CC板通道入口效应对传热特性和阻力特性的影响

选取低Reynolds数k-ε湍流模型,采用数值模拟的方法计算了不同Reynolds数下入口效应和CC板通道单元体传热特性、阻力特性的关系。数值模拟的结果表明：入口效应的存在使得CC板通道前3个单元体的湍流强度显著变大,在第4个单元体之后入口效应对传热特性的影响可以忽略;随着Reynolds数的增加,由于CC板通道入口处湍流强度增加的程度逐渐变小,入口效应对传热效果的强化能力下降;随着Reynolds数的增加,入口段和充分发展段的摩擦阻力系数均有所下降;此外,由于入口效应的存在,CC板通道入口段的摩擦阻力系数比充分发展段高20%左右。     

The influence of hydrodynamic and mass transfer entrance effects on the operation of a parallel plate electrolytic cell

Experimental measurements of mass transfer in an electrochemical flow cell of rectangular cross section with different hydrodynamic entrance and electrode lengths have been made. For fully developed flow, average Sherwood numbers under laminar conditions vary with Graetz number to a power 0·30. For turbulent flow, fully developed mass transfer conditions occur about twelve equivalent diameters along the electrode and are best represented by the Chilton-Colburn analogy which predicts Sherwood numbers varying with Reynolds number to a power of 0·8 and Schmidt number to a one-third power. For shorter electrodes Sherwood numbers can be adequately correlated by an expression with Reynolds number to a two-thirds power and dimensionless electrode length to a power of −0·2. For hydrodynamic entrance lengths of not less than eight equivalent diameters, data in the laminar region can be expressed by an emperical boundary layer type of equation which includes terms for the hydrodynamic entrance length and electrode length. In the turbulent regime substantially developed flow occurs after eight entrance lengths and correlations with fully developed flow equations are satisfactory     

On the mechanism of transfer enhancement by eddy promoters

Mass transfer rates in a rectangular duct of low aspect ratio containing semicircular cylindrical inserts attached alternately on opposite walls and perpendicular to the flow direction were measured with the electrochemical diffusion-limited current technique. Local and average mass transfer coefficients determined with arrays of strip electrodes indicate the existence of at least two transfer regimes. In the laminar regime the exponent on the Reynolds number depends on the eddy promoter spacing. In the turbulent regime the data correlate well according to j_D = 0.57 Re^?0.35(d_h/p)^0.40.The local transfer distributions reveal the existence of separated flow regions downstream of, as well as opposite to, turbulence promoters. The flow in the reattachment region is very unstable and this results in earlier transition to turbulence.The local transfer distributions also suggest that boundary layer disruption at, and redevelopment downstream of, separated regions is the dominant mechanism of transfer enhancement in the turbulent regime. An idealized model based on this assumption, and making use, of results obtained for turbulent transfer to a flat plate in an infinite medium predicts a relationship in approximate agreement with the experimental correlation given above.The mass transfer results for fully developed turbulent flow also correlate well according to a mass transfer similarity law.     

Mass transfer between a drop or gas bubble and an isotropic turbulent flow

Theoretical formulas have been set up for calculating the coefficients of mass transfer between a drop or gas bubble and an isotropic turbulent flow for various Peclet and Reynolds numbers. The mass transfer coefficients depend mainly on the characteristics of the isotropic turbulent flow (energy dissipation, turbulence length scale, turbulence time scale), on the properties of the medium, and on the particle size. A number of practical formulas for calculating the mass transfer coefficients for turbulent flow are presented. The calculated data are compared with experimental data.     

强制气流作用下溶液蒸发过程的传质规律

针对强制气流作用下溶液的蒸发过程,在分析气液相间力学特性的基础上,根据Levich涡流衰减理论和边界层理论,将气流流动状态与相间传质结合,研究了湍流气流横掠液面过程中气液相间的传质变化规律,分析了雷诺数、气流流道结构及普朗特混合长度对传质的影响,得到了气液相间的湍流质扩散系数的变化规律,湍流气流横掠液面条件下的对流传质准则数Sh=0.221Sc1/3Rex1/2. 结果表明,湍流扩散系数、传质系数与气流的流动状态密切相关,气流流道结构对气液相间的传质有重要影响.     

新型气液逆流撞击洗涤喷嘴的优化

针对一种新型气液逆流撞击式洗涤喷嘴,通过冷模实验,采用溶氧法考察了不同结构喷嘴的气液两相传质性能。结合解析率及流型变化,考察了喷嘴出口直径、切向进液口倾角、旋流室收敛段锥角、切向进液口直径、喷口长度5个参数对传质的影响,确定了优选喷嘴的结构尺寸,分析了该优选喷嘴在不同操作条件下(气速、表观液气比和轴切比)的传质效果。结果表明,优选喷嘴在轴切比为0.4~0.6且气速较高时传质效果较好。     

Effect of substrate geometry and flow condition on the turbulence generation after a monolith

This paper reports a study of turbulence generation after a monolith honeycomb. Large eddy simulation is used to analyze the turbulence generated when steady, turbulent, or pulsating flow leaves a monolith channel. Substrates with different cell densities, wall thicknesses, and channel cross-sectional shapes are investigated. The results show that the magnitude of the turbulence generated depends on the wall thickness and monolith void fraction, though not much on the cell density. For pulsating flow, different frequency of the pulsations produced only slightly different results, however, the amplitude of the pulsations is proportional to the magnitude of the turbulence generated. The outflow of the channels can act as a jet and trigger turbulence along a distance from 10 to 30 channel diameters, significantly affecting the total pressure drop and the inlet conditions for elements in series downstream, such as particulate filters or other substrates.     

垃圾焚烧烟气喷雾干燥脱酸塔流场数值模拟

采用(RNG)k-ε湍流模型及颗粒轨道模型,运用计算流体力学软件Fluent对垃圾焚烧烟气喷雾干燥脱酸塔内流场进行数值模拟。结果表明,喷雾浆滴较大程度地影响了脱酸塔内的流场,局部区域内发生的强烈湍流流动,会促进塔内气液传质和化学反应过程。     

Mass transfer in a parallel plate electrochemical cell—the effect of change of flow area and flow cross-section at the cell inlet

Experimental measurements have been made of mass transfer in parallel plate cell which has a circular in-line flow inlet. It has been found that the mass transfer coefficient has a maximum value at a point slightly greater than six equivalent diameters downstream from the inlet. For cell Reynolds numbers between 1630 and 2960 this maximum mass transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the flow rate but the location of the maximum is independent of flow rate. By assuming that the position of the maximum corresponds to the flow reattachment point and considering the mass transfer downstream from that point it has been shown that the local (or average) mass transfer coefficient is proportional to (L^*)^?n where L^* is the distance downstream from the reattachment point. For turbulent flow n = 0.37 and for laminar/transition motion n is in the range 0.50–0.60. A preliminary explanation of these results is proposed.     

基于阶跃射流的撞击流反应器流场动态特性分析

利用实验与数值模拟方法对动态阶跃型撞击流反应器流场特性进行研究,分析不同入口速度条件下流体流动规律、湍流特性以及能量水平。结果表明,动态阶跃型入口条件下,撞击面在两喷嘴之间周期性移动,流动参数也会发生周期性变化。随着入口平均速率的增大,驻点速度逐渐增大;随着两喷嘴入口速率差的增加,撞击面移动速度加快,撞击区流体湍流强度逐渐增加;随着入口平均速率与入口速率差的增大,XOZ平面在一个周期内的平均湍动能逐渐减小。对比动态撞击流反应器与稳态撞击流反应器内流场特性,探究动态入口条件对撞击流反应器流场特性的影响。结果表明,动态阶跃撞击流反应器湍流黏度、湍流强度和湍动能等参数均明显高于稳态撞击流反应器,撞击轴线上的湍动能梯度分布大于稳态撞击流反应器。动态入口条件下撞击流反应器流体湍动更剧烈,能量水平更高,有利于增加流场内流体扰动与促进混合。     

Turbulent fluid flow and electrochemical mass transfer in an annular duct with an obstruction

A so-called blockage geometry consisting of a rod with a fin positioned concentrically within a pipe is used to asses the capabilities of numerical turbulent flow and mass transfer models to predict the turbulent mass transfer coefficients. Measurements of the mass transfer coefficient have been performed for a range of fin diameters and flow rates. The limiting diffusion current measurements were performed using the ferri-ferrocyanide system and nickel electrodes. Different mass transfer turbulence models are used for the calculations and the results are compared with the measurements. The influence of flow rate and fin diameter on the mass transfer rate is examined.     

Electrodiffusion diagnostics of the flow and mass transfer inside a network of crossing minichannels

The global mass transfer and the local flow structure inside a set of crossing minichannels were characterized using the electrodiffusion method. The individual square-cross channel sections (a = 1.5 mm in sides) intersect at right-angles in order to form the flow cell. An array of 39 circular platinum electrodes (0.25 mm in diameter) was flush-mounted into the wall of the flow cell to investigate the wall shear rate at different locations. This array of small sensors allowed characterization of longitudinal and lateral variations in wall shear rate across the flow cell, flow distribution at the inlet and outlet sections, transition between laminar and turbulent flow regimes, and flow behaviour at the channel crossings. The results of global wall mass transfer measurements demonstrated that, from a mass transfer point of view, the flow cell exhibits similar behaviour to a porous medium.     

A numerical study on heat transfer and friction in rectangular channel with inclined perforated baffles

A three‐dimensional numerical study on the turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics in the rectangular channel with different types of baffles is carried out. The inclined baffles have the width of 19.8 cm, the square diamond type hole having one side length of 2.55 cm, and the inclination angle of 5°. Reynolds number is varied between 23 000 and 57 000. The SST k ? ω turbulence model is used in the method to predict turbulent flow. The validity of the numerical results is confirmed by measurement. Numerical results show that the flow patterns around the different baffle type are entirely different and it significantly affects the local heat transfer characteristics. The heat transfer and friction factor characteristics are significantly affected by the perforation density of the baffle plate. The present study demonstrates that the battle type II (3 holes) can enhance the greatest heat transfer rates with advantages from the overall efficiency point of view.     

旋流强化中空纤维膜组件结构优化及壳程流动研究

提出并优化了一种旋转流强化的膜组件水力学模型。Box-Behnken方法用于进口直径、进口长度、膜壳高度、进/出口端管长度、球突结构直径,进出口倾斜角度的多参数的实验设计,获得了响应变量最优的膜组件设计方案。通过雷诺应力RSM湍流模型与基于Euler-Lagrange算法的离散相DPM模型的耦合计算,模拟研究了三维模型内液固两相流的颗粒停留时间分布、流体力学特征。模拟结果显示,旋流强化的膜组件壳程的速度分布更加均匀,膜面剪切应力高;湍流耗散率、涡量分布不同于传统膜组件。实验结果证实,优化后的膜组件具有高产水量、低压力降,膜污染速率低的特点。     

Numerical analysis of the flow field inside an entrained-flow gasifier

The flow field of an entrained-flow gasifier was numerically simulated to describe coal gasification process. The standard k-ε turbulence model and SIMPLE procedure were used with the Primitive-Variable method during computation. In order to investigate the influencing factors on the flow field that may have a great effect on coal gasification process, some parametric studies were performed by changing the gas injection angle, gas inlet diameter, gas inlet velocity, extension in burner length and gasifier geometry. The calculation results showed that the basic patterns of the flow field inside the gasifier were nearly the same with a parabolic distribution irrespective of the change in parameters. There existed an obvious external recirculation zone with axial length less than 1.0 m and a narrow internal recirculation region was observed in the entrance of gasifier inlet. The geometry parameters of the burner, such as the oxygen inlet diameter and angle, influenced the flow field at the inlet region near the burner. But after a certain length along the gasifier, the flow field was nearly the same as that in the basic case.     

底部挡板与进气位置对水力喷射空气旋流器传质性能的影响

水力喷射空气旋流器(water-sparged aerocyclone,WSA)是一种利用液体射流在气体旋流场中雾化强化气液传质的新型传质设备,可广泛用于废水、废气处理等环境工程中。为了改进水力喷射空气旋流器结构,提高其气液传质性能,本文通过废水氨氮吹脱实验研究了进气口轴向位置以及底部挡板的设置对气液传质性能的影响。实验结果表明,进气位置与底部挡板对水力喷射空气旋流器的气液传质性能存在影响。在相同工作条件下,气相进口沿轴向下移对WSA内气液传质性能作用较小,但能够使其气相压降降低约为10%。在WSA主筒体底部液封区域设置挡板,能够强化WSA底部气液两相的混合,进而提高低液相循环流量下WSA内的气液传质性能,且随进气速度的增加,其效果越显著,研究结果可为设计传质性能良好的WSA提供设计依据。     

Electrohydrodynamic Flow and Particle Transport Mechanism in Electrostatic Precipitators with Cavity Walls

The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow induced by the corona wind was observed in a model electrostatic precipitator (ESP) of the simple geometry composed of the plates with a cavity. And the influence of the EHD flow and the turbulence condition of inlet cross-flow on the particle behavior inside the ESP and its collection efficiency were elucidated through experimental and numerical analysis. The profiles of streamwise gas velocities and turbulence intensities were measured in the ESP with a laser Doppler anemometer.A laser beam sheet visualized particle trajectories. Collection efficiencies were measured with a particle counter. In addition, numerical computations were performed to compare with the experimental results. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental data. As the corona voltage increased, the gas velocities of the core flow and the circulating flow inside the cavity increased due to the corona wind and the turbulence intensity increased near the cavity region. As the corona voltage increased for the low bulk gas velocity, corona wind prevented the particle transport into the cavity. And the particle transport into the cavity by turbulent dispersion was observed as the bulk gas velocity increased. When the flow with high turbulence intensity entered the ESP, the turbulent dispersion enhanced the transport of particles into the cavity; hence, the collection efficiency was higher compared with the case of the relatively lower inlet turbulence intensity below a critical corona voltage. However, the collection efficiency was slightly lower for the high inlet turbulence than for the low inlet turbulence above the critical corona voltage due to the turbulent diffusion of particles toward the centerline downstream from the corona wire.     

Chemical hydrodynamics of a downward microbubble flow for intensification of gas‐fed bioreactors

Bioreactors are of interest for value‐upgrading of stranded or waste industrial gases. Reactor intensification requires development of low cost bioreactors with fast gas–liquid mass transfer rate. Here we assess published reactor technology in comparison with a novel downward bubble flow created by a micro‐jet array. Compared to known technology, the advanced design achieves higher volumetric gas transfer efficiency (k_La per power density) and can operate at higher k_La. We measure the effect of four reactor heights (height‐to‐diameter ratios of 12, 9, 6, and 3) on the gas transfer coefficient k_L, total interfacial area a, liquid residence time distribution, energy consumption, and turbulent hydrodynamics. Leading models for predicting k_L and a are appraised with experimental data. The results show k_L is governed by “entrance effects” due to Higbie penetration dominate at short distances below the micro‐jet array, while turbulence dominates at intermediate distances, and finally terminal rise velocity dominates at large distances. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1399–1411, 2018     

Hydrodynamics of disturbed flow and erosion—corrosion. Part I — Single-phase flow study

Numerical simulations of turbulent flow have been used to determine the flow structure in a sudden pipe expansion, in order to explain the effects of disturbed flow on mass transfer controlled erosion–corrosion. Previously determined rates of mass transfer through the liquid boundary layer have been directly related to the predicted levels of near-wall turbulence. When rust films are present, the turbulent fluctuations affect both the mass transfer through the boundary layer and the removal of the film. The determining resistance to mass transfer, under the conditions examined, was that of the rust film.     

两组同轴相向撞击流反应器流场的仿真研究

利用Fluent软件对两组同轴相向撞击流反应器内的流场进行了模拟,研究了在不同流速下两组同轴相向撞击流反应器内的流场结构。模拟结果表明,随着进口速度的增加撞击区逐渐扩大,并使其周围形成的漩涡更加密集,涡流现象更为明显,产生了更大的速度梯度。同时,湍流强度随进口速度的增加变化明显,相对湍流强度增强,更有利于反应器内的湍动混合。