石油焦煅烧回转窑综合传热过程数值模拟

研究了石油焦煅烧回转窑内的物理和化学反应过程对回转窑内传热过程的影响,并在对回转窑内的物料输送过程、传质过程和传热过程具体分析的基础上,建立了石油焦煅烧回转窑的综合传热数学模型. 应用数值计算方法对传热数学模型进行计算求解,预测了窑内气体、物料和窑壁内外表面的轴向温度分布. 结果表明,窑内的高温区域主要集中在挥发分大量燃烧的区段上,三次风的注入会引起窑内气相温度的明显下降,但不会造成料床温度的明显变化;在物料与气体、窑内壁之间热交换过程中,物料与被覆盖的窑内壁表面之间的对流换热和气体与料床表面间的辐射换热为主要的传热机制. 计算预测的结果与测量数据在规律上和数值上都能较好地符合,从而为石油焦煅烧回转窑的优化设计和经济运行提供了指导和依据.     

回转窑内传热及燃烧过程的数值模拟

运用流体模拟软件Fluent和Matlab分别对碳素煅烧回转窑内气体空间和物料料层内的传热过程进行了研究,预测了窑内烟气、窑内壁和料层的温度分布。结果表明,窑内的高温区域主要集中在挥发分大量燃烧的区段上;二、三次冷空气的引入均会使窑内烟气温度明显下降,但对料层温度影响不显著。将窑外壁的计算结果与其实际测试结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好,说明该模拟方法的适用性,从而为碳素回转窑的优化设计和经济运行提供了指导和依据。     

直接加热转筒式干燥机设备选型计算

容积换热系数是决定回转圆筒干燥器载热体向物料传热的主要因素。在设计任务给定后,确定了设计所需的基本参数。进行了物料衡算和热量衡算,解决了需要消耗多少干燥介质和热量的问题。依据物料衡算和热量衡算的结果计算并确定了设备的规格参数。本文从容积换热系数入手,结合油页岩干燥的工程实例,对直接加热转筒式干燥机参数(筒体直径、长度)进行了理论设计计算。     

间接加热搅拌干燥的传热研究

结合桨式干燥（间接加热低速搅拌干燥）实验，对Ｓｃｈｌüｎｄｅｒ提出的颗粒加热模型的有关参数进行了修正，推导并测定了计算颗粒物料传热系数的数学模型，该模型适合于颗粒物料的传热计算，能反映填充床、搅拌流化床和壁面的传热，误差一般在±１０％左右，最大为±２０％。     

回转窑筒体散热计算方法探讨

通过回转窑内气体辐射换热和耐火砖、窑皮的导热及窑筒体与环境之间的对流换热的研究,给出了回转窑筒体散热计算模型,基于该模型研究了窑筒体温度与耐火砖、窑皮厚度的关系。按此计算模型,估算5500t/d熟料线回转窑的筒体散热量与实际标定结果相近。     

壁面脉动传热对气波制冷性能影响研究

振荡管内气体温度周期性变化,管束壁面会与管内气体进行同频脉动传热作用,对制冷产生一定影响。搭建振荡管静止式气波制冷实验平台,对壁面温度进行测量研究;同时建立非定常流动传热数值模型,对对流换热量进行研究。实验结果表明,管束壁面最终形成一定温度分布,减薄振荡管束外壁面厚度以改变轴向导热面积,会使稳定后的壁面温度分布更陡峭。数值计算表明,冷端壁面与冷气的对流换热会加热冷气,降低制冷深度。将管束壁厚从10 mm降低至5 mm,制冷性能实验结果表明最大制冷深度提升0.2 K（1.6膨胀比）、0.5 K（1.8膨胀比）与0.4 K（2.0膨胀比）,验证了脉动壁面传热对制冷性能的影响。     

预分解窑入窑物料窑内温升特点探讨

本文通过数值模拟的手段,建立预分解窑(NSP)物料入窑后在回转窑内的气体、筒壁、物料的温度分布模型,从温度分布规律的角度来看物料温升特点,探讨预分解窑工艺回转窑内熟料烧成进程.模拟认为入窑物料刚进入回转窑时,温度上升缓慢,这将影响到熟料烧成进程,造成回转窑不必要的能量损失.     

基于CFX的多腔回转炉中催化剂颗粒加热的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学软件CFX研究多腔回转炉中催化剂颗粒的加热过程,预测物料在高温段的驻留时间,计算炉内物料、空气和炉壳的轴向温度分布及炉内热量分配. 结果表明,将空气进口速度增大至2.5倍,驻留时间缩短至0.978倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至1.918倍,电能消耗主要由炉外壁向外散热转变为空气升温吸热;将物料进口速度增大至5倍,驻留时间缩短至0.193倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至2.047倍,电能消耗主要由炉外壁向外界散热转变为物料升温吸热;将多腔回转炉的热传导系数增大至4倍,驻留时间延长至1.007倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至1.147倍,电能消耗主要是炉壳外壁向外界散热. 降低空气进口速度、适当减小催化剂进口速度和提高炉壳热传导系数对多腔回转炉的设计至关重要. 模拟的炉壳温度与测量数据在规律和数值上都符合较好.     

柱形流化床传热特性的数值模拟

对Shedid等搭建的圆柱体流化床采用欧拉?欧拉法进行三维数值模拟,考察了颗粒球形度、表观进气速度和床料初始堆积高度对流化床内垂直加热壁面与流动床料之间对流传热特性的影响,采用有效导热系数分别计算气相和固相的对流传热系数。结果表明,随表观进气速度增大,流化床内颗粒物料湍流运动加剧,加热壁面平均温度和流体平均温度下降,壁面流体间传热平均温度差减小,壁面流体间对流传热系数增大;随初始床料高度增加,流化床内颗粒与加热壁面的接触面积增大,导致固相平均对流传热系数增大。     

固定床内错流传热——-I. 床层的温度分布

对固定床中流体与换热管呈错流流动的传热进行了实验研究，并以二维传热模型进行模拟. 比较模拟结果与实验测得数据得到如下结论：错流传热影响区域主要在换热管的后方，在前方几乎没有影响；错流传热过程与流体流动方向密切相关，热量传递顺流体流动方向进行，逆流动方向几乎不发生热量传递；随着Reynolds数增大，等温线范围变窄，被加热区宽度变小. 拟合关联得到了壁给热系数hw和床层有效导热系数 b的关系式：hwDP/ f=14.77+0.058 RepPr, b/ f=15.14+0.296RepPr.     

Modelling the Rotary Lime Kiln

A three‐dimensional steady‐state model to predict the flow and heat transfer in a rotary lime kiln is presented. All important phenomena are considered for the pre‐heat and calcination zones including turbulent gas flow, buoyancy, all modes of heat transfer, evolution and combustion of species and granular bed motion with calcination reaction. The model is based on a global solution of three sub‐models for the hot flow, the bed and the rotating wall/refractories. Information exchange between the models results in a fully coupled 3‐D solution of a rotating lime kiln. The overall model is validated using UBC's pilot kiln trials (5.5 m laboratory kiln). Results for this case are presented and potential implications are discussed.     

Convective heat transfer in a rotary kiln

An experimental study of convective heat transfer from hot air to the solid charge and walls in a non-fired rotary kiln is reported. Ottawa sand was heated by passing it counter-current to a flow of preheated air in a 2.5 m × 0.19 m I.D. rotary kiln. Axial temperature profiles of gas, wall and solids were measured. Local and average convective heat transfer coefficients from gas to solids and from gas to wall were determined assuming plug flow of gas and solids. Solid feed rates to 1750 kg/m² h and air rates to 3300 kg/m² h were investigated at rotational speeds to 6 r/min, holdup ratios to 17% and gas temperatures from 350–590 K. The gas/solids convective coefficient was found to depend on the gas through-put and to a lesser extent on solids holdup and rotational speed. Over the range tested, the angle of kiln inclination, solids throughput and particle size showed no significant effect on heat transfer. Gas/wall coefficients were about a factor of ten below gas/solid coefficients. Heat transfer results are compared to the limited data available in the literature, and to commonly used equations. Correlations of the experimental data on gas/solids, and gas/wall coefficients are presented; data from the literature on the wall/solids heat transfer coefficient are summarized.     

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER DURING DRYING AND PREHEATING OF WET IRON ORE IN A ROTARY KILN

In the present study, an improved numerical heat transfer model has been developed for a rotary kiln used for drying and preheating of wet iron ore. The present model includes radiation exchange among hot gas, refractory wall and the solid surface, transient conduction in the refractory wall, and mass and energy balances of the hot gas and the solids. The contribution of gas convection has also been taken into account in terms of a fraction of the radiative heat transfer to the inner refractory wall and the solid surface. The computer results show that the present model can predict the length of the kiln as well as axial solid and gas temperature distributions with reasonably good accuracy. A detailed parametric study reveals that a good design of a rotary kiln requires medium gas flow rate, small angle of inclination and low rotational speed of the kiln.     

城市垃圾在回转窑内传输过程的模型和优化

基于物料在回转窑内传输过程是由其在表面层内滚落运动和固定层内回转运动组成的这一特征 ,从散体运动的机理出发继承和发展了回转窑单颗粒轨道模型 ,并首次采用统计平均分析和受力矢量分析研究了窑内颗粒的运动轨迹 ,从而得出了平均停留时间 (MRT)和体积流率 (MVF)的简化模型 ,结合试验采取修正系数ε_t 和ε_f 完善了模型对非均质物料 (如城市垃圾 )、内构件等工况的适用性 ,同时对本文模型和几种已有的计算模型进行了比较研究 ,最后提出了回转窑热解反应器的设计和运行的优化模型 .     

Mass transfer in rolling rotary kilns: a novel approach

A novel approach to modeling mass transfer in rotary kilns or rotating cylinders is explored. The movement of gas in the interparticle voids in the bed of the kiln is considered, where particles move concentrically with the geometry of the kiln and gas is entrained by these particles. The approach considers a differential section along the length of a rotary kiln where the gas concentration in the freeboard is assumed to be uniform in that section. A reactor modelling approach has been used to derive effectiveness factors for the bed as a function of bed fill, reaction kinetics and rotation speed. In many cases, the entrained gas becomes depleted within the bed, leading to a simplified model for the bed effectiveness factor. Experimental data confirms the validity of this model for slower rates. At faster rates, mass transfer can be much higher than the model predicts, indicating that other mechanisms, such as dispersion or diffusion are also important in these conditions.     

Oxygen enrichment in rotary lime kilns

The operation of a pilot-scale rotary lime kiln, fired with natural gas, was studied to determine the effects of enriching the combustion air with oxygen. The variables of interest were the temperature, calcination and heat flow patterns within the kiln as functions of the fuel rate, oxgyen concentration and limestone feed rate. All tests were conducted with essentially a stoichiometric fuel/oxygen ratio and employed two different limestones. Data are presented to show the increase in kiln throughput that can be achieved using oxygen enrichment. The results are interpreted using detailed measurements of axial solids, gas and wall temperatures and axial calcination profiles. These permit the evaluation of the driving forces for the various heat exchange processes, and of local heat flow to the solids bed.     

Temperature distribution within the moving bed of rotary kilns: Measurement and analysis

Inadequacies in the temperature measurement within the moving bed have hindered a thorough understanding of the processes occurring within rotary kilns. A new measuring system, consisting of thermocouple arrays, a radio-transmitter, a radio-receiver and a computer monitor is introduced in this paper. With it, the 3D temperatures within the moving bed, as well as the temperatures of the freeboard gas and the kiln wall, can be measured and saved automatically. Experiments with sand on a co-current pilot kiln demonstrated that, in the passive layer of the moving bed, the temperatures were approximately constant in the circumferential direction. In the radial direction, however, large temperature difference was observed within the bed near the feed end of the kiln, and the difference became smaller as the bed went progressed through the kiln. This temperature measuring system can be used to obtain data over a wide range of operating conditions for use in engineering design. The obtained results may give new thoughts in theoretical modeling of heat transfer within the moving bed of rotary kilns.     

生活垃圾主要组分在回转窑内不同热解阶段的传热特性

采用外热式回转窑,对生活垃圾主要组分[纸类、织物、生物质类(含厨余)]及除去惰性成分的垃圾在不同的升温速率和不同转速下热解过程中的传热特性进行研究,获得物料和内壁面之间的表观传热系数.根据相近升温速率下热重分析结果将热解过程分为干燥阶段、热解预备阶段、剧烈热解阶段以及热解完成阶段4个阶段.研究结果表明:在干燥阶段的表观传热系数最大,并随着温度升高而迅速减小,到水分蒸发完、进入热解预备阶段时降至最低.在热解预备阶段的升温过程中,各物料表观传热系数随温度升高基本不变,具备最低稳定传热系数特征;在剧烈热解阶段,表观传热系数随温度升高而逐渐增大;在热解完成阶段,表观传热系数再次减小.回转窑转速和升温速率对表观传热系数的影响复杂,对不同物料的影响也不相同.总体上在较低的加热速率(22±2)℃·min^-1条件下,更高的回转窑转速(3 r·min^-1)对干燥末段和热解预备阶段的传热有抑制效果;当升温速率增加到(32±2)℃·min^-1时,各种物料在对应热解段的表观传热系数均有增大的趋势,且热解总时间缩短;除生物质外,转速越高,在热解的不同阶段表观传热系数越大,在3 r·min^-1条件下热解预备阶段消失.本研究为回转窑热解反应器的针对性设计提供参考.     

耦合工况下回转窑热工过程综合数学模型

从回转窑的结构特点及物料运动特性出发,针对回转窑热工过程中所涉及的对流、辐射、传导多种热交换方式及复杂的物理化学反应,应用区段法建立了反映回转窑热工过程特点的综合数学模型。结果表明:大部分区段烟气、料床、窑壁温度分布规律基本相同,但烟气温度高于料床、窑壁温度;在距窑头约10 m处,烟气温度达到最高值1 524℃,随后烟气温度沿轴向下降,到窑尾,烟气温度下降到最低值383℃;料床温度随窑体转速的增加而减低,温度愈高,窑体转速对料床温度的影响愈显著。