办，中国日用化学工业信息中心和国家洗涤用品质量监督检验中心承办，中国洗协科学技术专业委员会和中国洗协表面活性剂专业委员会协办，     

衣用洗涤剂技术开发和市场发展趋向

介绍了LAS后续开发的新表面活性剂，主要是α－SFM系粒状洗涤剂和AE系液体洗涤剂和近年来被用于洗涤工业的新型SAA（例如，APG，NRE和MEGA等），以及全球衣用洗涤剂市场发展趋向。     

西欧大吨位表面活性剂工业概况

西欧表面活性剂工业目前面临着生产能力过剩、竞争激烈和利润率下降的局面。西欧家用洗涤剂市场是表面活性剂的最大用户,增长速度非常缓慢,这是因为大多数西欧国家的生活水平都很高,更加趋向于使用浓缩洗涤用品,洗涤剂生产的表面活性剂用量增长甚微,西欧     

在不增加成本的条件下采用酶制剂替代表面活性剂——通向环保洗衣的捷径

<正>采用酶制剂替代洗涤剂中的表面活性剂,能帮助降低洗衣所造成的环境影响,同时既不牺牲总体洗涤效果,又不增加洗涤剂成本。之所以如此,是因为洗涤剂酶在较低浓度下就可以达到很高的效率     

碱性蛋白酶洗涤稳定性提高的研究进展

碱性蛋白酶是液体洗涤剂中使用量最大的一类酶制剂,应用于洗涤剂行业的碱性蛋白酶占碱性蛋白酶市场的60%以上。不同于粉状洗涤剂中的酶制剂被造粒所包裹,液体洗涤剂中的碱性蛋白酶直接暴露于溶液中,与洗涤剂成分如表面活性剂、洗涤助剂及漂白剂直接接触作用,使得蛋白酶洗涤稳定性下降。除此之外,蛋白酶在液体洗涤剂环境中存在普遍的自溶失活现象,对其洗涤性能造成不利影响。如何提升碱性蛋白酶的稳定性是液体洗涤剂领域中的一个热点问题。本文介绍了碱性蛋白酶的催化与失活机制,综述了几种常用于稳定碱性蛋白酶的策略,即添加稳定剂、分子改造和化学修饰,重点介绍了化学修饰中的聚乙二醇化修饰与多糖修饰,对比了两种修饰方法的过程与效果,并在最后对碱性蛋白酶稳定性提高策略进行了展望。     

洗涤助剂对去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶的影响

洗涤助剂是洗涤剂的辅助组分。一般可分为无机盐助剂、有机助剂、溶剂以及其他助剂。它可以使洗涤剂的表面活性剂更好地发挥其对污垢的洗脱、分散、加溶、乳化等作用,提高洗涤效果,并可降低洗涤剂的原材料成本、提高其商业价值。合成洗涤剂除了含有一定量的表面活性剂外,一般都加入一定量的洗涤     

Laundry detergents: an overview

Nowadays laundry detergents are becoming increasingly popular as they can be metered automatically into the washing machine, impart softness, antistaticness, resiliency to fabrics, mild to eyes and skins and shows good dispersibility in water. Because it is consumed when it is used, the sale of laundry detergent is a rather large business. There are many different kinds or brands of laundry detergent sold, many of them claiming some special qualities as selling points. A Laundry detergent composition is a formulated mixture of raw materials that can be classified into different types based on their properties and function in the final product. The different classes of raw materials are surfactants, builders, bleaching agents, enzymes, and minors which remove dirt, stain, and soil from surfaces or textiles gave them pleasant feel and odour. The physico-chemical properties of surfactants make them suitable for laundry purposes. Laundry detergent has traditionally been a powdered or granular solid, but the use of liquid laundry detergents has gradually increased over the years, and these days use of liquid detergent equals or even exceeds use of solid detergent. This review paper describes the history, composition, types, mechanism, consumption, environmental effects and consumption of laundry detergents.     

Detergent enzymes: Developments during the last decade

The decade of the seventies saw dramatic changes in the formulation of heavy duty laundry detergents. The reduction in the STPP content in laundry product formulations was a notable example. During the early 1970s, heavy duty liquid laundry detergents were introduced and today represent an estimated 20% of the heavy duty laundry detergent market. A significant trend during this decade toward lower wash temperatures also appeared. These developments in home laundry products and washing trends have been followed by collateral developments in detergent enzyme technology. During the 1970s, a new generation of high alkaline, active detergent enzymes were developed. This new group of alkaline proteases were characterized by greater activity and stability under conditions of alkalinity between pH 10.5 to near 12, thus favoring phosphate-free detergent formulations. These enzymes also were found to exhibit superior stability in nonbuilt liquid laundry detergent systems. Safety considerations at the plant operation level have resulted in a continual improvement in the quality of coated and encapsulated detergent enzyme granulates. During the past 10 years, detergent enzymes have passed through three generations of physical forms, from the powders to prills to encapsulates. The decade of the 1980s offers exciting possibilities for enzymatic laundry products. The trend toward lower wash temperatures, caused initially by the popularity of synthetic fabrics, is being compounded by a radical reappraisal of household energy consumption patterns. In this new atmosphere of energy conservation, detergent enzymes will offer energy-saving options in an assortment of laundry products. Finally, as we start this decade of the 1980s, the spiralling cost of petrochemical feedstocks will cause us to rethink laundry product formulations and here again, detergent enzymes offer an important alternative for the future.     

酶在洗涤剂中的应用现状及展望

论述了洗涤剂用酶的发展史和常用4种酶(特别是纤维素酶)的特性、去污机理、功能和应用现状。指出了近年来洗涤剂用酶的动向：开发具有耐氧化性、低温下活性高、对洗涤剂和洗涤环境适应性好的变异蛋白酶已商品化；一些反应性更好，对油污吸附性更强的改良脂肪酶已出现；一类在高碱性、低温介质中能充分保持活性的淀粉酶正在积极开发中；一类纤维素复合体可以分解棉纤维表面的毛球正在开发中；一种对纤维损伤较小的护色的酶制剂进入实用阶段；一种可有效防止再污染，能与棉质衣料作用产生其他不同效果的独特酶制剂正在引起同行注意。今后，随着洗涤剂种类和用途的变化，用多种不同的酶制剂复配的复合型加酶洗涤剂品种将源源不断地上市，洗涤剂中酶制剂的用量不断增加、化学物质总量尽量降低将成为加酶洗涤剂发展的趋势。     

降低环境影响的液体洗涤剂新配方

在全球清洁产品市场中,液体洗涤剂的用量大幅度上升,在美国,这种趋势更是占有主导地位。在欧洲,液体洗涤剂的用量呈稳步增长的趋势。在这种趋势的引导下,不管是生产商还是消费者,都比较关心如何降低产品的成本,减少因运输和包装带来的环境污染。消费者对新产品的要求有助于降低成本和环境污染。介绍了在一定的活性物范围内,能够提供简便、无需稀释的浓缩洗涤剂新配方,这种配方在任何比例下用冷水稀释都无凝胶形成。     

Protease and Amylase Stability in the Presence of Chelators Used in Laundry Detergent Applications: Correlation Between Chelator Properties and Enzyme Stability in Liquid Detergents

Chelators are a common ingredient in most laundry detergents. They have a number of different functions such as reducing water hardness, assisting in keeping particulate soil in suspension and the removal of certain stains, thus complementing the action of the anionic surfactants. Another important group of components in a modern liquid detergent is enzymes, mainly proteases and amylases. As the most commonly used enzymes within the detergent industry are dependent on bound calcium ions to maintain conformational stability and function, the presence of both chelators and enzymes in a liquid detergent presents a challenge. The three commonly used Ca²⁺ chelators: citrate, DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and HEDP (1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid), were studied with regard to their impact on protease and amylase stability in buffer and in a model liquid detergent. Enzyme stability was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and activity studies, and correlated to the chelator-Ca²⁺ interaction properties. The results show that a chelator’s ability to reduce water hardness and its Ca²⁺ affinity are in reality two separate aspects in the context of their use in liquid detergents. In the presence of DTPA, stoichiometric surplus of free Ca²⁺ is required to maintain sufficient amylase and protease stability. In the presence of the weaker chelators, HEDP and citrate, the total Ca²⁺ concentration is more important to protein stability than stoichiometric balancing between chelator and Ca²⁺. Thus, for these chelators their total concentration only has a minor impact on the Ca²⁺ concentration required to maintain or improve enzyme storage stability. The results underline the importance of Ca²⁺ in liquid detergent formulations, and suggest how proper balancing of chelators and Ca²⁺ can be used to improve overall enzyme stability.     

The application of linear programming and regression analysis to light duty liquid detergent formulation

A strategy to help the formulator obtain a good, low cost, light duty liquid detergent formulation which matches or exceeds the properties of a commercially available product in a small number of steps is presented in this paper. The strategy is a sequential procedure, making use of a formulator’s prior knowledge of the system, results obtained in previous steps, regression analysis and linear programming. The linear model is improved at each step. In comparison with previously published methods of detergent formulation, a considerably smaller number of steps is required to arrive at a minimum cost formulation which meets the property specifications. The strategy is illustrated by matching the properties of a commercial detergent in less than nine steps using ten components, of which eight can vary.     

我国织物洗涤剂行业现状及发展

概述了我国织物洗涤剂行业的现状。我国作为亚太地区最大的织物洗涤产品市场,产品形式主要有洗衣粉、洗衣液和洗衣膏,其中洗衣粉是我国织物洗涤剂的主流产品,占有约60％～70％的市场份额。洗衣液以其环保优越性,已经成为我国织物洗涤剂行业发展的主要趋势。重点介绍了浓缩型、低温低泡型、含酶和无磷织物液体洗涤剂。最后探讨了我国织物洗涤剂行业的发展方向和发展趋势,即向具有高去污力、环保、节能、经济以及气味清新的液体洗涤剂的方向发展。     

浅谈地毯的清洁与保养

概述了目前市场上地毯的种类、结构、特点，以及地表洗剂的清洗原理和分类方法。着重介绍了粉状地毯清洗剂与液体地毯清洗剂之间的各种配方组成，以及不同配方的试用比较结果，如成本价格、用量大小、适用范围、支污效果、保质期、注意事项及综合性能，最后对地毯的日常保养提出了建议。     

无磷液体洗涤剂配方的设计

从世界洗涤产品来看,液体洗涤剂是一种趋势。在未来的市场上,无磷液体洗涤剂的潜力巨大。优化了无磷液体洗涤剂配方,使其去污效果好,成本低。     

Heavy-duty liquid detergent

A highly concentrated liquid detergent was developed. For the consumer, the quality and costs of this detergent correspond to the light-duty washing powders, The new detergent can be used in washing machines as well as for hand-washing. For the consumer, the liquid product is ready for immediate use, gives no solubility problems in hte washing bath and saves both time and energy by surfactants and containing an enzyme, the liquid detergent is activated for strain removal. It is recommended especially for such strains as collar soil, blood, grass and many kinds of food strains. For the best result, the instruction advises the application of "Flytande Tvättmedel" directly on visible stains in a prespotting fashion.