镁合金化学镀镍层的生长过程

The initial nickel deposition for the direct electroless nickel plating on non-catalytically active magnesium alloy is critical. The surface morphology and composition of the initial nickel plating coating are obtained by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). In addition, the mass gain/loss in the initial nickel deposition process was measured by using the electrobalance. The results showed that the MgO coating was gradually corroded by the plating solution, at the same time, MgF2 produced by F , H and MgO was deposited on the substrate during the initial electroless plating process. The nickel of the initial electroless plating was mostly growing on the boundary between the MgF2 coating and the MgO coating of the activation substrate, and then came to two sides. After that, the Ni-P coating growth rate to cover with the MgF2 coating was prior to the MgO coating. The electroless plating was in company with the substrate corrosion, but the electroless plating rate catalyzed by the exchanged nickel was more than the substrate corrosion rate.     

环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星在1 mol·L~(-1) HCl中对碳钢的缓蚀性能及机理研究(英文)

The inhibiting effect of ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin and ofloxacin on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol·L-1 HCl and the mechanism were studied at different temperatures using mass loss measurement,electrochemical method,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) .Effective inhibition was shown by mass loss,potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy measurement.The corrosion rate of the metal in the mass loss measurement,and the corrosion reaction on cathode and anode in the electrochemical measurement were accelerated when temperature was increased.XPS results showed that the inhibitors adsorbed effectively on the metal surface.     

Erosion corrosion control of 6061 aluminum alloy in multi-phase jet impingement conditions with eco-friendly green inhibitor

Erosion corrosion performance of 6061 aluminum alloy in simulated sea water slurry was investigated under multi-phase jet impingement conditions. The main objective of the work is to study erosion–corrosion of a material with engineering application and mitigate it using eco-friendly green inhibitor. Experiments were performed with the sand concentration of 0.3% and 0.3 μm size. The effect of temperature and flow rate on the performance of inhibitor was explored. Electrochemical methods were adopted for erosion-corrosion measurements. Experiments revealed that starch could mitigate erosion-corrosion with a maximum reduction efficiency of 58% at temperature of 303 K and flow rate of 4 L·min~(–1). Inhibition efficiency decreased with increase in flowrate and temperature. EIS spectrum demonstrated that the corrosion process in the presence on inhibitor was both charge transfer and mass transfer controlled. A key role of hydrodynamics in the performance of corrosion inhibitor was confirmed by the present study.     

Influence of the operating parameters over the current efficiency and corrosion rate in the Hall-Heroult aluminum cell with tin oxide anode substrate material

A systematic laboratory study was conducted on current efficiency and corrosion obtalned in cryolite–alumina melts with SnO2–Sb2O3–CuO ceramic inert anodes. The current efficiency (CE) was determined by measuring the total amount of oxygen evolved at the anode and was found to be~95%. The influence of operating parameters (inter-elec-trode distance, temperature and current density) was evaluated. The quantitative interdependencies as wel as the ranges of CE optimal values were established (2–3 cm, 940–960 °C and 0.7–0.8 A·cm?2). The corrosion process of these anodes was evaluated by the mass loss method. The evaluation also took care of the corrosion data, as the prob-lem of the anode corrosion appeared to be the maln obstacle for the use of those anodes in the commercial cel s. Low-ering of the ACD up to 2 cm did not aggravate anode corrosion.     

Eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor from Pennisetum purpureum biomass and synergistic intensifiers for mild steel

Extracts of elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum) blended with some intensifier halides like ammonium chloride(AMC) and potassium iodide(PTI) were investigated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel.The corrosion process was monitored in 3.5% HCl by mass loss and electrochemical techniques at 30,40,50,60 and 90 °C.Addition of AMC and PTI increased the inhibition efficiency with the highest inhibition efficiency obtained with PTI blended extract.The blends behaved as mixed type inhibitors and were spontaneously adsorbed on mild steel surface in exothermic nature.Synergistic parameters of the intensifier ions revealed cooperative effect.Kinetic data treatment indicated increase in energy barrier by intensifier ions.The results demonstrate that elephant grass extract blended with halide ions can act as alternative ecofriendly inhibitor for mild steel at elevated temperatures.     

氯离子在含硫氮污染物的环境中对模拟铁器文物的大气腐蚀的影响

The effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of cast iron in sulphur or nitrogen-bearing pollutant was investigated by using periodic wet-dry test, electrochemical experiment and surface tension test. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive atomic （EDAX） and stereoscopic microscopy was used to identify the corrosion processes and products. Cl^- and NO3^- were shown accelerating effects during the whole corrosion process but depression effects were observed in Cl^- and HSO3^- bearing pollutant at the initial corrosion stage. However, with the corrosion going on, the depression effects was less obviously and the initial corrosion process was investigated from the viewpoint of surface activity. At the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion rate was proportional to the adsorptivity of anions, but as corrosion went on, the penetration effect of anions and different characteristics of the corrosion products began to dominate the corrosion process, which led to changes on the corrosion rate.     

CFB锅炉内成灰特性的实验研究方法

The material balance in CFB furnace is important for the performance of the boiler.The bed inventory consists of coal ash and desulfurizing agent.In order to design properly the boiler and auxiliary,the engineers need to know the ash formation characteristics. Generally, the most reliable method to get ash formation data of a coal is to burn it in the real industrial CFB boiler. Due to the high cost and difficulties in sampling in such a test,people have to present other simple method on ash formation.The present investigation is proposing a simple laboratory test procedure to study ash formation by static combustion and sieving.Validation of the method is given.     

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Spout-fluidized Bed Reactor Analysis of Composition and Combustion Characteristics of Liquid Product from Biomass

In order to gain insight into the fast pyrolysis mechanism of biomass and the relationship between bio-oil composition and pyrolysis reaction conditions, to assess the possibility for the raw bio-oil to be used as fuel, and to evaluate the concept of spout-fluidized bed reactor as the reactor for fast pyrolysis of biomass to prepare fuel oil, the composition and combustion characteristics of bio-oil prepared in a spout-fluidized bed reactor with a designed maximum capacity 5 kg/h of sawdust as feeding material, were investigated by GC-MS and thermogravimetry. 14 aromatic series chemicals were identified. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the bio-oil was liable to combustion, the combustion temperature increased with the heating rate, and only minute ash was generated when it burned. The kinetics of the combustion reaction was studied and the kinetic parameters were calculated by both Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Popsecu methods. The results agree well with each other. The most probable combustion mechanism functions determined by Popescu method are f(a)=k(1-a)2 (400~406℃), f(a)=1/2k(1-a)3 (406~416℃) and f(a)=2k(1-a)3/2 (416~430℃) respectively.     

T23,T24合金管材在模拟烟气中的高温腐蚀研究(英文)

Candidate materials for water wall of supercritical and ultra-supercritical utility boilers,T23 and T24,were chosen as the experimental samples and exposed to oxidizing atmosphere,reducing atmosphere and oxidizing/reducing alternating atmosphere separately.The corrosion temperature was 450-550?C.The effects of oxygen con-tent and temperature on the corrosion in reducing atmosphere and alternating atmosphere were investigated.The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) were used to examine the corroded samples.The results show that the corrosion kinetics of T23 and T24 can be described by the double logarithmic equation and parabolic equation respectively.To describe the corrosion of materials accurately it is not sufficient to analyze the macro-mass gain and the macro-thickness of the corroded layer only,but the EDS should be applied to examine the migration depth of corrosive elements O and S.It is revealed that the corrosion becomes more severe when H2S is present in the corrosive gas.S is more active than O,and Cr can reduce the migration of oxygen but not S.The combination corrosion of S and O and pure [S] has a stronger corrodibility than pure H2S.T24 suffers the most severe corrosion at oxygen content of 0.8%.Corrosion is aggravated when the corrosion temperature is above 450 ℃ in the alternating atmosphere.T23 has better corrosion resistance than T24 and W contributes a lot to the corrosion resistance of T23.     

计算传质法预测精馏塔效率(英文)

A computational mass transfer model is proposed for predicting the concentration profile and Murphree efficiency of sieve tray distillation column. The proposed model is based on using modified two equations formulation for closing the differential turbulent mass transfer equation with improvement by considering the vapor injected from the sieve hole to be three dimensional. The predicted concentration distributions by using proposed model were checked by experimental work conducted on a sieve tray simulator of 1.2 meters in diameter for de-sorbing the dissolved oxygen in the feed water by blowing air. The model predictions were confirmed by the ex-perimental measurement. The validation of the proposed model was further tested by comparing the simulated re-sult with the performance of an industrial scale sieve tray distillation column reported by Kunesh et al. for the strip-ping of toluene from its water solution. The predicted outlet concentration of each tray and the Murphree tray effi-ciencies under different operating conditions were in agreement with the published data. The simulated turbulent mass transfer diffusivity on each tray was within the range of the experimental result in the same sieve column re-ported by Cai et al. In addition, the prediction of the influence of sieve tray structure on the tray efficiency by using the proposed model was demonstrated.     

生物质锅炉对流受热面积灰冷态模拟实验研究

燃用生物质的CFB锅炉的尾部受热面上容易出现严重的积灰问题,严重影响换热并可能导致停炉等问题。惯性碰撞是引起生物质锅炉积灰的主要机理,而温度通过影响灰中熔融质所占的比例,进而影响积灰程度。采用加热熔融的石蜡与循环灰的混合物来模拟真实的高黏性飞灰,并搭建了冷态积灰实验台。发现石蜡与循环灰的熔融物可以快速地黏附在受热面上,大大缩短了实验时间。通过图像处理得到沉积厚度随时间的变化情况,沉积过程的生长趋势与真实生物质积灰实验一致。在冷态下实验发现,随着熔融质比例、烟气速度、颗粒粒径的增加,积灰程度呈上升趋势,为生物质锅炉的设计和运行提供了一定的参考依据。     

生物质锅炉对流受热面积灰冷态模拟实验研究

燃用生物质的CFB锅炉的尾部受热面上容易出现严重的积灰问题,严重影响换热并可能导致停炉等问题。惯性碰撞是引起生物质锅炉积灰的主要机理,而温度通过影响灰中熔融质所占的比例,进而影响积灰程度。采用加热熔融的石蜡与循环灰的混合物来模拟真实的高黏性飞灰,并搭建了冷态积灰实验台。发现石蜡与循环灰的熔融物可以快速地黏附在受热面上,大大缩短了实验时间。通过图像处理得到沉积厚度随时间的变化情况,沉积过程的生长趋势与真实生物质积灰实验一致。在冷态下实验发现,随着熔融质比例、烟气速度、颗粒粒径的增加,积灰程度呈上升趋势,为生物质锅炉的设计和运行提供了一定的参考依据。     

Rheology of fly ashes from coal and biomass co-combustion

The presence of large amounts of alkali metals, chlorine and sulphur in most biomass fuels - compared to coal - can create serious ash-related problems such as deposition, agglomeration and/or corrosion. This paper discusses the viscosity characteristics of fly ash from the co-combustion of various coal/biomass blends in a pilot scale pf-boiler. The produced data provide information on the melting of the ash and its flow characteristics, as a function of temperature, which may be used to modify the temperature profile of the boiler in order to avoid slagging. Straw co-firing lowers the ash viscosity leading to higher stickiness of the ash particles. Wood co-firing has only minor effects, due to the composition of wood ash and the low percentage of wood in the coal/biomass blend.     

燃煤工业锅炉黏性积灰和露点腐蚀耦合机理

通过现场实验研究了燃煤工业锅炉的黏性积灰和露点腐蚀耦合机理,在现场测试了不同壁面温度（90、80、70、60、50和40℃）下20^#碳钢实验段的积灰和腐蚀特性,然后利用XRF、XRD和SEM-EDS对灰样和金属试样进行了系统理化分析。结果表明,当壁面温度低至70℃时,H₂SO₄开始在壁面上冷凝并沉积,引起黏性积灰和露点腐蚀。随着壁面温度的降低,实验段上的积灰量和腐蚀层厚度不断增加。当壁面温度降至40℃时,HCl开始在壁面上冷凝并加重积灰和腐蚀。烟气中的飞灰可以通过吸附冷凝的酸液并与其反应来减少壁面的黏性积灰和露点腐蚀。燃煤工业锅炉的低温受热面宜控制壁面温度在70℃以上,以减少酸液冷凝造成的黏性积灰和露点腐蚀。     

Ash deposition behavior of cynara-coal blends in a PF pilot furnace

Biomass is nowadays considered as a very interesting option to substitute conventional fossil fuels. Although biomass could be burnt alone, it can also be co-fired together with coal in existing power plants, at a lower cost. One of the main problems related with biomass used in thermal applications is its propensity to form ash deposits. Slagging and fouling caused by ash may derive in heat transfer losses, corrosion in the tubes or even boiler shutdown. A deposition probe has been designed and proved to study this phenomenon. Several combustion tests have been performed in a 500 kW_th PF pilot test rig burning cynara blended with two coals at different shares in energy basis. Different analyses have been performed to those ash samples collected during the tests. From the results, it is observed that the quantity of collected ash in the deposition probe did not increase noticeably when increasing the biomass share up to 15% in energy basis. However, the opposite was detected in Spanish coal tests, due to its higher ash content. Major components of ash samples were aluminosilicates coming from coal clays. These components may act as protective ash coal compounds, but inorganic elements such as calcium or potassium also appeared and their presence increased with the biomass share. Although chlorine content in cynara was high, no important presence of this element was encountered in none of the ash samples collected. Experimental results agree with other experimental studies showing that aluminosilicates from coals may act as protective ash compounds, preventing chlorine deposition on heat transfer surfaces. The beneficial effect is also detected at pulverized fuel conditions.     

锅炉空气预热器积灰和腐蚀的原因分析及预防措施

分析了锅炉空气预热器积灰和腐蚀较严重的主要原因,采取了相应措施,使锅炉停炉检修次数减少,生产较平稳.     

Development of a modeling approach to predict ash formation during co-firing of coal and biomass

The scope of this paper includes the development of a modelling approach to predict the ash release behaviour and chemical composition of inorganics during co-firing of coal and biomass. In the present work, an advanced analytical method was developed and introduced to determine the speciation of biomass using pH extraction analysis. Biomass samples considered for the study include wood chips, wood bark and straw. The speciation data was used as an input to the chemical speciation model to predict the behaviour and release of ash. It was found that the main gaseous species formed during the combustion of biomass are KCl, NaCl, K₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄. Calculations of gas-to-particle formation were also carried out to determine the chemical composition of coal and biomass during cooling which takes place in the boiler. It was found that the heterogeneous condensation occurring on heat exchange surfaces of boilers is much more than homogeneous condensation. Preliminary studies of interaction between coal and biomass during ash formation process showed that Al, Si and S elements in coal may have a ‘buffering’ effect on biomass alkali metals, thus reducing the release of alkali–gases which act as precursors to ash deposition and corrosion during co-firing. The results obtained in this work are considered to be valuable and form the basis for accurately determining the ash deposition during co-firing.     

气固相硫协同作用下水冷壁的高温腐蚀特性

利用高温管式炉对电站锅炉水冷壁受热面常用的两种管材（12Cr1MoVG和15CrMoG）开展高温腐蚀实验研究,采用腐蚀增重法,得出气相硫、气固相硫作用下试片的腐蚀动力学曲线,并利用SEM和EDS对腐蚀试片表面及断面的微观形貌和元素成分进行分析。结果表明：两种材料的腐蚀动力学曲线都满足双对数曲线规律,气固相硫协同作用对金属的腐蚀性强于单因素气相硫的影响,15CrMoG的抗腐蚀性能优于12Cr1MoVG;腐蚀层大致可以分为3层,依次为剥离叶片层、过渡层和腐蚀渗透层,气相硫腐蚀下腐蚀层较厚并且质地紧密,气相硫与固相硫协同腐蚀下腐蚀层较薄并且质地疏松,极易剥落;此外腐蚀层中存在硫元素富集现象,腐蚀渗透层中的硫元素质量分数高达6.65%,并且氧元素含量从金属基体表面到腐蚀层表面呈现递增规律。     

Preparation,characterization and application of Al2O3 nanoparticles for the protection of boiler steel tubes from high temperature corrosion

In this study, α-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared using a simple sol-gel method. Synthesized nanoparticles with NiCrAlY alloy were used as coating layer for high temperature corrosion control of boiler tubes in absence and presence of fuel ash. Thermal plasma technique was used for coating process. Corrosion rates of austenitic stainless steel tubes were evaluated via weight loss technique as a function of temperature. Prepared α-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and surface morphology of austenitic stainless steel tubes were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS analyses. The results show that the corrosion rate increases with increasing temperatures, in absence and presence of coating. Maximum coating efficiency was 82 and 88% in absence and presence of fuel ash respectively.     

Emissions during co-firing of RDF-5 with bituminous coal, paper sludge and waste tires in a commercial circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler

Biomass fuel is the largest renewable energy resource and the fourth largest primary energy supply in the world. Because of its complex characteristics when compared to fossil fuel, potential problems, such as combustion system stability, the corrosion of heat transfer tubes, the qualities of the ash, and the emission of pollutants, are major concerns when co-firing the biomass fuel with fossil fuel in a traditional boiler. In this study, co-firing of coal with a biomass blend, including fuel derived from densified refuse, sludge, and waste tires, were conducted in a 130 ton/h steam circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler to investigate the feasibility of utilizing biomass as a complemental fuel in a traditional commercial coal-fired boiler. The properties of the fly ash, bottom ash, and the emission of pollutants for various fuel ratios are analyzed and discussed in this study.