Oxidative treatment characteristics of biotreated textile-dyeing wastewater and chemical agents used in a textile-dyeing process by advanced oxidation process.

The oxidative treatment characteristics of biotreated textile-dyeing wastewater and typical chemicals such as desizing, scouring, dispersing and swelling agents used in the textile-dyeing process by advanced oxidation process were experimentally studied. The refractory organic matters remained in the effluent of biological treatment process without degradation may be suitable for the improvement of biodegradability and mineralized to CO2 by combined ozonation with and without hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, the refractory chemicals contained in the scouring agent A and swelling agent may not be mineralized and their biodegradability may not be improved by ozonation. However, the BOD/DOC ratio of scouring agent B increased from 0.3 to 0.45 after ozonation. Based on the results described above, advanced treatment process involving the ozonation without and with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, followed by biological treatment was proposed for the treatment of refractory wastewater discharged from the textile-dyeing process.     

载锰污泥活性炭催化臭氧氧化草酸废水的研究

为研究在催化臭氧化过程中,载锰污泥活性炭对草酸废水降解的催化效果,以及为污泥的资源化探索一条新途径,本实验采用连续流臭氧氧化实验,通过单因素实验方法考察了载锰污泥活性炭催化臭氧化反应的主要影响因素及最佳反应条件,同时对催化臭氧化反应机理进行了探讨。结果表明:在臭氧浓度为5.0 mg/L,载锰污泥活性炭投加量为100 mg/L,pH值为3.5的最佳反应条件下,60 min内草酸的去除率最高达91.2%。叔丁醇对草酸降解具有抑制作用,催化臭氧化反应符合羟基自由基的反应机制。该方法的处理效果较为明显,对评价催化臭氧法的效果具有较明显的参考价值。     

Full-scale application of anaerobic digestion process with partial ozonation of digested sludge.

For improving sludge digestion and biogas recovery, a new anaerobic digestion process combined with ozonation was tested at a full-scale unit for 2 years and its performance was compared with a simultaneously operated conventional anaerobic digestion process. The new process requires two essential modifications, which includes ozonation for enhancing the biological degradability of sludge organics and concentrating of solids in the digester through a solid/liquid separation for extension of SRT. These modifications resulted in high VSS degradation efficiency of ca. 88%, as much as 1.3 times of methane production and more than 70% reduction in dewatered sludge cake production. Owing to accumulation of inorganic solids in the digested sludge, water content of the dewatered sludge cake also reduced from 80% to 68%. An energy analysis suggested that no supplemental fuel was necessary for the subsequent incineration of the cake from the new process scheme. The process is suitable to apply to a low-loaded anaerobic digestion tank, where power production is used.     

LC-MS-(MS) determination of oxidative degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, carboxylates and nonylphenols in water.

A commercial blend of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) was chosen as representative for non-ionic polyethoxylated surfactants to study the oxidative degradation of this class of surfactants in water using ozonation as well as electron beam irradiation with and without the addition of ozone as treatment processes. The electron beam irradiation processes applied represent so-called Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs); the combined ozone/electron beam irradiation is, moreover, the most powerful AOP which can be applied in aqueous systems. It was found that both ozonation and the two AOPs applied were able to decompose not only the NPEOs but also the polyethyleneglycoles (PEGs) formed as by-products from NPEO degradation to residual concentrations below the limit of detection. Moreover, the treatment processes were also used to study the oxidative degradation of nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NPEC) and of nonylphenol (NP) which are formed as by-products from biodegradation of NPEOs.     

Performance evaluation of physicochemical processes for biologically pre-treated livestock wastewater.

The use of a combination of biological and physicochemical methods is a promising technique to reduce highly concentrated pollutants in livestock wastewater: firstly, biodegradable organic matters, nitrogen and a part of phosphorus should be removed in a biological treatment process and then residual non-biodegradable organic matters, color and phosphorus be eliminated by physicochemical methods. In this study, therefore, the integrations of chemical coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, Fenton oxidation and ozonation were evaluated to provide an appropriate post-treatment process for biologically pre-treated livestock wastewater. With applying a single method such as coagulation and Fenton oxidation, a yellowish brown color and COD still remained. According to the experimental result, the quality of treated wastewater including color was enough to be discharged after chemical coagulation followed by ozonation or Fenton oxidation process. Among these, ozonation was the most effective technology for decolorization. Neither simple biological nor physicochemical process provides an adequate treatability for the sufficient depletion of organics and decolorization when treating livestock wastewater. Considering only the removal efficiency, the integration of Fenton oxidation and ozonation would be an efficient alternative as a post-treatment.     

Frequency effect on p-nitrophenol degradation under conditions of strict acoustic and electric control

The process of decomposing p-nitrophenol (PNP) with power ultrasound requires strict control of acoustic and electric conditions. In this study, the conditions, including acoustic power and acoustic intensity, but not ultrasonic frequency, were controlled strictly at constant levels. The absorbency and the COD concentrations of the samples were measured in order to show the variation of the sample concentration. The results show significant differences in the trend of the solution degradation rate as acoustic power increases after the PNP solution (with a concentration of 114 mg/L and a pH value of 5.4) is irradiated for 60 min with ultrasonic frequencies of 530.8 kHz, 610.6 kHz, 855.0 kHz, and 1130.0 kHz. The degradation rate of the solution increases with time and acoustic power (acoustic intensity). On the other hand, the degradation rate of the solution is distinctly dependent on frequency when the acoustic power and intensity are strictly controlled and maintained at constant levels. The degradation rate of the PNP solution declines with ultrasonic frequencies of 530.8 kHz, 610.6 kHz, 855.0 kHz, and 1130.0 kHz;the COD concentration, on the contrary, increase.     

Effects and mechanism of ozonation for degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution

The degradation efficiencies and mechanism of ozonation for the degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution were investigated under atmospheric pressure at room temperature (293 K). The effects of the initial pH value, reaction time, and concentrations of HCO3-, CO32-, CaCl2, and Ca(OH)2 on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied. The results indicated that ozonation obviously improved the degradation rate of sodium acetate when the pH value of the solution was not less than 8.5. A suitable long reaction time may be helpful in increasing the COD removal rate, and a removal rate of 36.36% can be obtained after a 30-minute treatment. The COD removal rate increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the HCO3- concentration (from 0 to 200 mg/L), and under the same experimental condition it reached the optimum 34.66% at the HCO3- concentration of 100 mg/L. The COD removal rate was 5.26% lower when the concentration of was 200 mg/L than when there was no HCO3-. The COD removal rate decreased by 15.68% when the CO32- concentration increased from 0 to CO32- 200 mg/L. has a more obvious scavenging effect in inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals than HCO3-. CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 could increase the degradation efficiency of sodium acetate greatly, and the COD removal rates reached 65.73% and 83.46%, respectively, after a 30-minute treatment, 29.37% and 47.10% higher, respectively, than with single ozone oxidation. It was proved that the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozonation process followed the mechanism of oxidization with hydroxyl free radicals (·OH).     

Improving the sludge disintegration efficiency of sonication by combining with alkalization and thermal pre-treatment methods

One of the most serious problems encountered in biological wastewater treatment processes is the production of waste activated sludge (WAS). Sonication, which is an energy-intensive process, is the most powerful sludge pre-treatment method. Due to lack of information about the combined pre-treatment methods of sonication, the combined pre-treatment methods were investigated and it was aimed to improve the disintegration efficiency of sonication by combining sonication with alkalization and thermal pre-treatment methods in this study. The process performances were evaluated based on the quantities of increases in soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD), protein and carbohydrate. The releases of soluble COD, carbohydrate and protein by the combined methods were higher than those by sonication, alkalization and thermal pre-treatment alone. Degrees of sludge disintegration in various options of sonication were in the following descending order: sono-alkalization > sono-thermal pre-treatment > sonication. Therefore, it was determined that combining sonication with alkalization significantly improved the sludge disintegration and decreased the required energy to reach the same yield by sonication. In addition, effects on sludge settleability and dewaterability and kinetic mathematical modelling of pre-treatment performances of these methods were investigated. It was proven that the proposed model accurately predicted the efficiencies of ultrasonic pre-treatment methods.     

超声内电解协同作用对对硝基苯酚的处理

通过超声波、内电解以及其联合作用对对硝基苯酚(P-NP)进行处理,试验发现在相同处理率的条件下,两者联用可以大大缩短处理时间.单纯内电解处理10 mg/L的P-NP去除率大于90%时需要30 min,而加入超声波强化后只需不到10 min.同时通过动力学分析可知,超声波、内电解、超声协同内电解处理P-NP均符合一级反应,且超声波强化内电解具有协同作用,其反应速率常数的增强因子为1.37.     

Anaerobic digestion with partial ozonation minimises greenhouse gas emission from sludge treatment and disposal.

A novel anaerobic digestion process combined with partial ozonation on digested sludge was demonstrated for improving sludge digestion and biogas recovery by full-scale testing for 2 years and its performance was compared with a simultaneously operated conventional anaerobic digestion process. The novel process requires two essential modifications, which are ozonation for enhancing the biological degradability of sludge organics and concentrating of solids in the digester through a solid/liquid separation for extension of SRT. These modifications resulted in high VSS degradation efficiency of ca. 88%, as much as 1.3 times of methane production and more than 70% reduction in dewatered sludge cake production. Based on the performance, its energy demands and contribution for minimisation of greenhouse gas emission was evaluated throughout an entire study of sludge treatment and disposal schemes in a municipality for 130,000 p.e. The analysis indicated that the novel process with power generation from biogas would lead to minimal greenhouse gas emission because the extra energy production from the scheme was expected to cover all of the energy demand for the plant operation, and the remarkable reduction in dewatered sludge cake volumes makes it possible to reduce N2O discharge and consumption of fossil fuel in the subsequent sludge incineration processes.     

超声强化臭氧降解高浓度苯酚废水研究

超声及其组合技术对有机物废水降解是一种新兴的污水处理技术,有着广阔的发展前景和应用市场.对超声强声动力强化臭氧降解高浓度苯酚废水过程中的臭氧通气量、溶液的pH值、反应时间及溶液的初始浓度进行了实验研究,并对单一臭氧和超声强化臭氧降解效果进行了比较.结果表明:由于超声独特的物理、化学效应为臭氧降解提供了极端的物理、化学环境,二者协同作用使得反应进行彻底,COD去除率可达100%.     

基于超声波透射法的碾压混凝土凝结过程监测研究

碾压混凝土大坝的坝体结构具有成层性的结构特点,因此合理确定新拌碾压混凝土的凝结状态对于大坝施工质量的控制具有重要意义。应用超声波透射法可以实现对于水泥材料凝结过程的连续监测,可以更加科学地分析材料的凝结状态。本文对新拌碾压混凝土的凝结过程开展超声波透射试验研究,设计利用超声波透射法研究新拌碾压混凝土凝结过程的监测系统,改进了超声波透射法试验装置,使之更加适合碾压混凝土材料的试验; 利用小波阈值降噪方法对试验接收到的超声波信号进行了降噪处理,选取适合试验信号的小波基和阈值计算方法,提高了超声波参数提取的准确性; 分析新拌碾压混凝土中超声波波速的发展规律,提出根据波速以及波速变化率曲线特征点确定碾压混凝土凝结时间的方法; 对不同粉煤灰含量的碾压混凝土试验结果表明,超声波波速对粉煤灰掺量的变化非常敏感,高粉煤灰掺量的拌和物中超声波波速值低于低粉煤灰掺量的对应值; 对超声波频谱演化规律进行分析,总结碾压混凝土凝结过程中各阶段的频谱特征,提出了基于超声波频谱分析的碾压混凝土凝结状态的快速判断方法。     

臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺除藻效能研究

通过中试除藻试验,研究了臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺的除藻效能。结果表明,经过预臭 氧化和常规工艺处理后,深度处理工艺可再去除67％的含藻量。工艺参数:臭氧投加量2 mg／L,接 触时间15 min,活性炭滤池滤速10 m／h,停留时间12 min。探讨了预臭氧化和深度处理两种组合工 艺的除藻机理和影响因素。     

超声波单面平测法检测中的若干问题及改进方法

现行单面平测法中将不跨缝平测所得波速作为绕射波速度的方法在理论上是不严格的,同时将所有裂缝当作垂直裂缝处理也与一些实际情况不符,斜裂缝也是普遍存在的,这些问题都会影响单面平测法结果的准确性,降低检测质量。本文提出了两种避免以上问题的超声波检测方法,即投影点法和反相法,并讨论了反相现象出现的理论依据。同时,若干具有斜裂缝的混凝土模型被制作用来进行检测实验,验证了新方法和及其公式的合理性。最后,对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

An overview of the integration of ozone systems in biological treatment steps.

Despite the well-known potential and performance of combined biological and ozonation processes for wastewater treatment, only few full-scale applications are published. Beside the synergistic effects of such process combination, which lead to oxidation of recalcitrant and inhibitory compounds or intermediates by enhancement of their biodegradability, the key for raising applicability is the improvement of the ozonation efficiency. An overview about the history and progress of full-scale applications, which deals with combined ozonation and biological treatment is given. Recently more than 40 applications exist, but many of them are not published. Therefore, a couple of selected not yet published applications have been mentioned in this paper. Landfill leachate and industrial wastewater treatment were mostly applicated, while treatment of municial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are of increasing interest due to several advantages such as disinfection, decolourisation and removal of persistent dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for water re-use and groundwater recharge.     

功率超声的声学参数对废水处理效果的影响

从功率超声在水处理中的空化机理入手,论述了国内外在应用功率超声进行废水处理时频率、声功率/声强以及声化学反应器的物理结构(实质是声场分布)等声学参数对处理效果的影响。结论表明,对不同的废水溶液存在超声降解的最佳频率和最佳声功率/声强;双频或多频超声较单频超声在处理同一废水溶液时有明显的协同效应;混响场中的空化阈值比行波场低,相同条件下更利于声化学产额的提高。分析了目前超声水处理技术研究不够深入的原因,并对其发展进行了讨论和展望。     

臭氧技术在污水处理中的应用

臭氧作为一种强氧化剂,主要用于污水的深度处理。本文介绍了臭氧氧化的机理,探讨了臭氧及臭氧高级氧化在污水深度处理以及降解痕量有机物方面的应用,并在此基础上对今后的研究方向进行了展望,提出如何避免副产物的产生将是今后的研究重点。     

Advanced treatment of benzothiazole contaminated waters: comparison of O3, AC, and O3/AC processes.

Benzothiazole (BT) is a toxic and poorly biodegradable contaminant, usually found in wastewater from rubber related applications. This compound could be effectively eliminated using advanced treatment processes. This paper compares experimental results on detoxification systems based on ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, and simultaneous adsorption-oxidation using ozone in the presence of activated carbon. The effect of pH (2-11), and the presence of radical scavengers (tert-butyl alcohol and sodium carbonate) on process rates and removal efficiencies are assessed at laboratory scale. The experimental system consisted of a 1 L differential circular flow reactor and an ozone generator rated at 5 g O3/h. Results show that ozone oxidation combined with activated carbon adsorption increases the overall BT oxidation rate with respect to the ozonation process and activated carbon adsorption. In the presence of free radical scavenger, only a 44% reduction in BT removal rate is observed in the simultaneous treatment, as compared with 72% when ozonation treatment is used, suggesting that BT oxidation reactions mainly take place on the activated carbon surface.     

硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化净水效能连续流实验研究

以实验室制备的硅酸锌为催化剂,考察了在连续流实验中催化臭氧氧化对滤后水水质的影响。结果表明,与单独臭氧氧化相比,在相同实验条件下,硅酸锌的存在能够提高水体中的臭氧浓度。硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化对滤后水的总有机碳(TOC)和天然有机物的去除效果均好于单独臭氧氧化。连续运行10 h,硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化系统中TOC的去除效果稳定,并且Zn2+的溶出非常少。生物可同化性有机碳(assimilable organic carbon,AOC)的测定结果表明,经过硅酸锌催化臭氧化处理后,滤后水中的大分子有机物所占比例明显降低,小分子有机物含量增高。GC-MS分析结果表明,单独臭氧氧化可使滤后水中有机物的种类从41种减少到27种;而硅酸锌催化臭氧化效果明显优于单独臭氧氧化可以使水中有机物种类减少到21种。     

Integration of chemical and biological oxidation in a SBBR for tannery wastewater treatment.

This paper reports the results of an investigation aimed at evaluating the laboratory-scale performance of an innovative process for treating tannery wastewater. In this process, biological degradation, carried out in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), is combined with chemical oxidation by ozone. Tannery wastewater treatment was carried out, at laboratory scale, on a real primary effluent coming from a centralised plant treating wastewater produced by a large tannery district in Northern Italy. SBBR performance both without and with ozonation, was assessed with very satisfactory results. In particular, in the latter instance the recorded COD, TKN and TSS average removals, (96%), (92%) and (98%) respectively, allowed the maximum allowable concentration values fixed by the Italian regulation in force to be achieved without any additional polishing step. During the investigation biofilm properties (biofilm concentration and biofilm density) and flow dynamics aspects (head loss, shear stress, bed porosity) were also studied. A major feature of the process is that, with or without ozonation, it was characterised by very low specific sludge production (0.05 kgVSS/kgCODremoved) and high biofilm density (i.e. 87-122 gVSS/Lsludge) both contributing to a rather high biofilm concentration (i.e. 31-44 gTSS/Lfilter).