南水北调东线穿黄枢纽一期工程水力特性的试验研究

通过南水北调东线穿黄枢纽倒虹隧洞的泄流能力，局部水头损失，水流顶冲点位置及压力特性，竖井水流脉动压力等的试验研究，提出了对非阻力平方区管道模型糙率不相似进行修正的方法。     

穿黄隧洞内衬预应力混凝土强度有限元计算分析

为验证穿黄隧洞内衬预应力混凝土强度,根据穿黄隧洞双层复合衬砌结构的特点与作用模式,在考虑钢绞线与孔道摩擦、锚具变形及钢筋内缩等引起预应力损失的前提下,采用三维非线性有限元模型对内衬预应力混凝土强度进行了分析与验证。通过计算得出有效预应力在钢绞线上的分布情况,以及分别在张拉工况与设计水头工况下内衬混凝土的内外表面环向应力和平均环向应力的分布规律。计算结果表明:张拉过程中的预应力损失较为严重,需要在施工过程中严格控制张拉应力以及其他引起预应力损失的影响因素,以保证张拉后有效预应力满足强度要求;穿黄隧洞内衬混凝土在两种工况下均实现全截面受压,应力分布满足设计要求,可保证穿黄隧洞的长期有效运行;模拟计算结果的应力参数值与1∶1仿真模型试验值吻合良好,变化规律与关键参数均基本一致。     

中线穿黄隧洞工程洪水期对河段流态的影响计算分析

利用建立的平面二维非恒定水流数学模型，在上游来流为校核洪水，即千年一遇的洪水情况下，就南水北调中线两条初步拟定的线路的穿黄隧洞工程方案对穿黄河段水流流态的影响进行计算，并分析比较。计算结果表明，在该来流情况下，穿黄隧洞工程对河段水流流态的影响不大。     

穿黄隧洞形变检测及三维数字仿真管理系统研究

穿黄工程是南水北调中线总干渠穿越黄河的关键性工程,其中穿黄隧洞工程技术难度最大。穿黄隧洞采用双层衬砌结构,工程地质条件复杂,其在多变的水土压力作用下的变形情况直接关系到穿黄隧洞的运行安全和南水北调中线工程的正常供水。以三维激光扫描技术为工具,获取了穿黄隧洞过水面的三维信息,采用自主研发的"隧道形变检测/监测系统"对隧洞进行形变检测,并建立了穿黄隧洞三维数字仿真管理系统。将测绘技术应用于穿黄隧洞的运行管理,可提供可靠的技术支撑。     

南水北调中线一期工程穿黄方案的论证与选择

穿黄工程是南水北调中线一期工程的关键性控制工程。本文阐述了穿黄工程方案有关河势与路线、结构与施工、水头与水量、地质地震与地基、安全与维护及环境景观等主要关键技术的论证，在充分论证分析的基础上，阐述了穿黄线路、过河建筑物型式选择的决策方法。在此基础上选取主要影响因素，采用多目标优序值决策法的赋权优序值计算方法，对多目标的穿黄方案进行决策支持分析，依据各方案比选设计排序在先的遴选原则，提出了穿黄工程线路采用李村线、过河建筑物型式采用隧洞方案的建设性意见。     

南水北调总干渠穿沁倒虹吸工程水力计算

结合南水北调总干渠穿沁倒虹吸工程水文地质条件和相关工程规范,对河道壅水以及行洪口门冲刷深度进行水力计算,初步确定了穿沁倒虹吸长度。同时对不同流量下倒虹吸的水头损失进行水力计算,得到流量与水头损失的关系。根据水力计算成果再对倒虹吸布置进行校核,对倒虹吸工程的合理设计具有一定价值,也可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失研究

为研究水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失,分别针对渐变段长度、隧洞长度和圆形隧洞直径三个影响因素,采用CFD方法模拟了15种进水口渐变段,进行数值分析。在此基础上,通过量纲分析研究了水电站进水口渐变段水头损失的敏感性。结果表明:水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失与渐变段长度、隧洞长度和圆形隧洞直径有关;渐变段长度、隧洞长度对局部水头损失影响较小,而隧洞直径对局部水头损失影响较大。研究结果可为水电站进水口渐变段设计计算提供参考。     

盾构技术与南水北调中线穿黄隧洞工程

本文简要介绍了盾构机技术和国内外发展概况，以及南水北调中线穿黄隧洞工程及其地质情况。对泥水式盾构机应用于穿黄隧洞的施工进行了探讨。针对盾构法穿黄隧洞施工应开展的前期工作提出了建议。     

南水北调穿黄隧洞内衬预应力锚索应力应变试验研究

南水北调中线穿黄隧洞内衬张拉,采用弧形垫座将内衬预应力锚索导出预留槽,只用一台千斤顶实现无台座张拉,这在盾构隧洞工程中属首次应用,结构创新、工艺复杂可借鉴的资料较少。为了验证结构设计的合理性和可靠性,完善施工工艺,确保在隧洞衬砌中成功应用,通过穿黄隧洞衬砌1∶1仿真模型试验,对内衬钢绞线在张拉过程中应变规律、应力损失、锚束之间的相互影响及锚索与波纹管间的摩阻系数等要素进行研究分析。试验结果显示张拉锚固端应力总损失（包括锚具损失和锚索回缩损失）小于35%;锚具锁定后最大应力为1 044.25 MPa;预应力锚索张拉对相邻锚索的影响较小;锚索与管道间的摩阻系数在规范范围内。     

无压流隧洞渐变段局部水头损失系数计算的创新方法研究

在长距离无压输水隧洞设计计算过程中，往往很难准确把握渐变段局部水头损失的大小，这就为实现精准输水设计增大了难度。为了探寻一种无压输水隧洞不同尺寸渐变段的局部水头损失系数的计算方法:过流面积比法，根据渐变段两个断面之间的水流能量方程，依托水工模型试验，应用“四点法”分别对于渐变段4个测点的水位、流速进行测试，利用局部水头损失的测算观测数据，分别采用比拟法、面积比法、直接法计算得出隧洞渐变段局部水头损失系数，与现行标准、文献进行相互对比，分析得出实用性与相关性，并得到结论认为，过流面积比法作为一种创新方法，具有一定的实用价值，为解决类似流态的渐变段局部水头损失系数计算提供借鉴。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．