Traceability and response method of sudden water pollution events in typical riverside areasEI北大核心CSCD

针对城市内河突发水污染事件频发引起水资源及经济的巨大损失,提出了Hartree闭环河湖水质预警法,通过事件发生、溯源追踪、预警排查、预测分析、应急处理及恢复原状的处置流程,采取监测预警、水质巡测、河长App、模型预测、紧急抢修及警报解除的措施,提出了基于水污染溯源的快速响应及事故处理方法。以南京金川河水系为例,研究了水污染突发事件后污染物的溯源、响应及事故处理的流程,基于耦合模型计算,通过有无Hartree闭环河湖水质预警法和不同调水量浓度场对比,得到调水量与水质超标时长的相关关系,从方法效用上提高了处理该类事件的效率。     

Water Quality Assessment of the Santiago River and Attenuation Capacity of Pollutants Downstream Guadalajara City,Mexico

The Santiago River in Mexico has been seriously polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization activities, lacking of appropriate planning and contamination monitoring policies. This research characterized the river water quality and recognizes some overall pollution sources, using two different information references: a dataset of 5 years from the Jalisco State Water Commission and a 14‐year dataset from the National Water Commission. Two zones have been identified as the main sources of pollution (hotspots), where the major events of urban and industrial wastewater discharges occur: (i) the urban fringe of Guadalajara city, with special emphasis in its southern area (nearby the so‐called El Ahogado stream) and (ii) downstream of Guadalajara City. Nevertheless, we have recognized some areas along the Santiago River where significant reduction of pollutants concentration takes place, possibly due to dilution by the inflow of tributaries and to the rainfall increasing. In addition, it is likely that hydropower dams are positively influencing the retention of pollutants along the river. In the lower zone, the water concentrations of O₂ are consistently above acceptable levels (up to 5 mg L^?1), and the majority of the pollution indicators parameters are below the maximum permissible values, despite the high pollution in Guadalajara area. This paper attempts to offer a methodological approach for a more accurate assessment of the river water quality and may assist in interpreting the sampling results derived from the regular monitoring, conducted by the state water authorities, while emphasizing the natural attenuation capacity of the Santiago River. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于确保城市供水安全的对策思考

保证城市供水安全，是关系到人民健康、社会稳定和经济发展的大事，需要建立符合我国国情的供水管理体制、水源储备体系、优化配置体系、水质监测体系、资金投入机制、公众参与机制、预警应急机制和政策法规体系。     

流域水质安全事件应急体系设计

基于针对广东东江的设计实践总结了流域水质安全事件预防和应急体系的设计思路、内容和方法。考虑的水质安全事件涵盖了由有害物质泄漏造成的突发污染事件和常规污染源引起的水质污染事件;设计了包括各级政府部门、咨询专家和技术队伍的应急组织体系;介绍了针对突发事件和非突发事件的危险源识别和风险分布分析方法,组成预警系统的监控体系、预警条件和预警信息流程,包含应急技术措施矩阵、应急决策图表和计算机辅助决策指挥系统的应急技术预案。     

钱塘江流域水质发展趋势研究

通过对高锰酸盐指数和氨氮指标的分析，针对钱塘江流域近十年水质监测的调查，分析了钱塘江的水质现状；预测了流域水质的发展趋势。结果表明主干流的水质逐渐得到改善，但不同河段的水质变化较大,主干流水质好于支流、下游水质好于上游、远离城市河段好于市区河段。工业污染源与城市生活污染源得到治理，污染物排放量逐年降低，但农业面源污染负荷的控制相对较难，进展较缓慢。     

辽宁太子河水污染问题的成因与对策

对辽宁太子河主要河段连续 10年 (1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )枯、丰水期河道水质变化情况进行对比分析 ,结果表明太子河流域水质呈下降趋势 ,主要超标污染物为CODMn,BOD5,NH3 N ,挥发酚等 ,导致流域水环境质量恶化的原因是流域内工业废水和生活污水的大量排放。指出要防治太子河水污染 ,必须进一步完善水资源管理体制 ,制定水资源保护规划并建立水资源核算和评价指标体系 ,建设城市污水处理系统 ,实施清洁生产 ,建立水资源实时监控优化配置系统。     

Water Quality Assessment Using Multivariate Statistical Methods—A Case Study: Melen River System (Turkey)

This study is focused on water quality of Melen River (Turkey) and evaluation of 26 physical and chemical pollution data obtained five monitoring stations during the period 1995–2006. It presents the application of multivariate statistical methods to the data set, namely, principal component and factor analysis (PCA/FA), multiple regression analysis (MRA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The PCA/FA was employed to evaluate the high–low flow periods correlations of water quality parameters, while the principal factor analysis technique was used to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing high–low flow periods variations of river water quality. Latent factors were identified as responsible for data structure explaining 72–97% of the total variance of the each data sets. PCA/FA was supported with multiple regression analysis to determine the most important parameter in each factor. It examines the relation between a single dependent variable and a set of independent variables to best represent the relation in the each factor. Obtained important parameters provided us to determine the major pollution sources in Melen River Basin. So factors are conditionally named soil structure and erosion, domestic, municipal and industrial effluents, agricultural activities (fertilizer, irrigation water and livestock wastes), atmospheric deposition and seasonal effects factors. DA applied the data set to obtain the parameters responsible for temporal and spatial variations. Assessment of high–low flow period changes in surface water quality is an important aspect for evaluating temporal and spatial variations of river pollution. The aim of this study is illustration the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis for evaluation of complex data sets, in Melen River water quality assessment identification of factors and pollution sources, for effective water quality management determination the spatial and temporal variations in water quality.     

松花江区水资源质量评价综述

基于全国第二次水资源调查评价成果,对松花江区地表水资源质量现状进行综合概述。松花江区的地表水体污染严重,以有机污染为主,主要污染指标是CODMn;综合评价水质劣于Ⅲ类的河长占总河长的62.7%;湖泊、水库基本处于中富营养和富营养状态,水质多为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类。汛期污染重于非汛期,面污染源影响大于点污染源;有机污染主要来自农村和田野,城市工业和生活污水也是重要的污染源。     

Using a weight-of-evidence approach for management of watersheds.

This research used a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate sources of contaminants in a drinking water watershed that serves as part of the City of Boston's water supply. The approach incorporated land use analysis using GIS, sanitary surveys, traditional water quality monitoring and microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Case-study tributaries were selected based on elevated faecal coliform counts. Land use analysis and sanitary surveys were used to identify suspected microbial sources, including residential septic systems, agricultural animal operations, commercial/industrial operations and wildlife activity. Sampling sites were selected to hydrologically isolate potential contamination sources. Samples were collected seasonally over 1 year and analysed for traditional and MST parameters. Results demonstrated that both septic systems and a horse stable were contributing microbial loads in the first tributary. In the second tributary, septic systems from the townhouses were contributing microbial loads while a plant nursery was contributing organic matter. This evidence was used to evaluate best management practices to mitigate the contamination.     

珠海市近岸海域水质综合评价及防污措施研究

参照《海水水质标准》(GB 3097-1997),采用修正灰色聚类法对2006-2007年珠海逐月近岸水质监测数据进行分析,综合评价珠海近岸水质状况。选择溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类、铜、铅、汞等12个评价指标进行评价。评价结果表明,前山河出海处污染最为严重,城市排水口对海水水质的污染不容忽视,其他监测点的水质也不同程度地受到无机氮、活性磷酸盐的污染。根据评价结果,对污染严重的地区走访调查,提出污水管网的完善、污水处理厂除氮脱磷效率的提高、杜绝企业及近岸服务业的违章排放是减少陆源污染的重要措施,指出加强近海养殖和航运的管理对减少近岸污染至关重要。     

Risk Based Analysis for Contamination Event Selection and Optimal Sensor Placement for Intermittent Water Distribution Network Security

Water distribution networks are vulnerable to various contamination events that may be accidental or purposeful. Sensors are required for online monitoring of water quality to safeguard human health. Since sensors are costly, their numbers must be limited that makes sensor locations crucial in the water monitoring system. This paper aims at location of sensors in intermittent water distribution system which are more prone to accidental contamination due to contaminants ingress into the pipe lines because of low pressures during non supply hours. Considering deployment of limited number of sensors, the novelty of the paper is to propose a methodology for selection of contamination events with associated risk to be used in design of sensor network. Integrated risk assessment model is used to identify risk prone areas that may lead to possible contamination events. A Genetic Algorithm based methodology is suggested for optimal location of water quality sensors to maximize the detection likelihood of the contamination events within the acceptable time from the risk prone areas to improve network security. A comparison of sensor network design is made by considering contamination events occurring with: (i) equal probability at all the nodes; (ii) equal probability at risk prone nodes; and (iii) probability of occurrences based on quantified risk, to show that identification of risk prone areas and selection of contamination events results in reduction of computational work and more sensible placement of sensors.     

Identifying the major influences on the microbial composition of roof harvested rainwater and the implications for water quality.

Perceptions of the quality of roof harvested rainwater remain an impediment to widespread implementation of rainwater tanks on urban allotments. Previous literature reports on roof water quality have given little consideration to the relative significance of airborne environmental micro-organisms to roof catchment contamination and the issue of tank water quality. This paper outlines the findings of a recent study into the influence of weather on roof water contamination conducted at an urban housing development in Newcastle, on the east coast of Australia. Samples of direct roof run-off were collected during a number of separate rainfall events, and microbial counts were matched to climatic data corresponding to each of the monitored events. Roof run-off contamination was found to be under the strong influence of both wind speed and direction. The preliminary findings of an investigation currently under way into the microbial diversity of rainwater harvesting systems have also been presented. The results indicate that the composition of organisms present varied considerably from source to source and throughout the collection system. In all cases, evidence of faecal contamination was found to be negligible. The implications of these findings to the issues of tank water quality, health risk analysis and monitoring protocols have been discussed.     

辽河流域河流水质综合评价

本文以辽河流域为例,将水质风险次序权重与组合准则权重相耦合构建评价模型,运用该模型计算评价了多种次序权重和河流水质等级。结果表明:风险水平α=1的条件下,国标法划分的监测点水质类别与该方法保持较好的一致性,对于河流水质的评价该方法符合实用性和可行性要求;石油类、总磷、氨氮、总有机碳等因子对流域水质的影响显著;入海口水质受地理位置制约,总体处于较差水平;水环境污染来源以工业废水、城市和农业污水为主。该耦合评价方法可为流域水环境保护和水质治理提供数据支撑。     

Monitoring of River Contamination Derived From Acid Mine Drainage Using Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy (HyMap Data,South‐West Spain)

Imaging spectroscopy is used in this work as an essential mapping tool to monitor changes in contaminated river sediments. Multidate hyperspectral image data (HyMap) are utilized to identify spatial mineral patterns, to detect temporal changes in mineralogy and to link these changes with geochemical processes and short‐term climate characteristics. River sediments contaminated by acid mine drainage are covered by crusts with variably hydrated iron sulphate. The mineralogy of the crusts and the grain size of the underlying fluvial sediments overlap. The spectra used to build up maps from HyMap data are diagnosed mineralogically with archive spectral libraries from pyrite oxidation minerals from well‐known sequences of minerals. The maps compiled from hyperspectral imagery display generalized oxidation shown by the coatings over river sediments following warm and dry periods with low water level. After the wet periods, the area covered by oxidized mineralogical phases recedes in favour of hydrated sulphate. The iteration of image processing algorithms and the mineralogical and potential contamination in a geological context are described. Change detection of the mineral crusts on the river sediments by mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing data may thus enable a quantitative and qualitative environmental evaluation by the regulators. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广州市中心城区典型合流制排水口污染负荷排放规律分析

随着广州市中心城区河道水环境治理力度的加大,合流制溢流污染问题越来越突出,对城市河道水体构成了日益严重的威胁。本文选取广州市中心城区典型合流制排水口进行了18场降雨的径流污染监测,总结了在典型小雨、典型中雨及典型大雨场次下排水口各水质指标随降雨历时的变化规律,同时分析了18场降雨的排水口最高浓度、平均浓度与总降雨量的关系,研究成果可为合流制污染控制工程的设计提供参考。     

常州市主城区畅流活水方案模拟比选及现场试验研究

为了改善常州市主城区水环境,通过数值模拟计算与现场试验相结合的方法,开展畅流活水水环境提升方案研究。利用优质丰富的长江水作为引水水源,通过魏村枢纽和澡港水利枢纽引水,围绕新建工程大运河西枢纽及与4座活动堰工程的调度组合,设置了5组模拟方案,通过水动力数学模型,模拟各方案下城区内部河道流量分配情况,并结合现场试验论证了推荐活水方案的效果。结果表明:推荐方案形成了3级水位差、水位调控精准、流量分配合理的畅流活水格局,河网水环境改善显著,同时大部分水质指标在引水结束后16 d内均仍处于较好的状态,但部分河道的水质反弹明显。通过数学模型开展水动力调控是改善平原河网城市水环境的有效手段;但需要强化日常监测,根据水质变化情况合理确定活水周期,同时对部分水质异常点位开展污染源解析工作,保障河网水环境的长效久治。     

2016年7月长江区域性洪水重现期分析

受超强厄尔尼诺事件影响,2016年6～7月西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,导致长江梅雨期降雨异常偏多、暴雨频发,中下游地区发生了3场区域性大洪水。通过干支流控制性水文站和水利工程的观测资料,还原出天然来水量过程,统计了洪峰流量和不同时段洪量,结合现有历史洪水资料和工程设计成果,分析了2016年洪水特征和重现期。分析结果表明,宜昌以下干流河段均出现超警戒水位,洪水重现期在5～10 a之间;清江、资水、水阳江、鄂东北诸支流等发生特大洪水,水位、流量超过历史最高纪录,重现期为100～200 a一遇;修水、饶河等发生一般洪水,重现期在20 a一遇以下。     

基于流域要素空间关系的水污染溯源研究

为快速准确地实现水质监测断面水质超标时的河流水污染溯源,提出整合现有流域要素,构建水污染溯源的流域要素空间关系模型。该模型以划分为4个等级的河段和汇水单元为基础,建立汇水单元层级与上下游河段的编码关系;再将全流域要素与汇水单元建立空间关联关系,构建5个流域要素空间关系子系统模型;最后各子系统模型集聚组成一个相互协作的流域要素空间关系网络。以敖江流域实时水质监测断面为污染溯源触发点,将各个流域要素空间关系子系统模型直接应用于水污染溯源过程,结果表明,建立的关系模型在实际应用中能最大限度地提供污染源空间分布和结构信息,有效地识别和筛选研究区域的水污染引发源,快速缩小未知污染源搜查范围,提高了水污染溯源搜寻过程的效率和精度。     

Industrial surface water pollution in the region of Devnya,bulgaria

The main purpose of this study is to establish the degree of contamination of the rivers and sources of pollution in the great industrial region of Devnya, situated near the Black Sea, so that appropriate technical means for water quality protection and restoration can be developed. A significant problem arises when untreated or partially treated alkaline industrial wastewater is discharged into the water bodies causing sediment formation in the system of the Devnya and Provadiiska rivers, Beloslavsko lake and Varna-West port. All that leads to serious damages to water environment and enormous losses of human, material and financial resources because of the necessity to dredge the sediments that accumulate in the harbour. A lot of available information about the river water quality and flowrates as well as the industrial wastewater for the period 1948–1996 is gathered. Typical physico-chemical parameters for this industrial wastewater namely, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, calcium, chlorides, etc., and some biological and radiological characteristics are determined. The sources of pollution are identified and the degree of contamination is determined. An evaluation of the river water quality according to the standards is made and the trends of the rivers water pollution are shown.     

EVENT‐BASED WATER QUALITY SAMPLING METHOD FOR APPLICATION IN REMOTE RIVERS

This paper describes the design and operation of a passive siphon sampler for the collection of event‐based water quality data from a remote dryland river. The materials used to construct the siphon sampler were modified to better adapt the design for the collection of non‐conservative water quality parameters and for use in high‐intensity flow conditions typical of Australia's dryland rivers. The performance of the siphon sampler was evaluated in a pilot study of water metals in the rising‐stage floodwaters of the upper Leichhardt River catchment, north‐west Queensland, Australia. Field blanks were used to quantify the extent of contamination of the collected waters by sampling media, atmosphere exposure or water intrusion during an event‐based collection period. The use of inert materials, such as high‐density polyethylene plastic, and careful cleaning with 10% nitric acid washes prior to use reduced environmental contamination of the collected sample. Below detectable levels of Pb and Zn and minor concentrations of Cu (1.8 and 1.3 μg L^–1) were reported in rinsate and atmospheric blanks that were exposed in the field for less than 24 h. Atmospheric and flood blanks that remained in the field for greater than 2 weeks and remained in the siphon samplers throughout the duration of the flood events reported quantifiable concentrations of metals. For the case of the upper Leichhardt River catchment, the siphon sampler met the need of providing event‐based water collection data and offered a practical, low‐cost alternative to conventional event‐based sampling techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.