河工模型试验中的DPIV技术及其应用

粒子图像测速是一种快速全流声测量方法。本文根据河工模型试验的特点建立了一套多ＣＣＤ的ＤＰＩＶ测量系统，在自然光照明的条件下对河工模型近千平方米区域内流体的表面流场进行了快速测量；根据河工模型中粒子分布的特点，对ＰＩＶ常用的速度撮算法（互相关和二次傅立叶变换）进行了改进，提高了速度提取的效率，在一定的分辨率前提下达到了对河工模型表面流场实时测量和记录的要求，测量误差较小。     

采用乳化空气泡做示踪粒子的PIV测速技术

本文介绍一种适用于水洞力学实验的采用乳化空气泡作为示踪粒子的ＰＩＶ测速技术。选用乳化空气泡做ＰＩＶ测速示踪粒子，取代了通常采用的固体颗粒，由两台ＹＡＧ大功率脉冲式激光光源组合系统做为ＰＩＶ底片记录的双脉冲曝光光源。乳化空气泡的最大优点是对实验水洞或水槽无污染，且产生方便、经济，又可以形成高质量的杨氏条纹图像。这一技术能够使得ＰＩＶ测速技术在水洞力学应用测量中真正达到实用。     

三维紊流数值研究

本文针对复杂三维水流所具有规则边界、自由表面及各向异性，引入通度概念处理不规则计算边界，用ＶＯＦ法追踪自由表面，采用修正的ｋ－ε模型封闭Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程，分别计算了实用重力坝及其下游戽式消力池中水流流场和一个三维水跃流场。计算结果较好地与实验结果符合。     

二维流场多媒体动态仿真系统的实现

本文介绍了应用微机开发的二维流场多媒体动态仿真系统．通过建立数学模型，运用计算机图形学与多媒体的理论和方法，采用面向对象的ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋语言，解决了流场转换、像素点旋转、流场的连续性及背景音乐及解说的同步性等问题，并对动态图像演示文件进行了压缩编码．仿真了不同方案下海河口的流场的运动，生动形象地展示了其运动的全过程．     

圆盘摩擦损失的降阻研究

本文根据间隙流场的特点，提出了在旋转圆盘与外壳间流场插入一能自由旋转圆盘的减阻方案，并进行了数值计算和实验研究。数值计算与实验结果均证明该措施有利于降低旋转圆盘上的摩擦损失功率。     

相干结构非对称模型的数值计算方法

本文针对湍流流场中普遍存在的非对称相干结构，发现了一套可用于计算相干结构非对模型的计算方法，并运用该方法研究了由流动稳定性理论提供的相干结构非对称模型－一般振三波的演化规律，计算结果与实验及数值模拟基本一致。     

改进的反距离权重法在PIV流场测量系统中的应用

从流体连续性原理出发，提出了一种基于Delaunay三角网通量平衡的反距离权重插值算法，应用于PIV流场测量系统流场后处理模块中。通过模拟流体漩涡试验，对该方法进行验证，结果表明，该方法能准确把控制点数据插值到规则目标点网格，且能有效地剔除流场误矢量，具有较广泛的适用性。     

天然河流中污染物排放远区浓度分布的数值计算模型

本文建立了一个适合于自然河流中污染物排放的远区计算模型。该模型的计算特点是将流场和深度场分开计算，即所谓“非偶合解”，运用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ方法计算了流场，用改进的ＱＵＡＬ－ＩＬｍ和ＱＵＡＬ２Ｄ方法计算了浓度场。该模型应用于长江汉江仙桃段，其计算出的流场和ＣＯＤ浓度场与实测值基本一致。     

ADV技术测量圆射流流场紊动特性实验

利用ＡＤＶ（Ａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃ Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ Ｖｅｌｏｃｉｍｅｔｅｒ）技术对静止条件下圆射流流场紊动特性进行了研究。通过专门的ＷｉｎＡＤＶ系统分析软件获得了射流横断面上流速的紊动强度，偏斜度、平坦度及雷诺应力的分析，轴线流速紊动强度的变化和射流瞬时速度变化等紊动特性，并将所得成果与已有的国内外成果进行了比较。     

闸后水跃水流的数值模拟

本文采用Ｋε紊流模式和体积率（ＶＯＦ）跟踪自由水面的方法，模拟了闸后水跃的水流结构，并与试验进行了比较，计算结果与试验资料基本吻合．通过体积率函数更新流场空间点的密度分布，描述、显示了水跃区的掺气现象和水面波动状态．     

PIV and PTV measurements in hydro-sciences with focus on turbulent open-channel flows

PIV is one of the most popular measurement techniques in hydraulic engineering as well as in fluid sciences. It has been applied to study various turbulent phenomena in laboratory experiments related to natural rivers, e.g., bursting phenomena near the bed, mixing layers observed at confluences, wake turbulence around dikes and piers, and so on. In these studies, PIV plays important roles in revealing the space-time structure of velocity fluctuations and coherent vortices. This review article focuses particularly on the applications of PIV to turbulent open-channel flows, which have been conducted for the past decade in Hydraulics Laboratory of Kyoto University. In Section 2, we introduce our experimental setup and PIV/PTV algorithm. In Section 3, we apply the PIV measurements to reveal turbulence characteristics and coherent structures in open-channel flows as well as in vegetated canopy flows. For complex flow situations, various applications of PIV to compound open-channel flows and wind-induced water waves are considered to reveal coherent vortices. In Section 4, we discuss some advanced PIV measurements in open-channel flows. The free-surface-elevation fluctuations and velocity components were measured simultaneously with two sets of cameras to examine phase-averaged parameters of turbulence. A multi-layer scanning PIV was developed to reveal 3D turbulence structure in compound open-channel flows. Our discriminator PIV/PTV was applied successfully to sediment-laden open-channel flows and revealed the fluid/particle interaction and the relationship between coherent structures and sediment concentration. Finally, we conducted simultaneous measurements of velocity and dye concentration with a combination of PIV and LIF in vegetated open-channel flow, which enables us to examine turbulent scalar flux of a passive contaminant.     

曝气池中气液两相流粒子图像测速技术

在粒子图像测速原理的基础上研究了基于快速傅立叶变换的粒子图像测速算法,并编制算法程序进行验证。通过试验研究了气液两相流在曝气池试验装置中的流动情况,应用粒子图像测速技术对装置中3种状态下气液两相流的运动参量进行测量,获得了各种流体运动参数,并应用粒子图像测速程序进行计算分析。试验结果表明当气液两相流处于状态3时,气泡在装置中具有最长的停留时间和较大的速度紊动强度,氧转移速率和效率大大提高,这为曝气池选型提供了依据。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE TRANSITION REGION OF PIPES

The accuracy of an ultrasonic flowmeter meaurement depends on the profile-linear average velocity.But this velocity in the transition region is not available at the present.In this article,the velocity in the transition region in pipes is studied by experimental methods.The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the flow field in the transition region in pipes,and the measured results from PIV are in good agreement with the Westerwell’s experimental data.Based on the experimental data of PIV,the curves of the profile-linear average velocity in the transition region against the Reynolds number in the range from 2 000 to 20 000 are obtained,and it is shown that the coefficient k is constant when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 000-2 400 and 6 000-20 000,and the coefficient k is increasing when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 400-6 000.The results of this article can be used to improve the measurement accuracy of the ultrasonic flowmeters and as a theoretical basis for the research on the transition flow.     

PIV algorithms for open-channel turbulence research: Accuracy, resolution and limitations

The implementation of PIV for experimental studies in open-channel flows can be challenging due to the presence of strong velocity gradients and the inclusion of solid interfaces in the captured images. Understanding the performance and limitations of the PIV method under these conditions is critical for optimising experimental parameters and robust interpretation of data. The optimum algorithm for extracting velocity fields from PIV images is the subject of ongoing revision with the goal of maximising resolution and minimising errors, and recent advances in this regard may be particularly beneficial for open-channel turbulence research. Key steps in the iterative discrete shift (IDS) and image deformation method (IDM) algorithms are detailed, and the fundamental differences between direct cross correlation and FFT-based correlation methods are explained. It is also shown how the resolution of an algorithm can be determined from its modulation transfer function (MTF), and how the MTF can be manipulated with the selection of intensity weighting windows. The random error levels for selected algorithms are demonstrated under different image and flow field conditions, including the near boundary region, using simulated PIV images.     

基于PIV测量技术的变曝气量下气液两相流速度场研究

粒子图像测速技术(PIV)作为一种无扰的全流场速度测量手段,在多相流研究领域具有较高的学术意义和实用价值。本研究针对曝气过程中的复杂气液两相流动,使用高速摄影机获取气液两相流流场的高帧图像,再通过图像预处理手段及PIV测速算法得到气液两相流速度场信息,并对不同工况下气液两相流的流态流速规律进行了研究分析。本文提出的图像预处理方案,通过采用图像的运动目标分割、降噪与反相等手段进行图像预处理,可以有效地减少后续速度场计算中的信息量及误差。研究结果为工业生产过程中有效提高曝气效率提供了重要的参考依据。     

一种基于互相关的三维PIV图像处理方法

本文建立了一种基于互相关技术的三维PIV图像处理方法，在该方法中，建立了粒子图像坐标与空间坐标的关系式；利用互相关技术构成连续两时刻三维空间粒子的对应方法；通过图像粒子的标定，照相机系统的标定，粒子空间坐标的确定，连续两时刻空间粒子的对应，误对应速度向量的判断和消除步骤，形成了一个完整的三维PIV图像处理系统。将本方法运用于日本可视化协会（VSJ）提供的三维标准图像的处理，结果表明，无论是低粒子浓度图像还是高粒子浓度图都具有精度高，可靠性强的特点。     

简易粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开发与优化技巧

粒子图像测速(PIV)技术是一种瞬态流动平面二维速度场测试技术,在细部流场实测领域得到重视,但是成熟的PIV产品价格高昂。鉴于此,介绍了一种简易的PIV装置,主要由高速摄像机、激光发射器、柱面透镜和示踪粒子构成,以较低成本即可基本实现商业用PIV产品的功能。为了验证简易PIV性能,设计了PIV简易装置,采用Fluent软件模拟,并结合PIV技术对比分析了简易PIV装置的优缺点,同时对影响结果的粒径大小和粒子跟随性进行了优化。结果表明,简易PIV装置适宜选用玉米粉作为示踪粒子,并需要根据示踪粒子跟随性所能达到的最大进口水流速度选择高速摄像机的帧率,最终能够较好地实现流场实测,进而达到对PIV技术进行开发和优化的目的,其分析结果将为后续研究者提供参考。     

EVALUATION OF THE SHADING METHOD FOR REDUCING IMAGE BLOOMING IN THE PIV MEASUREMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

The shading method is a simple but effective way of reducing image blooming in the measurement of open channel flows with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).The current paper proposes a simplified analytical model for light attenuation using this method.The model is verified against experimental data,and the influence of several parameters is illustrated numerically.The possible adverse effect due to the light attenuation is shown to be limited when the parameters in the shading method are in an adequate range,as shown by processing standard images of Case B in PIV Challenge 03.A simple criterion for setting the shade in experiment is given for controlling the errors caused by the shading technique within an acceptable range.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOWS IN AN AREATION TANK BY USING IMAGE TREATMENT METHOD

Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） technique was employed to study experimentally gas-liquid two-phase flow in an aeration tank. In terms of the PIV principles, an algorithm of PIV based on the Fast Fourier Transformation （FFT） was worked out. The PIV program was developed and verified, and then was used to measure three kinds of states in the testing device. The program was also used to calculate and analyze the related parameters. The experimental data indicate that the bubbles in testing device have the longest resident time and stronger turbulent intensity for the gas-liquid two-phase flow in a special case （Case 3）, resulting in great increase of the oxygen transferring speed and efficiency, whereby providing the basis for the selection design of aeration tank.     

PIV技术在冰盖下复式断面渠道流速测量中的运用

在测定冰盖下复式断面流场、流速的模型试验中,水体中的运动粒子是重点研究对象。粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术已在水力学研究领域得到普遍应用,但该技术在冰盖下复式断面渠道模型试验的应用为国内首次。基于试验特点,设计砖砌混凝土的循环水箱,采用变频器配合水泵、流量计实现对流量的定量控制,对不同流量下不同断面的流场、流速进行测定,采用PIV技术对水体中运动的粒子的位移场进行具体分析。试验结果表明,PIV分析结果能够直观反映流场中的状态,且可以避免测量盲区,其所测的流速与多普勒超声测速仪测得值吻合较好,并给出了横向流速分布图,弥补了传统方法无法获得冰盖下的流场分布的难题。