低表面能涂层的减阻试验研究

平板表面上涂履一层低表面能疏水性的涂层，在循环式水筒中Ｕ≤９为／秋的低速下，可使平板的阻力下降１８－３０％左右。而高速时，涂层表面的粗糙度和涂层平板的形阻抵消了一部分或全部分由于低的涂层与水界面间的相互作用力而引起的摩阻下降。低表面能涂层的低表面能疏水性质，使平板的湍流边界层增厚和层流向湍流转捩点的后移，造成了平板阻力的降低。     

重力场下平板边界层内气液两相流动数值分析

通气减阻技术因具有降低能耗和环境污染小等效果,在工程领域内得到广泛关注。为研究重力场中气相在平板湍流边界层内流动演化过程及由此产生的减阻效应,该文耦合连续表面张力(CSF)的VOF多相流模型和标准k-?湍流模型,求解非定常RANS方程,对边界层内气液两相流动进行数值模拟。通过计算结果与实验结果的对比,验证了数值方法的有效性;进而对不同通气流量和来流雷诺数下,气泡当量直径、近壁区空隙率及流动减阻率进行定量分析。结果表明:减阻效应与近壁区空隙率密切相关;来流雷诺数和通气量的提高,均能增强减阻效应。     

基于平板的气体润滑减阻数值计算研究

船舶行业的节能技术研究,是当今的一个热点,气体润滑减阻技术就是其中的一个分支。该文以平板模型为研究对象,以在空泡水筒完成的气体润滑减阻原理性验证试验为基础,展开数值计算中VOF模型和Mixture模型在此类问题中的适用性研究,分析喷气量对减阻率和气穴内空隙率分布的影响,建立了一种适用于气体润滑减阻问题的数值计算方法。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE DRAG REDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVELING WAVY WALL AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER IN WIND TUNNEL

Drag reduction experiments of the traveling wavy wall at high Reynolds number, ranging from 1.46×10⁶ to 5.83×10⁶ based on the free-stream velocity and the model length, were conducted. A suit of traveling wavy wall device was developed and its characteristics of drag reduction at high Reynolds number were investigated. The drag forces of the traveling wavy wall with various wave speeds (c) were measured at different wind speeds (U) in the FL-8 low-speed wind tunnel and compared with the drag force of the flat plate. The results show that the mean drag force of the traveling wavy wall decreases as the value of c/U increases, at different wind velocities, the values of c/U corresponding to minimal drag force of the traveling wavy wall are different, when the values of c/U are larger than 0.6, the mean drag forces of the traveling wavy wall are smaller than those of the flat plate, and the drag reduction can be up to 60%. The drag reduction effectiveness of traveling wavy wall is thus achieved. Furthermore, as the value of c/U increases, the traveling wavy wall can restrain the separation and improve the quality of flow field.     

分层强剪切环境下减阻板对圆柱减阻效应研究

由于上下水层流动反向,柱体在分层流环境中与密度均一流环境中受力差别较大。将密度均一流环境下上游减阻板对柱体减阻的概念引入分层流环境下的圆柱受力研究中,建立三维数值模型,采用大涡模拟(LES)技术,研究内波环境下圆柱的减阻效应。结果表明:在上层水体中,减阻板对柱体受力影响较大;在下层水体中,减阻板几乎不起作用。减阻板背部的漩涡形态是影响柱体减阻效应的根本原因。减阻参数(阻塞比l/D及“板-柱”间距s/D)决定了柱周漩涡结构特征,直接影响减阻效果。引入减阻比B_R量化了减阻效果,采用回归分析拟合出B_R与s/l的经验公式。需将减阻参数控制在合理范围内,避免发生“减阻过度”。研究成果对提高近岸及河口建筑物墩柱安全有重要意义。     

Experimental study of drag reduction in flumes and spillway tunnels

Experiments in an open flume model and spillway tunnel model were carried out using drag reduction techniques.Two drag reduction techniques were adopted in the experiments:polymer addition and coating.The drag reduction effect of a polyacrylamide(PAM)solution and dimethyl silicone oil coating were studied in the flume model experiments,and the results were analyzed.Experiments were then carried out with a model of the Xiluodu Hydropower Station,the second largest dam in China.In order to reduce the resistance,the spillway tunnels were internally coated with dimethyl silicone oil.This is the first time that these drag reduction techniques have been applied to so large a hydraulic model.The experimental results show that the coating technique can effectively increase flood discharge.The outlet velocity and the jet trajectory distance are also increased,which enhances the energy dissipation of the spillway tunnel.     

圆管中分层层流流动的新模型及减阻规律

本文提出了研究圆管分层层流流动的新模型，并利用该模型研究了圆管分层流动速度分布规律，得出了速度场解析表达式，最后，研究了分层流动的阻力规律，为分层掺气减阻提供了理论依据．算例表明，分层掺气可以实现有效的减阻     

仿生非光滑沟槽形状对减阻效果的影响

利用有限体积法对三角形、扇贝形和刀刃形三种仿生非光滑沟槽表面流场进行了数值计算.近壁面区采用B-L两层模型,远离壁面区采用雷诺应力模型.分析了三种沟槽非光滑表面的流场特性,对计算域中心 Z＝3mm平面的速度场和湍流统计量进行了研究,分析了不同沟槽形状对减阻效果的影响,为最佳减阻沟槽设计提供了理论依据.三种沟槽具有相同的特征尺寸,顶点间距 s＝0.1mm,沟槽尖顶到谷底高度 h=0.05mm,与光滑表面相比减阻效果分别为 3.2%、9.1%、9.7%,数值计算结果和风洞与油槽实验结果有较好的吻合.     

Advances of drag-reducing surface technologies in turbulence based on boundary layer control

Our living environment is surrounded by turbulence, which is also a concern of the global energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emission, and the viscous force on the solid-liquid/solid-gas interface is an important part of the turbulence. Reducing friction force in turbulence to the greatest extent is becoming an urgent issue to be resolved at present. In this paper, the various state-of-the-art approaches of drag-reducing and energy-saving technologies based on the boundary layer control are reviewed, focusing on the polymer drag reduction additives, the micro-morphology, the super-hydrophobic surface, the micro air bubbles, the heating wall, the vibrant flexible wall and the composite drag reduction methods. In addition, the mechanisms of different drag reductions based on the boundary layer control and the potential applications in fluid engineering are discussed. This paper aims not only to contribute to a better understanding of drag reduction mechanisms, but also to offer new perspectives to improve the current drag-reducing and energy saving technologies.     

OPTIMIZATION OF A WAVE CANCELLATION MULTIHULL SHIP USING CFD TOOLS

1. INTRODUCTIONA smallwaterplane area, trihull ship, termed the wave cancellation multihull ship (or trimaran), offers the possibility of dramatic wave drag reduction due to wave cancellation. Experimental evidence, e.g. by Wilson et al. (1993) indi…     

Hydrodynamics of the interceptor on a 2-D flat plate by CFD and experiments

Nowadays, the use of interceptor by both partial and total dynamic lift crafts is quite common. In this article, a lot of evidence is given regarding the effectiveness of interceptor. The interceptor, when placed at the stern region, changes the pressure distribution around the craft. Its presence affects drag force, lifting force and the position of pressure's center leading to a new trim. This study focuses on hydrodynamic effects of interceptors on a 2-D flat plate based on both computational fluid dynamic(CFD) and experimental approaches. The Reynolds average Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are used to model the flow around a fixed flat plate with an interceptor at different heights and attack angles. Based on finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm which uses static structures, this model can be analyzed and the RANS results can be compared with the experimental data obtained in the current channel of the laboratory of waves and current of COPPE/UFRJ(LOC in Portuguese acronym). According to the results, the increase of pressure at the end of the flat plate was proportional to the interceptor height. In addition, the existence of interceptors can significantly increase the lift force coefficient at high angles of attack also proportional to the interceptor height. The presence of interceptor at the end of the flat plate increased both the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient but hydrodynamic drag did not grow as fast as the lift coefficient did. The lift coefficient increased much more. Furthermore, the results showed that the interceptor effectiveness is proportional to the boundary layer thickness at the end of the flat plate. As the interceptor was inside the boundary layer alterations of flow speed led to changes in boundary layer thickness, directly affecting interceptor's efficiency. Optimum choice of interceptor height had a great effect on its efficiency, and in choosing it the flow speed and length of the boat must be taken into consideration.     

肋条减阻

随着世界上能源消耗的不断上升，使人们不得不认真考虑如何有效的保护有限的能源，探求节约能源的新技术和新方法。湍流减阻就是在这种应用背景下提出在新课。经过二十多年的努力，特别是湍流理论的发展，使得湍流减阻理论和应用得到了突破性的进展。就减阻技术讲，有肋条减阻、聚合物减阻、大涡硫碎减阻、吹气和吸气减阻、微气泡减阻等，这些减阻技术一个共贩考虑，就是要控制边界层内的湍流结构，特别是拟序结构，减少湍能的耗损以     

DRAG REDUCTION IN A TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW WITH HYDRO- PHOBIC WALL

This paper investigates a theoretical prediction of friction drag reduction in turbulent channel flow which is achieved by using superhydrophobic surfaces. The effect of the hydrophobic surface is considered to be a slip boundary condition on the wall, and this new boundary condition is added to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) equations. The predicted drag reduction at Reτ=180 is approximately 30%, which concurs with results obtained from Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). An important implication of the present finding is that the near-wall turbulence structures are modified with streamwise slip velocity. In addition, a noticeable effect on the turbulence structure occurs when the slip length is greater than a certain value.     

TURBULENCE TRANSPORT OF SURFACTANT SOLUTION FLOW DURING DRAG REDUCTION DEGENERATION

Turbulence transport of surfactant solution flow during drag reduction degeneration is investigated experimentally in a two-dimensional channel.Particle Image Velocimetry (P1V) system is used to take t...     

Drag reduction of wall bounded incompressible turbulent flow based on active dimples/pimples

The control of turbulence by dimples/pimples has drawn more and more attention. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the active dimples/pimples for the drag reduction in the incompressible turbulent flow. Firstly, the drag reduction by the opposition control based on active dimples/pimples at the lower wall is studied via the direct numerical simulation of the turbulent channel flow. It is found that large active dimples/pimples can not suppress the streamwise vortices significantly and thus almost no drag reduction is achieved. Small active dimples and pimples with the diameter of one fourth of the streak width can both reduce the friction drag, but pimples will induce a larger pressure drag than dimples. Then the suboptimal control scheme is examined based on small active dimples using the spanwise wall shear information only. It is shown that the friction drag decreases by about 4.5% but the total drag is only reduced by about 2.7% abated by the pressure drag. Compared with the actuation of the all-point blowing/suction or the all-point wall movement, the effectiveness of the turbulent drag reduction based on active shallow dimples is much smaller.     

条纹薄膜减小湍流阻力的试验研究

本文从湍流边界层的相关结构出发，探讨了条纹薄膜减少湍流边界层阻力的机理，通过平板模型的水洞试验，研究了条纹薄膜的减阻作用。试验结果表明，条纹薄膜具有明显的减阻效果，最大降阻量大约为１０％。     

不同间距比下粗糙度对并联双圆柱绕流的影响

利用ANSYS-Workbench大型有限元软件建立了二维模型,在Fluent的工作环境下,探究了不同间距下不同柱体粗糙度对并联双圆柱的升力系数、阻力系数的影响。采用SST k-ω湍流模型,雷诺数控制在1×10~6,并联双圆柱的间距比T/D分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0,进行了柱体表面粗糙度Rh在0、0.1%D、0.3%D、0.5%D、0.8%D和1%D时的数值模拟。结果表明:间距比为1.5时,阻力系数达到最大,升力系数上下波动峰最高;在同一间距比下,随着粗糙度的增加,阻力系数先增大后减小,粗糙度在0.5%D时阻力系数达到最大;并联双圆柱由光滑面发展到粗糙面,阻力系数会发生突变,证明了光滑柱面下的阻力系数最小和升力系数的波动峰值最小。基于以上研究,可以将结论应用于以后圆柱绕流的理论研究和桥梁墩柱的工程建设中。     

河工模型阻力相似的研究

本文以长江葛洲坝工程宜昌工地的坝区泥沙模型为例,研究了模型水面线相似、糙率、阻力沿横向分布等的相似问题以及模型是否处于阻力平方区间题等。通过研究,认为阻力相似是河工模型的重要相似条件,但是较大比尺的正态模型一般并不处于阻力平方区,不能达到理论上严格的阻力相似要求。在此情况下,通过验证试验,只要做到模型与原型基本相似,水面线的偏离处于要求范围内,流速沿断面的分布基本上与原型一致,这样就可以保证试验成果的可靠性。     

温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

构建由潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地串联而成的复合人工湿地系统,研究了复合人工湿地脱氮除磷效果以及温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,复合人工湿地TP、氨氮平均去除率为33.64%、57.24%;水温降低会导致人工湿地氮磷去除率下降;基质为粗砂的潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷能力大于基质为砾石的潜流人工湿地。     

微气泡减阻实验研究

该文研究设计了一种基于超声空化的微气泡产生电路,利用AD9850产生正弦信号,经功率放大电路后驱动换能器使其空化,产生微气泡.分析了转盘转动过程中所受水流的阻力矩.同时,为了验证微气泡的减阻效果,提出了一种与该方法相配套的实验方案.实验结果表明,该方法产生的微气泡有较好的减阻效果,并且在工程上容易实现,具有较好的应用前景.