臭氧-生物活性炭控制有机物和消毒副产物研究

南方某水厂采用的臭氧-生物活性炭给水深度处理工艺稳定运行了6年,为了解工艺长期运行过程中在活性炭性能指标下降后,是否还能有效地去除有机物和消毒副产物,开展了试验研究。重点考察臭氧-生物活性炭对水中有机物和氯化消毒副产物的去除效果,通过与常规处理出水水质的对比,探讨其去除有机物和消毒副产物的优势。结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭是一个长期有效的去除有机物和氯化消毒副产物的控制手段。该工艺对CODMn、TOC、UV254的去除率分别为43.2%、24.0%、58.8%;对THMsFP去除率为40.1%;对三氯甲烷和三氯乙醛的去除率分别达到54.5%和70.7%。在臭氧-生物活性炭组合处理工艺中,活性炭池是去除有机物和消毒副产物的关键工艺。     

河网水溶解性有机物和氨氮在净水过程中的去除

对以微污染河网水为原水的净水厂各处理单元去除溶解性有机碳(DOC)和氨氮的效果进行分析。采用三维荧光分光光度计,并结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)解析溶解性有机物(DOM)中荧光类有机物的变化情况。氨氮的去除主要集中在预处理曝气生物池,去除率达到63.2%。混凝沉淀、过滤和臭氧-活性炭对DOC均有去除效能,其中常规处理工艺对DOC有较大贡献,去除率达57.2%。但生物预处理和常规处理均不能有效去除荧光类有机物。臭氧—活性炭能有效去除类色氨酸、类酪氨酸和类腐殖质等荧光类有机物,其荧光峰值的削减幅度分别可达82.1%、63.3%和61.6%。结果表明,生物预处理、常规净水工艺和臭氧—活性炭深度处理组合工艺才能保证供水的安全。     

饮用水处理工艺去除两种典型内分泌干扰物的性能

研究了水中两种典型内分泌干扰物———双酚A(BPA)和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在饮用水常规处理、臭氧活性炭和微曝气活性炭深度处理中试工艺中的去除性能。研究发现,饮用水常规处理工艺对BPA和DMP的去除效果有限,进水浓度为200~300μg/L条件下经过混凝、沉淀和砂滤后,BPA和DMP的去除率分别仅为25.38%和13.29%。臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺能有效去除BPA和DMP,但二者在该工艺中的去除特性有所不同:水中BPA经过臭氧氧化后几乎被全部去除,后续的生物活性炭处理单元作用较小;但臭氧氧化仅可部分去除DMP,大部分靠后续生物活性炭柱去除。微曝气活性炭深度处理工艺也能有效去除BPA和DMP,对二者的去除主要靠微曝气活性炭柱的作用,其效果略优于臭氧投加量为0条件下的臭氧活性炭柱,这说明微曝气活性炭柱存在较多的特定降解菌。通过静态吸附试验发现,臭氧活性炭柱和微曝气活性炭柱内活性炭对BPA和DMP的最大吸附容量均远小于新炭,同时臭氧活性炭柱内活性炭吸附容量略高于微曝气活性炭柱。     

基于高效液相凝胶色谱与三维荧光光谱研究饮用水中溶解性有机物去除规律

采用高效液相凝胶色谱法及三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法,考察以太湖为原水的深度处理工艺对有机物的去除效果和规律。研究表明,深度处理工艺去除UV254的效果优于DOC,疏水性降低而亲水性增强。预臭氧和混凝沉淀可几乎完全去除大分子有机物,生物活性炭去除中分子的效果优于小分子。深度处理去除大分子的效果最佳,其次为中分子,最差为小分子。三维荧光分析表明,深度处理工艺可去除大部分的溶解性微生物产物以及腐殖酸类有机物和部分的蛋白质类。平行因子法确定太湖水DOM的3个组分,分别是色氨酸类荧光物质(C1)、腐殖质类荧光物质(C2)、氨基酸及蛋白质类荧光物质(C3)。生物活性炭对C1、C2、C3去除率分别为100%、100%、63.9%。     

饮用水臭氧应用安全性研究

对预臭氧、臭氧—生物活性炭等技术与常规水处理工艺联用中有机物去除效果、消毒副产物THMFP的消除等进行了研究。结果表明:采用适量臭氧(如1mg/L)预氧化,可有效提高混凝过程中有机物去除率;THMFP从常规处理的116μg/L降至78μg/L(1mg/LO3)。与预臭氧强化混凝联用的臭氧—生物活性炭工艺能进一步降低DOC和THMFP。研究发现:溴酸盐随着臭氧含量呈现起伏变化,溴酸盐相关前驱物不易分离去除。两次臭氧投加(预臭氧和主臭氧)均导致溴酸盐、AOC和甲醛升高;其含量可分别在后续的混凝过滤及生物活性炭过程中得到控制,仅AOC含量较原水和常规工艺出水有所升高。     

浙江省某水厂臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺运行效果分析

针对A水厂采用臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺处理东太湖微污染原水,研究该工艺对常规水质指标的去除效果,以及消毒副产物生成潜能的控制情况,并结合三维荧光光谱分析原水中溶解性有机物的去除情况.结果表明:臭氧活性炭工艺对CODM n、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为13.40％ ～19.86％、27.27％ ～56.25％ 和13.41％ ～27.82％.根据三维荧光光谱分析,臭氧活性炭工艺对原水中溶解性有机物有进一步的去除作用,总去除率为33.11％.臭氧活性炭工艺对THMs生成势的去除率达26.94％,但其对N-DBPs和HKs生成势的去除率仅有5.13％.     

预臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭深度处理工艺中的优化和协同作用

预臭氧通常位于净水处理工艺的最前端,其对后续工艺的协同和优化作用值得探讨。通过中试,研究预臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭深度工艺处理太湖水中的作用。试验表明,预臭氧具有助凝效果,但对混凝去除有机物的帮助有限。研究发现,预臭氧可有效提升砂滤去除可生物降解有机物(BDOC)的效果,并与臭氧投加量有密切关系。预臭氧投加量为1.5 mg/L时,常规处理(混凝沉淀-砂滤)去除有机物的效果最好。预臭氧还可促进生物活性炭去除BDOC。在本试验中,最佳的预臭氧投加量对整个深度工艺去除有机物为1.5 mg/L,砂滤起到关键的作用。     

臭氧—生物活性炭工艺去除AOC和有机物的效果研究

对某水厂深度处理各段工艺出水水质进行了分析,重点考察臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理工艺对太湖原水AOC的去除效果。结果表明,深度处理工艺对DOC和UV254去除效果良好,去除率分别为35.76%和57.58%;臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理工艺对AOC去除效果有限。     

改性蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧氧化净水效能中试研究

通过中试考察了改性蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧氧化(催化氧化)—活性炭过滤的净水效果,并与臭氧—活性炭工艺进行比较。试验条件下蜂窝陶瓷催化剂在静态和动态条件下均不会促进气体向水中的传质;静态条件下催化氧化对水中有机物的去除效率比臭氧单独氧化高;动态试验中,催化氧化对UV254的去除率高于臭氧氧化,但对TOC的去除没有优势,与臭氧氧化相比催化氧化有利于后续活性炭对有机物的去除。GC/MS测定表明,催化氧化及其后续活性炭出水中半挥发性有机物种类分别比臭氧单独氧化少9%和32%。经Ames试验发现,两种氧化及其后续活性炭处理后水的致突变活性均有微小增加。     

臭氧—生物活性炭处理效果的影响因素与工艺分析

桐乡市果园桥水厂深度处理工艺投入运行已逾五年。通过对二期臭氧—生物活性炭工艺长达五年的跟踪分析,阐述了臭氧接触、生物活性炭以及臭氧—生物活性炭工艺对耗氧量的去除效果,分析了水温、处理负荷、原水耗氧量、臭氧投加量等因素对耗氧量去除率的影响,并且从活性炭物理指标的下降程度说明了生物活性炭工艺的中后期以生物作用为主。总体而言,多因素综合影响着臭氧—生物活性炭工艺的处理效果。     

Control of disinfection byproduct formation in Feng-Shan reservoir by the traditional treatment processes plus O3-pilot-plant test.

Two processes in the pilot plant were studied and compared to reduce the disinfection byproduct risk of the potable finished water of Feng-shan treatment utility in Taiwan. For 5 months study, two processes have both demonstrated to achieve a significant removal on the organic precursors of DBPs, including NPDOC and A-254. With the analysis of molecular weight distribution of organics in raw water, the study found the post ozonation plus BAC can provide additional enhancement in degrading organic contents. A process of coagulation/sedimentation/rapid sand filtration/post ozonation/BAC would be suggested as the advanced treatment process improving the supply quality of Feng-shan utility.     

Synergistic effect of biological activated carbon and enhanced coagulation in secondary wastewater effluent treatment

The use of secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE) is an essential strategy for making better use of limited water resources. However, a wide range of organic compounds eventually renders them unsuitable for recycling. In water treatment processes, biologically activated carbon (BAC) is adopted after physicochemical treatment. However, the effectiveness of such combination for SWWE remains poorly understood. This study investigates the effectiveness of various combinations: BAC/enhanced coagulation (EC) or EC/BAC, especially in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. The results showed that distinct advantage could be obtained by adopting BAC/EC combination rather than EC/BAC, as microbes in BAC not only remove non-coagulable compounds but also synergize the removal efficiency by releasing some coagulable humic substances.     

Particle separation as a pretreatment of an advanced drinking water treatment process by ozonation and biological activated carbon

The role of particle separation on the performance of ozone-biological activated carbon (BAC) was evaluated based on the analyses of the fate of organic substances in the process. Pilot plant studies were carried out using eutrophic lake water as raw water. The ozonation not only converted refractory organic matter into biodegradable matter but also particulate organic carbon (POC) into dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Total decrease in adsorbable and non biodegradable DOC fraction (ADOC) after ozonation was only 1690 of the influent into the biofiltration process followed by ozonation. However, the ozone-BAC process before membrane separation could reduce organic loading to membrane system. The smaller loading to microfiltration will result in long intervals of back washing and less frequent membrane fouling. Membrane separation before ozonation removed not only POC but also a part of DOC and could prevent dissolution of POC during ozonation. The decreases in ADOC by membrane and ozonation were 20% and 37% of the influent ADOC, respectively. The total decrease in ADOC for membrane process followed by ozonation was 57%. The separation of particulate matter will decrease loading of ADOC onto BAC significantly and, therefore, will extend service life of BAC.     

强化混凝超滤组合工艺对有机污染物去除效能的研究

为了进一步提高水质处理效果,采用强化混凝超滤的组合工艺对湖水进行处理,考察该组合工艺对有机物的去除效能,及影响有机物去除效能的因素。试验结果表明:①强化混凝超滤组合工艺对原水浊度的去除效果较好,对TOC和UV254的去除效果也明显优于传统水处理工艺;②原水中UV254含量的波动,对UV254的去除率和滤后水UV254含量影响并不大。原水中TOC含量的波动,对TOC的去除率有很大的影响,对滤后水TOC含量的影响并不大。TOC的去除率普遍高于UV254的去除率;③根据原水和滤后水SUVA值的变化发现,强化混凝超滤组合工艺对亲水性有机物的去除率大于该工艺对疏水性有机物的去除率。在一定范围内,pH的变化对TOC和UV254去除率变化趋势相反。     

长江常熟段水溶解性有机物分子质量分布特性

采用超滤膜法对水溶解性有机物进行物理分级,研究长江常熟段水源水中不同分子质量区间DOC和UV254分布的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,长江常熟段水源水总体水质较好,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等指标均未超过地表Ⅲ类水体水质标准,符合饮用水源地卫生要求。2008年11月至2009年9月期间,水源水中分子质量小于1kDa的DOC所占比例平均为64.3%,分子质量小于1kDa的UV254所占比例平均为45.2%,表明长江水源水中水溶解性有机物主要以小分子质量的有机物为主,汛期水源水中分子质量在3～10 kDa区间的DOC和UV254比例较枯水期有显著提高。     

Comparison of AOPs for the removal of natural organic matter: performance and economic assessment.

Control of disinfection by-products during water treatment is primarily achieved by reducing the levels of organic precursor species prior to chlorination. Many waters contain natural organic matter at levels up to 15 mg L(-1); therefore it is necessary to have a range of control methods to support conventional coagulation. Advanced oxidation processes are such processes and in this paper the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes along with photocatalysis are assessed for their NOM removal potential. The performance of each process is shown to be dependent on pH and chemical dose as well as the initial NOM concentration. Under optimum conditions the processes achieved greater than 90% removal of DOC and UV254 absorbance. This removal led to the THMFP of the source water being reduced from 140 to below 10 microg L(-1), well below UK and US standards. An economic assessment of the processes revealed that currently such processes are not economic. With advances in technology and tightening of water quality standards these processes should become economically feasible options.     

A dispersed-ozone flotation (DOF) separator for tertiary wastewater treatment.

A dispersed-ozone flotation (DOF) separator was devised for a pilot study of tertiary wastewater treatment for re-use purposes. As a compact device combining coagulation, ozonation and flotation in an integrated unit, the DOF separator achieved a very high removal of SS, TOC, UV254 and colour, as well as effective inactivation of coliform and total bacteria within a short hydraulic retention time of 30 min. The finished water quality is comparable to or better than that by a conventional tertiary treatment process using coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorine disinfection, and meets the quality standards for non-drinkable domestic reuse.     

Removal of organic matter and phosphate using ferrihydrite for reduction of microbial regrowth potential

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and phosphate in reclaimed water promote microbial growth in distribution systems and deteriorate water quality. In this study, we tested ferrihydrite (Fh) for its potential to remove both DOM and phosphate in order to control bacterial regrowth. Adsorption kinetics on Fh revealed that phosphate has a higher affinity with Fh than has DOM. The removal efficiency of DOM increased at lower pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of freeze-dried Fh showed that adsorbed DOM was rich in carboxyl/hydroxyl functional groups, indicating anion exchange at Fh surfaces to be a major mechanism, especially at low pH. Fh preferentially removed DOM greater than 1,000 Da. Specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) at 254 nm and DOC results suggest Fh adsorption removes more hydrophilic DOM than the coagulation-sand filtration process. Reduction of bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) by Fh was comparable to that of the coagulation-sand filtration process, which indicated that phosphorus was not the rate-limiting factor of microbial growth.     

Importance of the order in enhancing EfOM removal by combination of BAC and MIEX(?)

Biological activated carbon (BAC) is operationally a simple treatment which can be employed to remove effluent organic matter (EfOM) from secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). Unfortunately, BAC removes only a limited amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, maximizing DOC removal from SWWE using BAC is a major concern in wastewater reuse. This study has investigated a hybrid system of BAC and Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX(?)) for the enhanced removal of DOC. Performance of both BAC prior to MIEX(?) (BAC/MIEX(?)) and reverse (MIEX(?)/BAC) combination was evaluated in terms of DOC removal. The BAC/MIEX(?) showed much better DOC removal. This is because microbial activity in the BAC bed converted MIEX(?) non-amenable DOC to MIEX(?) amenable DOC. As a result, BAC/MIEX(?) combination synergised DOC removal. In addition, BAC was also found to be highly effective in reducing MIEX(?) dose for a given DOC removal from SWWE.     

Membrane filtration for particles removal after ozonation-biofiltration.

With the process combination Ozonation-Biofiltration-Membranefiltration (the OBM-process) an average removal of 63% for UV-absorbance (UV(254)), 79% for color, and 28% for DOC was obtained treating NOM containing surface water. In this paper, focus has been made on the removal of particles after the ozonation and biofiltration treatment steps, using a submerged hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane reactor. For this purpose the membrane performed adequately. The ultrafiltration step did not have a significant impact on the removal of color, UV(254), and DOC. However, the SS and the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was almost completely removed, and the turbidity was reduced by 65% by the membrane filtration, even at very high fluxes. Fouling occurred during operation, and operational factors of both the ozonation/biofiltration and the membrane reactor were important for controlling this. The experiments at pH 6.5 gave a higher permanent fouling than at pH 8.5, which was caused by the different oxidation pathways and consequently by the change in size and hydrophobicity of the by-products. On the other hand, the reversible fouling was less important at low pH. The mechanical cleaning was efficient, however, it seemed that the air scouring participated to the formation of submicron particles which favored the fouling.