方形微通道内流动凝结时气液相界面演进过程的数值模拟

基于VOF模型,模拟了R32在水力直径为50 μm的方形微通道内流动凝结时的气液两相流型演进过程,模拟涉及的流型包括环状流、喷射流、泡状流和收缩泡状流。模拟结果显示,由于沿通道周向气液界面存在曲率差异,凝结液内部存在表面张力导致的横向压力梯度,驱使凝结液流向通道壁面拐角处,减薄通道壁面中部液膜厚度。基于势能最小原理,解释了表面张力与界面黏性力主导的喷射流形成机理。小质量流率时,喷射流诱发环状流上游气液界面波动,界面波动在界面黏性力的作用下逐渐生长。这与大质量流率时,流向下游并逐渐生长的界面波动导致流型转换的机理不同。     

方形微通道内流动凝结时气液相界面演进过程的数值模拟

基于VOF模型,模拟了R32在水力直径为50μm的方形微通道内流动凝结时的气液两相流型演进过程,模拟涉及的流型包括环状流、喷射流、泡状流和收缩泡状流。模拟结果显示,由于沿通道周向气液界面存在曲率差异,凝结液内部存在表面张力导致的横向压力梯度,驱使凝结液流向通道壁面拐角处,减薄通道壁面中部液膜厚度。基于势能最小原理,解释了表面张力与界面黏性力主导的喷射流形成机理。小质量流率时,喷射流诱发环状流上游气液界面波动,界面波动在界面黏性力的作用下逐渐生长。这与大质量流率时,流向下游并逐渐生长的界面波动导致流型转换的机理不同。     

波纹板填料表面液体降膜流动的特性分析

基于降膜流动实验台,结合计算流体力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)研究了波纹板表面液体的平均液膜厚度和有效润湿面积等定量信息,并通过三维模拟进一步分析了喷淋密度和波纹倾斜角度β对降膜流动特性的影响。结果表明,液体在波纹板表面的流动并非均匀,分为沟流和溪流两种形式;当喷淋密度较小时,液体在波谷内形成沟流,当喷淋密度达到400 m3/(m2?h),液体跨越相邻波纹进行溪流流动;两种形式波纹板整体的润湿性能均较差,且液膜厚度分布不均;波纹倾斜角度对降膜流动特性影响较大,90°时更有利于提高有效润湿面积。     

衣架式流延模头内熔体流动与模具变形的三维耦合数值模拟

利用Polyflow软件对一种衣架式流延模头内熔体的流动和模具变形进行了三维耦合数值模拟。结果表明:衣架式模头中熔体的流动可视为歧管内(沿歧管方向)和狭缝中(沿挤出方向)的压力流的组合;模头狭缝表面在模具厚度方向的变形沿挤出方向近似为线性增加,而沿模具宽度方向为非线性减小;模具变形后的熔体出口流率由狭缝的实际间隙和扇形区出口处的压力共同决定,单位宽度的出口流率沿模具宽度方向先增加后减小。     

微通道壁面浸润性对气-液两相流的影响规律研究

通道壁面浸润性对微通道内的气-液两相流具有重要影响。利用等离子体辅助接枝改性,将甲基丙烯酰乙基磺基甜菜碱（SBMA）及1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷接枝在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）材料表面,得到了10°、40°、70°和110°四种接触角的微通道,并考察了浸润性对流型、气泡长度和压降的影响。结果表明,随接触角增大,气泡截断位置下移,膨胀阶段缩短,挤压阶段变长;低流量时,气泡长度随接触角增加而增大,高流量时则减小;建立了与材料表面水接触角相关的气泡尺寸预测关联式,与Garstecki经典预测关联式相比,预测精度更高;θ<90°时,接触角增加,压降减小;θ>90°时,三相接触线使流动阻力和压降增加。     

对导向管喷动流化床床体流动周期性波动的数值模拟

以水和玻璃颗粒体系为研究对象,以液-固两相流理论为基础,采用欧拉-欧拉模型对导向管喷动流化床环隙处于近似活塞流时床体流动周期性波动进行数值模拟。动量与质量守恒方程通过有限体积法分别计算。通过曳力,湍流颗粒波动时的能量耗散进行耦合,包括颗粒与颗粒之间的磨擦作用。模拟结果与实验观察相吻合,颗粒质量流率波动频率为3.5Hz。分析了由环隙卷吸进导向管的水的变化和环隙区与导向管中心处的压降比的变化对床体流动周期性波动的影响。     

过渡状态冷凝传热模型

引入沟流级别的概念解释过渡状冷凝形态的形成特征,并在此基础上,将过渡状冷凝传热表示为通过滴状区与沟流区上的传热之和,建立了反映界面效应影响的过渡状冷凝传热模型.设计了人工形成沟流形态的冷凝表面,其实验结果与模型计算结果吻合;模型计算也与实际自然形成沟流冷凝形态的传热过程吻合.模型对滴状区的传热计算,以液滴分布时间序列构象模型为基础,并将滴状区最大液滴与沟流级别相关联,得到与界面效应相关的滴状区传热模型;沟流区传热计算,以在一定厚度液膜上的冷凝传热模型为基础,并根据沟流形态模型,求出液膜厚度与沟流区所占面积分率.模型描述了过渡状冷凝形态形成特征以及过渡状冷凝传热系数随表面自由能差渐进变化的规律.     

颗粒斜槽流的实验研究与数值模拟

从实验和理论两个方面对颗粒慢速斜槽流进行了研究。建立颗粒慢速斜槽流的实验装置 ,采用示踪颗粒法测定表面速度 ;通过测量表面速度和流层厚度 ,初步分析了流率及壁面状况对流动的影响。用有限元法对粗糙表面上的慢速斜槽流进行了数值模拟     

规整填料表面液膜流动特性的数值模拟

精馏过程气液两相流运动分布特征对分离效率具有重要影响。为研究规整填料表面液膜流体动力学特性建立了基于VOF方法的CFD分析模型,并基于文献试验结果进行了验证。对液膜随时间和空间的演化分布特征、速度场分布和液相流量影响进行了模拟分析。液膜在波纹顶部下沿聚集形成凸起状波峰,在波纹底部波峰消失,而到达下节波纹上沿时,波峰重新形成;瞬态液膜厚度随时间波动,且沿填料表面液膜平均厚度先减小后保持稳定;发现液相聚集及形成液滴坠落容易导致出现干板区。不同位置液膜速度分布存在明显差异,沿填料表面液膜平均速度先增后减或保持稳定;液膜绕过波纹顶部时会加速,在波纹底部和上沿处会减速。液相流量增大,液膜平均厚度和速度均有所增大。     

基于流型的文丘里管二相流量测量方法

为了准确测量气液二相流流量,将James流量公式作为典型公式,通过对其测量结果分析,发现二相流动分为2大类,一类为泡状流、塞状流和弥散泡状流,另一类为弹状流和环状流。在流型识别的基础上,得到针对流型的流量测量修正关系式,修正后测量误差的均方根由修正前的0.174减小为0.042。试验结果表明,针对流型的流量测量可以有效提高测量精度,同时二相流波动系数与流量测量精度有关,随着二相流波动系数的增大,流量测量精度下降。     

Laminar flow of a liquid rivulet down a vertical solid surface

Conditions for an energy minimum of a liquid rivulet flowing down a vertical solid surface have been considered. The solution of the equation may yield a constant value equal to the maximum rivulet thickness and the curve z(x) representing the shape of the rivulet cross section (profile). The profile describes the smallest rivulet which may be formed for a given system. “Composed” solutions correspond to wider rivulets, e.g. finite films. Numerical integration has been performed over a wide range of the parameter characterizing the liquid, at contact angles ranging from 5° to 90°. The minimum rivulet concept, which makes it possible to describe a finite-width laminar film of minimum thickness, extends the Nusselt theory.     

不同流型下离子液体-MEA复合工质降膜吸收CO2特性

以氨基酸离子液体和乙醇胺混合水溶液为吸收剂研究逆流气体对竖直平板降膜流型转换的影响,考察了3种流型下液体流量和入口温度、气体流量和进口CO₂浓度对CO₂吸收性能的影响。结果表明:随着液体流量的增加,液膜呈现溪流、片状流和完整流3种流型,降膜流型转换临界流量随逆流气体流量增大而增加;溪流和片状流时CO₂吸收速率随液体流量的增加而增加,但在完整流条件下基本不变;完整流下具有较高的CO₂吸收速率,然而溪流下的液相传质系数最高。     

功能表面材料与流体界面相互作用对垂直降液膜流动特性的影响

通过调节水温度、添加表面活性剂以及铝合金壁面表面改性处理来改变降膜流体与固体表面之间的表面自由能差值,运用JDC-2000型精密测微仪测定垂直降液膜的厚度,研究固体表面和液体间相互作用对流体垂直降膜流动特性的影响;考察了液膜雷诺数、流体温度、添加表面活性剂、固体表面材料物理化学性质等因素对垂直壁面降液膜流动特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:改变固体表面与降液膜流体的物理化学特性,即改变固液界面的相互作用能够改变流体的降膜流动特性。降液膜平均厚度随液固表面自由能差的增大而减小。     

On the interpretation of contact angle hysteresis

The determination of solid surface free energy is still an open problem. The method proposed by van Oss and coworkers gives scattered values for apolar Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar (Lewis acid-base) electron-donor and electron-acceptor components for the investigated solid. The values of the components depend on the kind of three probe liquids used for their determination. In this paper a new alternative approach employing contact angle hysteresis is offered. It is based on three measurable parameters: advancing and receding contact angles (hysteresis of the contact angle) and the liquid surface tension. The equation obtained allows calculation of total surface free energy for the investigated solid. The equation is tested using some literature values, as well as advancing and receding contact angles measured for six probe liquids on microscope glass slides and poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA, plates. It was found that for the tested solids thus calculated total surface free energy depended, to some extent, on the liquid used. Also, the surface free energy components of these solids determined by van Oss and coworkers' method and then the total surface free energy calculated from them varied depending on for which liquid-set the advancing contact angles were used for the calculations. However, the average values of the surface free energy, both for glass and PMMA, determined from these two approaches were in an excellent agreement. Therefore, it was concluded that using other condensed phase (liquid), thus determined value of solid surface free energy is an apparent one, because it seemingly depends not only on the kind but also on the strength of interactions operating across the solid/liquid interface, which are different for different liquids.     

丝网板液膜流动及传质

采用液膜流动测定及CO₂吸收实验较为系统地考察了固体壁面与丝网壁面液膜流动差异, 以及网孔尺寸对降膜流动及传质影响, 结果表明:在较低Re下, 丝网结构对液膜波动存在一定抑制作用。两种结构的壁面液膜波动振幅整体上随Re及距进口位置的增加而有所增加, 相比于固体壁面, 丝网壁面在沿流动方向不同位置处平均膜厚及波动振幅差异更小, 且在较低Re(<80)下, 液膜波动对液量更为敏感。不同孔径丝网板液膜流动观测结果表明, 液膜瞬时波动振幅及波动频率随丝网孔径的增加均出现了先增加后减小的变化趋势;在不同物系下, 当网孔尺寸≤2 mm时, 膜厚随网孔尺寸的增加逐步增大, 后随着网孔尺寸的进一步增大, 膜厚逐步减小。此外, CO₂吸收实验结果显示, 随着丝网孔径的减小, 测试板传质性能提升明显, 但单位面积网丝对传质贡献减少。     

激光诱导荧光技术观测填料表面非等温降膜流动形态变化

非等温降膜流动在精馏过程中较为常见,其流动特性较为特殊,对填料表面的质量和热量传递有重要影响。本文搭建了可视化的实验装置,在保证液相室温进料的前提下升高填料温度,在规整填料表面构造液相被加热的非等温降膜流动,运用激光诱导荧光技术对液膜形态变化进行观测分析,对液体润湿面积、液膜厚度等参数进行比较。结果表明,随着填料温度的升高,液体润湿面积显著减小,波谷处液膜厚度显著增加,液膜逐渐收缩为沟流,填料表面的不规则液滴数目增多,干板现象越发严重。液体的聚并和分散轨迹消失,液相再分布及表面更新能力降低。因此,填料表面的非等温降膜流动液膜收缩现象十分明显,降低传热传质能力,需在工业生产中引起足够重视。     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Gas‐Liquid Two‐Phase Flow around a Spherical Particle

Microscale studies, which can provide basic information for meso‐ and macroscale studies, are essential for the realization of flow characteristics of a packed bed. In the present study, the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, liquid‐solid contact angle, and liquid viscosity on the flow behavior were parametrically investigated for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow around a spherical particle, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology in combination with the volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) model. The VOF model was first validated and proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the film thickness decreases with increasing gas velocity. This trend is more obvious with increasing operating pressure. With increasing liquid velocity, the film thickness tends to be uniform on the particle surface. The flow regime can change from film flow to transition flow to bubble flow with increasing contact angle. In addition, only at relatively high values does the liquid viscosity affect the residence time of the liquid on the particle surface.