Investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop between parallel channels with pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids

Central to the problem of heat exchangers design is the prediction of pressure drop and heat transfer in the noncircular exchanger duct passages such as parallel channels. Numerical solutions for laminar fully developed flow are presented for the pressure drop (friction factor times Reynolds number) and heat transfer (Nusselt numbers) with thermal boundary conditions [constant heat flux (CHF) and constant wall temperature (CWT) ] for a pseudoplastic and dilatant non‐Newtonian fluid flowing between infinite parallel channels. A shear rate parameter could be used for the prediction of the shear rate range for a specified set of operating conditions that has Newtonian behavior at low shear rates, power law behavior at high shear rates, and a transition region in between. Numerical results of the Nusselt number [constant heat flux (CHF) and constant wall temperature (CWT) ] and the product of the friction factor and Reynolds number for the Newtonian region were compared with the literature values showing agreement within 0.36% in the Newtonian region. For pseudoplastic and dilatant non‐Newtonian fluids, the modified power law model is recommended to use because the fluid properties have big discrepancies between the power law model and the actual values in low and medium range of shear rates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3601–3608, 2003     

叉排微柱群内顶部缝隙对传热效率的影响

以去离子水为工质,实验研究了直径为500 μm、高度为500 μm以叉排排列的微柱群内顶部缝隙对传热效率的影响规律。采用电加热棒进行加热,测量微柱群板Reynolds数在8～400之间在不同顶部缝隙时的进出口温度与流量,获得微柱群内流动阻力系数及Nusselt数,进而掌握微柱群内传热效率与Re关系。研究结果表明,在较低Re时,顶部缝隙对微柱群内流动阻力和Nu影响较小;随着Re增加,其对流动阻力与Nu的影响越来越显著。微柱群传热效率一开始随着Re增加而快速增加,随着Re进一步增加,其传热效率开始缓慢增加甚至出现下降。根据实验结果,尽管微柱群顶部缝隙存在降低了其内Nu,但提高了微柱群的传热效率。     

xperimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Friction Loss Induced by Inserted Rotor-assembled Strand （I） Water

The single-phase pressure drop and heat transfer in a rotor-assembled strand inserted tube were measured using water as the working fluid. Experiment using a smooth tube was carried out to calibrate the experimental system and the data reduction method. In the experiment, fixed mounts were used to eliminate the entrance effect. The experimental results of smooth tube show that employment of fixed mounts leads to a visible bias of friction factor at relative low Reynolds numbers, although it does not significantly affect the Nusselt numbers. The measured data of inserted tube reveal that rotor-assembled strand can significantly improve heat transfer with the Nusselt number increased by 101.6%-106.6% and the overall heat transfer coefficient increased by 58.1%-67.4% within the Reynolds number range of 20000 to 36000. Meanwhile, friction factor increases by 52.2%-84.2% within the same Reynolds number range. The correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor as function of the Reynolds number and Prandtl number were determined through multivariant linear normal regression.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION FACTOR CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR TUBE FITTED WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HELICAL SCREW-TAPE INSERTS

Experimental investigation on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of a circular tube fitted with right-left helical screw inserts of equal and unequal length of different twist ratios is presented. The experimental data obtained were compared with those obtained from plain tube published data. The heat transfer enhancement for right-left helical screw inserts is higher than that for straight helical twist for a given twist ratio. The effect of right-left twist length on heat transfer augmentation is presented. The empirical relations for Nusselt number, friction factor relating Reynolds number, twist ratio, and right-left twist distance were formed and found to fit the experimental data within 10% and 20% for Nusselt number and friction factor respectively. Performance evaluation analysis was made, and the performance ratio of more than one was obtained, indicating that the proposed twist inserts can be used effectively for heat transfer augmentation without any loss in pumping power.     

Prediction of Nusselt Number and Friction Factor of Water-Al2O3 Nanofluid Flow in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Helical Baffles

Heat transfer and flow field of water-Al₂O₃ nanofluid were simulated three-dimensionally in the shell-side of shell-and-tube heat exchanger with helical baffles. The effects of Reynolds number and volume fraction on heat transfer and pressure drop were evaluated. Increasing the volume fraction and Reynolds number intensified both heat transfer and pressure drop. Reduction of the Reynolds number increased the friction factor, but no considerable change was observed in the friction factor by increasing the volume fraction at constant Reynolds number. Heat transfer of the nanofluid revealed greater dependency on the volume fraction of particles at lower Reynolds numbers. Models of Nusselt number and friction factor were obtained in the heat exchanger in terms of Reynolds number and volume fraction using neural network. The neural network predicted the output variables with great accuracy.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION FACTOR CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR TUBE FITTED WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HELICAL SCREW-TAPE INSERTS

Experimental investigation on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of a circular tube fitted with right–left helical screw inserts of equal and unequal length of different twist ratios is presented. The experimental data obtained were compared with those obtained from plain tube published data. The heat transfer enhancement for right–left helical screw inserts is higher than that for straight helical twist for a given twist ratio. The effect of right–left twist length on heat transfer augmentation is presented. The empirical relations for Nusselt number, friction factor relating Reynolds number, twist ratio, and right–left twist distance were formed and found to fit the experimental data within 10% and 20% for Nusselt number and friction factor respectively. Performance evaluation analysis was made, and the performance ratio of more than one was obtained, indicating that the proposed twist inserts can be used effectively for heat transfer augmentation without any loss in pumping power.     

扭曲管强化传热性能实验研究

在设计的蒸汽-水换热实验台上测试了5种不同导程的椭圆扭曲管和圆管的传热和流动阻力性能.分别对5种不同导程的扭曲管和圆管管内流体努赛尔数,摩擦系数和管内综合评价因子随雷诺数变化情况进行了对比.实验结果表明:扭曲管的强化传热性能明显,且导程越小,强化传热效果越好.在实验测试的雷诺数范围内,扭曲管的努塞尔数为光滑圆管的1.0...     

含扭曲带管内流动与传热的数值模拟

以空气为介质(Pr=0.698),通过数值模拟的方法在Re=300～800的范围内对含扭曲带管内周期性充分发展的层流流动进行了模拟分析,说明了不同Re、扭曲比y、纽带厚度δ和翅片系数C_fin对Nu、速度环量和阻力系数的影响,并通过对Nu和速度环量之间的关系进行了分析,得出在含扭曲带管内强化换热流动中决定换热能力的物理量——速度环量.     

矩形缩放管间插入旋流片的传热实验研究

为了研究新型换热器——矩形管束换热器的传热性能,采用矩形缩放管间插入一组旋流片来研究旋流片下游的传热与流阻性能,并与光滑矩形管的传热和流阻进行比较。实验结果表明:在实验范围内(19 000Re44 000),随着下游距离的增大,旋流片产生的自旋流逐渐衰减,局部Nu数和阻力系数减小,并且局部Nu数的下降速度要慢于阻力系数的;当下游距离在0—200 mm时,阻力系数下降的程度较大;旋流片下游在得到强化传热的同时,阻力增加也很大。     

涡产生器翼高对管翅式换热器流动与传热的影响

采用数值模拟方法分析了三角形小翼式涡产生器翼高分别为1.5、1.75和2.0 mm时对圆管管翅式换热器空气侧传热及纵向涡强度的影响。结果表明：在相同Re下,随着翼高的增加,Nu、阻力系数 f 以及量纲1二次流强度Se_m都增大;所研究各模型的Se_m与Nu呈唯一对应关系,并且获得了Se_m与Nu的定量关系;以强化传热因子JF作为评价准则,得出翼高为1.75 mm时能够使换热器获得较优的综合强化传热效果。     

周期性沟槽通道内自激震荡流及换热特性

应用数值模拟方法,分析了以周期性方式布置不同结构通道内产生的周期性自震荡流动现象,并研究了自激震荡流对下壁面物块传热特性的影响。计算采用低雷诺数、二维、非稳态层流模型。采用布置斜板和布置两个不同弯曲方向叶片等三种方式来诱导自激震荡流。分别对不同结构通道内流体的流场、温度场、努塞尔特数和表面摩擦系数变化规律进行了对比分析。计算结果发现：三种结构由稳态过渡到自震荡流时对应的临界雷诺数都很低,分别为620、480、400,并且有较低临界雷诺数的通道结构对应较强烈的震荡,表现为沟槽区域的强烈涡结构运动,及由此带来的更好换热效果。此外,表面摩擦系数因通道涡结构相异而有不同的变化趋势。     

插入双面有三角形翅片的金属带对热交换管中流动和传热特性的影响

The convective heat transfer and friction behaviors of turbulent tube flow through a straight tape with double-sided delta wings(T-W)have been studied experimentally.In the current work,the T-W formed on the tape was used as vortex generators for enhancing the heat transfer coefficient by breakdown of thermal boundary layer and by mixing of fluid flow in tubes.The T-W characteristics are(1)T-W with forward/backward-wing arrangement,(2)T-W with alternate axis(T-WA),(3)three wing-width ratios and(4)wing-pitch ratios.The experimental result reveals that for using the T-W,the increases in the mean Nusselt number(Nu)and friction factor are,respectively,up to 165%and 14.8 times of the plain tube and the maximum thermal performance factor is 1.19.It is also obvious that the T-W with forward-wing gives higher heat transfer rate than one with backward-wing around 7%. The present investigation also shows that the heat transfer rate and friction factor obtained from the T-WA is higher than that from the T-W.In addition,the flow pattern and temperature fields in the T-W tube with both backward and forward wings were also examined numerically.     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of turbulent flow through a circular tube fitted with helical screw-tape inserts

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of circular tube fitted with full-length helical screw element of different twist ratio, and increasing and decreasing order of twist ratio set have been studied with uniform heat flux under turbulent flow conditions. The Reynolds number was varied from 2700 to 13 500. The experimental data obtained are compared with those obtained from plain tube published data. The maximum Nusselt number for the twist of 1.95 was obtained. The performance of the helical twist insert was compared with the twisted tape performance reported in the literature and found that it is better than twisted tape performance. The heat transfer augmentation for helical twist of increasing and decreasing order twist were also presented. The empirical correlations developed relating twist ratio and Reynolds number, are fitting the experimental data within ±13% and ±15% for Nusselt number and friction factor, respectively. The performance evaluation study has been presented to check the potential of using the helical twist insert.     

三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热模拟

对三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热性能进行了模拟,得到了充分发展条件下恒定热流加热时釜内湍流流体的速度场,分析了雷诺数(Re)和无量纲曲率(k) 对流体阻力和换热性能的影响,并由模拟数据拟合出平均阻力系数及平均努赛尔数的关联式. 结果表明,湍流流动中,夹套内流体的二次流动为稳定的二涡结构,随雷诺数增大,二次流强度和湍动能均增强. 由于离心力的作用,外壁面的阻力系数远大于内壁面. 换热面上局部努塞尔数的峰值出现在靠近二次涡中心位置的换热壁面处,换热面中心处的局部努塞尔数约为峰值的85%. 随Re和k增大,峰值处的局部努塞尔数值增大最明显,流体的平均努塞尔数及阻力系数均增大. 在所模拟的范围内,三角形螺旋夹套的效率因子E>3.7,且随Re和k增大,E逐渐增大.     

Effect of Helical Surface Disc Turbulators on Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Characteristics in the Annuli of a Double‐Pipe Heat Exchanger

The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in annuli of a double‐pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) using helical surface disc turbulators (HSDTs) are experimentally investigated. The effect of a helical surface disc turbulator is studied for three pitch ratios, three diameter ratios, and varying Reynolds numbers. Water flows in the inner tube and air through the annulus. The tests are conducted for air with uniform wall temperature condition. The heat exchanger with the least pitch ratio and least diameter ratio was found to exhibit the highest Nusselt number and pressure drop. The thermal performance factor turned out to be greater than unity for all cases. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance.     

Heat Transfer and Friction Characteristics for Turbulent Flow of Dimpled Tubes

The hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of dimpled tubes with different arrangements were investigated in this paper. The dimples on the tube are outward‐facing, raised, with aligned and staggered arrangements. The experiments were carried out in counter‐current flow patterns with cold air along the tube inside and hot water around the outside of the tube. The Reynolds numbers of air flow were in the range of 1.6·10⁴ to 5.4·10⁴. By comparing the performances among three tubes (smooth tube, dimpled tube with aligned arrangement, and dimpled tube with staggered arrangement), we could find that the dimpled tubes enhanced the Nusselt number by about 18.6～22.7 %, while the friction factors of the dimpled tubes increased by 18.6～25.9 % for the aligned arrangement and by 14.3～29.8 % for the staggered arrangement. The test results also showed that different dimple arrangements have very little effect, which is always within 5 %. By the integrated performance evaluation of (Nu_a/Nu_s)/(f_a/f_s)^1/3, the maximum of the heat transfer enhancement with the same friction penalty, about 19 %, could be achieved by optimization of the dimpled‐tube design.     

自旋扭带强化传热及旋转特性

旋转扭带是在固定式扭带基础上发展而来的, 因其特殊结构所以能在管内流体作用下产生自旋效果。本文对自旋式扭带旋转特性及强化传热特性进行研究。通过理论及实验研究管内自旋扭带旋转特性后得出:扭率越小, 扭带克服阻力起始旋转需要的流体速度越小;扭带转速与管内流体流速呈一次线性关系, 且扭带节距不变时线性比例基本保持不变。通过实验研究后得出:自旋扭带能达到很好的强化传热性能, 扭率越小其强化传热性能越明显, 同时阻力特性也越明显, 在雷诺数为4×10³～4×10⁴、扭率为3～8时, 换热管内摩擦因子增至1.7～3.5倍, 努赛尔数增幅为10%～37%。本文使用评估指标η对扭带进行综合评价, 得出扭率为7的自旋扭带具有最佳的综合性能。并分别拟合出摩擦因子及努赛尔数与雷诺数、扭率之间的关联式, 提出一种工程上自旋扭带选型方法。     

空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的流动与传热性能

采用标准k-ε模型和增强壁面函数法对空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的强制对流换热进行数值模拟。采用SIMPLEC算法求解速度场和压力场的耦合,守恒方程采用二阶迎风格式离散。计算得到了不同管间距比下的管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数。分析了纵横管间距比及Reynolds数的改变对管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数的影响。     

螺旋套管换热器壳程流体湍流换热热力性能数值研究

利用计算流体力学软件对内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟。通过与内管为光管的研究结果对比,揭示了内管为螺纹管时壳程流体的速度场和温度场分布,研究了雷诺数、槽高对壳程流体湍流流动及换热性能的影响,并利用场协同原理初步揭示了螺纹复合螺旋流动强化流体换热的机理。结果表明,螺纹内管的螺纹凸起对螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的扰流和导流作用明显,在研究范围内(Re=10 000~24 000),内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的传热效率较内管为光管的模型最大提高了22.1%;结构参数相同时,随着Re增大,螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的Nu逐渐增大,阻力系数f逐渐减小,综合评价因子Ψ逐渐减小,在研究范围内,Nu最大增加了85.6,f最大减少了0.008,Ψ从1.35减小至1.18。当Re一定时,当量高度h'增大,f逐渐增大,Nu先增大后减小。由场协同原理分析得出,h'=0.220时,在螺纹凸起扰流和导流的作用下壳程流体的温度场与速度场协同性能较好,综合评价因子Ψ最大,螺纹的优化当量高度h'宜取约0.220。     

三维槽道的周期性层流流动与传热

应用数值模拟方法分析了以周期性方式布置不同节距比(PR=L/H)、倾角为45°挡板槽道的流动特性与传热特性。挡板在槽道上下壁面对齐布置高度比(BR=b/H)为0.2,以便在槽道内部形成一对沿流向的反向旋涡。数值模拟计算Reynolds数范围为100~1000,流体介质为空气。计算结果表明:布置斜置挡板后,在槽道内诱导产生了沿流向的旋涡流,且在测试段中旋涡流冲击槽道上下壁面和槽道一侧壁面,结果使得传热效率提高;分析了范围内平均Nusselt数比Nu/Nu₀、摩擦系数比f/f₀及传热增强系数η随节距比PR和Reynolds数的变化关系,并建立了相应的准则关系式;当挡板间节距比为0.5时,传热增强系数可达最大值3.0。