重污染河道疏浚程度对底泥中总氮释放的影响

采集正在进行疏浚的河道表层、中层、下层底泥于室内静态条件下进行TN释放试验,研究疏浚程度对具有明显分层现象的河道底泥中的TN释放影响。结果表明:重污染河道底泥的TN释放共分为3个阶段:快速释放阶段,过渡阶段,释放平衡阶段;重污染河道底泥疏浚程度越高,疏浚后底泥TN质量浓度越低,越有利于减少底泥中TN的释放。重污染河道采用水力疏浚仅能去除表层淤泥,底泥TN负荷仍较高。     

淮河淮南段底泥氮磷垂直分布研究

对淮河淮南段国家控制断面柱状样底泥的岩性、理化性质及氮磷形态的垂直分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,0～20 cm内底泥的含水率与有机质含量间有显著的正相关性(r=0.963).不同断面氮的含量及形态分布差异较大,一般都在20 cm处发生明显的转折,TN、NH+-4-N、NO--3-N含量的最高值均出现在姚家湾;NH+-4-N、NO--3-N含量总和占TN的比例极小,有机氮及地质氮可能是淮河底泥氮的主要存在形式;底泥磷的形态分布特征相似,钙磷(Ca-P)含量在各层所占的比例约占该层TP的40%;闭蓄磷(O-P)在峡山口、石头埠、湖大涧3个断面所占的比例仅次于Ca-P;铁磷(Fe-P)在姚家湾、石头埠相对较高.最具释放潜力的水溶性磷、Al-P、Fe-P在4个柱状样底泥中都较低;三者之和约占TP的20%左右.研究结论为:淮河淮南段底泥磷的释放不会对淮河的富营养化起太大的作用,外源输入和底泥氮的释放是淮河水体富营养化的主要原因.     

水力负荷及季节变化对人工湿地处理效率的影响

研究了水力负荷及季节变化对人工湿地强化净化五里湖湖水处理效率的影响因素,试验时间从2004年8月3日~2006年1月15日。研究表明,随水力负荷的增加,垂直流、潜流和自由表面流人工湿地的处理效率均呈下降趋势,尤以自由表面流人工湿地变化最为明显。对于五里湖水体,适宜的进水负荷为0.8m3/(m2·d)左右,此时垂直流、潜流人工湿地的TN和TP的去除效率均在50%以上。各人工湿地随季节的变化去除效率排序为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。TP的去除率随季节变化相对比较平稳,TN次之,NH3-N、CODMn变化较大,冬季去除率下降尤为明显。     

表面流人工湿地不同植物及其组合净化污水处理厂尾水研究

为提高表面流人工湿地对低污染水的生态净化效率,对人工湿地中湿生植物的组成进行比选研究,设置8个由不同湿生植物(包括挺水、沉水和浮叶植物)组成的表面流人工湿地,比较其净化尾水氮磷效果。结果表明:挺水植物圆币草(Hydrocotyle verticillata)和大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)组合的表面流人工湿地净化尾水氮磷效果最好,其人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为68.6%、62.6%和78.2%,对TP和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的平均去除率分别为64.5%和80%。浮叶植物睡莲(Nymphaea L.)人工湿地去除氮磷能力次之,TN、NO-3-N、NH3-N、TP和DIP平均去除率分别为55%、55.2%、63.3%、56.1%和64.7%,体现一定的污染物去除潜力。沉水植物苦草[Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara]在与圆币草等共存净化尾水过程中逐渐失去优势种地位。而由黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)和再力花(Thalia dealbata)等挺水植物构建的表面流人工湿地,虽然生物量高,但其氮磷去除效果较差,尤其是再力花人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N平均去除率仅在18%~36.2%之间,对TP和DIP平均去除率也分别只有41.5%和38.7%。因此,采用圆币草和大聚藻组合构建的表面流人工湿地能更有效净化污水处理厂尾水中氮磷,对TN的去除尤为高效,能有效提升尾水水质。     

丝状藻生物膜强化表面流湿地系统水质净化试验研究

针对表面流湿地水质净化效果不足的缺陷,考虑采用丝状藻生物膜附着于表面流湿地基质中构建丝状藻生物膜强化表流湿地。对比试验标明:丝状藻生物膜强化后的表面流湿地可以显著提高污染物去除效率,控制同样的进水浓度和水力负荷,在试验期前7~8 d,强化藻生物膜强化基质的人工湿地系统对COD_(Mn)、TN、NH3-N和TP的去除率较普通基质的污染物去除率提高了24.73%,20.84%,21.23%和11.3%;相比于丝状藻静水状态下的水质净化效果,连续运行的强化藻生物膜湿地系统中,对水体TN,NH3-N及CODMn去除率更为稳定,对TP去除效果接近,也一定程度上抑制了TN和NH3-N反向释放及CODMn浓度回升现象。为保证藻生物膜强化表面流湿地的连续运行,在藻类衰亡阶段应改变水力条件以及时清理衰亡的丝状藻,控制藻生物膜的厚度。     

太湖重污染湖区底泥沉积物特性

对竺山湖及太湖西岸湖区底泥沉积物的粒径、含水率、有机质、TN,TP含量进行研究,探讨竺山湖湾东部、竺山湖湾西部、太湖西岸北部、太湖西岸南部底泥污染物表层及垂向分布规律.结果表明,竺山湖湾沉积物中有机质、TN,TP含量高于西沿岸湖区,底泥再悬浮释放污染物风险较大;西沿岸北段清淤区垂向有机质、TN含量无显著性变化,TP含量...     

疏浚底泥生态护岸材料在河道治理中的应用

针对河道在生态系统中出现了淤积严重、岸坡坍塌以及生态功能缺失等问题,文章提出将疏浚底泥生态护岸材料应用于河道治理中.根据疏浚底泥制备生态护岸材料的目标参数,设计了疏浚底泥生态护岸材料的配合比,通过疏浚底泥生态护岸材料的化学成分和重金属含量,分析了疏浚底泥生态护岸材料的理化性质,实现了疏浚底泥生态护岸材料的制备,从无侧限抗压强度指标、重金属浸出安全性、抗剪强度、固化泥干密度和孔隙率四个方面,测试了疏浚底泥生态护岸材料的性能指标.结合工程实例分析表明,将疏浚底泥生态护岸材料应用到河道治理中,可以解决河道的淤积严重、岸坡坍塌以及生态功能缺失等问题,为河道系统的可持续发展提供了保障.     

疏浚底泥掺外加剂真空预压脱水技术研究

太湖环保疏浚工程产生的高含水率疏浚底泥量日益增加,而且会造成十分严重的二次污染.为实现底泥的快速脱水,便于资源化利用,针对底泥疏浚工程的传统堆场处置方式存在的缺点,尽快脱除由于淤泥沉降作用积累的大量上清液,采用真空预压并加入高分子絮凝剂和脱水剂的方法进行疏浚底泥脱水.同时做了空白试验,测定了排水速率,检测出水水质.试验结果表明:掺外加剂试验组疏浚底泥的含水率在650 h内从76.0%降至46.5%,而无外加剂的空白组试验含水率只降至53.4%.所用脱水剂不与絮凝剂、淤泥和淤泥中的有机质等成分发生化学反应,对出水水质无明显影响,出水的浊度、CODMn以及pH值在废水排放的规范之内.所以,真空预压并加入高分子絮凝剂和脱水剂的方法能够实现快速脱水,同时保证出水水质.     

复合型人工湿地处理铁路车站生活污水试验研究

将表面流湿地与潜流湿地相结合,处理铁路车站生活污水,分析湿地系统对CODCr、BOD5、TP、TN、SS的处理效果。研究结果表明,复合型人工湿地系统对CODCr、BOD5、SS均有较高的去除率;进水中CODCr、TP浓度的波动对出水浓度影响不大,复合型人工湿地系统具有良好的抗冲击能力。     

洋河水库底泥对富营养化影响的研究

通过对洋河水库底泥中总氮、总磷含量分布及颗粒粒径的分析 ,揭示出同一库内底泥中的总氮、总磷含量与粒度有较强的相关关系。进行了底泥中磷、氮总量的估算 ,认为目前尚处于中等水平 ,且具有西高东低、北低南高的地域特征。与国内其他水库相比 ,考虑到底泥营养物质含量、水深和水体营养状态的关系 ,认为其底泥已使水体达到富营养化水平 ,底泥的影响尤其在干旱年可起主导作用 ,同水质评价结果一致。最后提出 ,在外源污染控制后 ,应进行底泥的疏浚工作 ,且应首先从氮、磷含量高、释放速度快的库南区开始。     

北方某人工湿地净化能力分析

在对北方某人工湿地长期观测取得的大量详尽数据的基础上,分析了人工湿地系统总体净化能力和潜流人工湿地水质动态变化特征。结果表明:该人工湿地示范工程对水质净化效果较为明显,对各类污染物的去除率平均可达40%;潜流人工湿地可对污水进行深度处理,对BOD5、NH4-N的去除效果最好,去除率为80%～90%,对NO3-N、TN的去除效果较好,去除率为65%～75%,对CODMn和SS的去除效果一般,去除率为40%～60%,对TP的去除效果随着时间推移逐渐减弱,碎石吸附对TP去除起主要作用。     

温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

构建由潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地串联而成的复合人工湿地系统,研究了复合人工湿地脱氮除磷效果以及温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,复合人工湿地TP、氨氮平均去除率为33.64%、57.24%;水温降低会导致人工湿地氮磷去除率下降;基质为粗砂的潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷能力大于基质为砾石的潜流人工湿地。     

Relative Role of Lake and Tributary in Hydrology of Lake Superior Coastal Wetlands

Despite the documented importance of hydrodynamics in influencing the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, systematic assessments of coastal wetland hydrology are lacking. This paper addresses this gap by describing patterns in lake and tributary inputs, water residence times, and mixing regimes for a suite of western Lake Superior wetlands that differ in the amount of tributary and seiche flow they receive. We show that variability in tributary flows among wetlands and over time is far greater than variability in seiche-driven water movements, and that the amount of tributary flow strongly influences wetland hydrology via effects on water mixing and residence times, seiche size, mouth closures, and relative amounts of main and off-channel areas. Wetland seiche amplitudes were reduced in systems with small mouth openings and wetland mouth size was correlated with tributary flow. All wetlands experienced seiche-driven water level oscillations, but there was lake water intrusion only into those wetlands where tributary outflow was small relative to the seiche-driven inflow. Wetlands in settings exposed to long-shore sediment transport exhibited periodic mouth closures when stream flows were low. The absolute and relative size of lake and tributary inputs must be explicitly considered in addition to wetland morphology and landscape setting in studies seeking to understand determinants of coastal wetland structure, function, and response to anthropogenic stressors.     

Water level fluctuation and sediment–water nutrient exchange in Great Lakes coastal wetlands

The influence of water level fluctuation on sediment–water nutrient exchange in coastal wetlands of Lakes Michigan and Huron was investigated using controlled, laboratory experiments. At each wetland, sediment cores were collected from 5 locations along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline, desiccated for 8 weeks, and then re-wetted with original site water for 24 h to simulate water level fluctuation. Soluble reactive phosphorus release declined exponentially along transects, with highest release rates from sediments collected at the ordinary high water mark (OHWM), and lowest rates from sediments underlying water > 0.25 m in depth. Nitrate exchange showed no obvious pattern in the Lake Michigan wetlands but nitrate was lost at all locations in the Lake Huron wetlands, suggesting denitrification. Ammonium was released at all sites, but with no obvious pattern along transects. Sulfate release was low at the OHWM locations and increased in a lakeward direction, plateauing by the 0.25 m water depth.     

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源磷释放的短期效应研究

对大纵湖底泥疏浚的短期效应进行模拟实验,分析了上覆水体的Eh、pH和磷质量浓度随时间的变化规律,以及沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态磷质量比的垂向变化规律。结果表明:底泥疏浚30 cm对上覆水体Eh、pH以及磷浓度控制效果不显著,且沉积物磷形态不是影响沉积物释磷的主要因素。     

芦苇不同部位作为碳源对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

针对人工湿地中有机碳源不足造成脱氮效率较差的问题,寻找更高效的植物碳源以改善人工湿地内部碳氮比低的状况。通过试验比较芦苇穗(芦穗)、芦苇茎(芦茎)和芦苇根(芦根)3个部位在不同预处理方式下的静态释放规律,筛选出最佳的植物碳源,并通过小试人工湿地试验分析其作为植物碳源对脱氮效果的影响。分析结果表明:碱热处理能够提高COD释放量,相较其它预处理方式,其最大COD释放浓度提高10%,并提前释放一部分氮类化合物和含磷化合物;芦穗碱热处理初期COD释放量达到各部位中的最高值182.00 mg/L;从144 h内的平均TN释放量来看,芦穗碱热处理(6.16 mg/L)＞芦根碱热处理(4.21 mg/L)＞芦茎碱热处理(2.99 mg/L),芦茎释放量最少,比芦穗少一半以上;经过碱泡、碱热处理后,TN、TP、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N释放量均小于简单处理。碱热处理后的芦苇茎是最佳植物碳源,具有较强的持续释碳能力,并且对氮、磷积累的影响最小;在小试人工湿地系统中添加碱热处理后的芦茎在不显著提高系统出水COD前提下,显著提高了TN和TP的去除率,相对对照组分别提高了61.14%和32.53%,达到同步强化脱氮除磷的效果。     

Hydrology influences generalist–specialist bird-based indices of biotic integrity in Great Lakes coastal wetlands

Marsh bird habitats are influenced by water levels which may pose challenges for interpreting bird-based indices of wetland health. We determined how much fluctuating water levels and associated changes in emergent vegetation influence the Index of Marsh Bird Community Integrity (IMBCI) using data collected in Great Lakes coastal wetlands by participants in Bird Studies Canada's Great Lakes Marsh Monitoring Program. IMBCI scores for 90 wetlands in Lake Erie and 131 wetlands in Lake Ontario decreased with decreasing water levels due to decreasing number of marsh-dependent species in Lake Erie and perhaps also in Lake Ontario. The average magnitude of the decrease in scores between extremely high and low water periods for wetlands with sufficient data was 15% in Lake Erie where water dropped 0.9 m on average (n = 11 wetlands) and 18% in Lake Ontario where water dropped 0.5 m (n = 7). Scores in Lake Erie increased with increasing Typha due to increasing numbers of marsh-dependent species and decreased with increasing Phragmites due to increasing numbers of generalist species. The opposite was observed in Lake Ontario, perhaps due to denser Typha and sparser Phragmites. Scores were explained by the naturally fluctuating water levels of Lake Erie, which favored Phragmites expansion and the regulated water levels of Lake Ontario which promoted Typha expansion. Scores were influenced by fluctuating water levels and associated changes in emergent vegetation. Inter-annual water level fluctuations should be considered when interpreting any indicator of wetland health that is based on marsh-dependent bird species.     

堵塞对湿地内水流流态及污水处理效果的影响

通过在污水中加入氯化钠示踪剂,研究人工湿地及其对照系统内水力停留时间的分布(HRTD),探讨潜流人工湿地和垂直流人工湿地中植物在堵塞前后对水流流态的影响,探讨堵塞对上述两种人工湿地水流流态的影响。结果表明:对于潜流人工湿地(SFCW),堵塞前湿地植物缩短了水力停留时间(HRT),堵塞后延长了HRT;对于垂直流人工湿地(VFCW),堵塞前湿地植物对水流流态无明显影响,堵塞后延长了湿地内的HRT。堵塞对湿地内水流流态影响明显,潜流和垂直流湿地由于堵塞其HRT分别延长了12.3%,22.6%。堵塞后湿地对污水的净化能力都要强于堵塞前,但是湿地的污水处理量减小,堵塞严重时湿地丧失其污水净化功能。