拱坝温度荷载计算方法探讨

温度载荷是拱坝设计中不可忽视的荷载。在某些拱坝中特别是薄拱坝有的水荷载还小于温度载荷引起的应力。此种实例在北方地区并不少见。研究温度对拱坝应力的影响,首先要解决温度荷载问题,然后再用温度荷载得出应力。所以温度荷载的精确与否,对大坝应力有直接关系。确定正确的温度荷载,基本条件要有正确的气温、水温和日照等观测资料以及混凝土的物理特性等实验资料,然后才能建立正确的数学模式。     

寒冷地区有保温层拱坝的温度荷载

寒冷地区拱坝的温度应力很大，温度荷载的影响往往超过水荷载，目前趋向于在坝体表面进行永久保温，以减小温度应力。采用永久保温层之后，拱坝温度荷载改变很大，因此笔者给出拱坝上下游表面有永久保温层时温度荷载的计算方法。     

有保温层拱坝变化温度场的计算

大体积混凝土的温度应力是一个十分重要的问题。寒冷地区拱坝的温度应力大于水荷载的影响。为了降低温度荷载,在拱坝下游面粘贴聚苯乙烯塑料板作为永久保温层,在文献[2]、[3]研究基础上,提出了有保温层拱坝变化温度场的计算方法。     

寒冷地区拱坝苯板保温层的效果及计算方法

寒冷地区拱坝的温度应力比南方大得多，温度荷载的影响可能超过水荷载。本文提出在拱坝下游面用苯板作永久保护层，以降低温度荷载，减小拱坝厚度、还给出了相应的计算方法，响水拱坝加固采用了苯板保温方案。     

拱坝温度荷载与温度应力的考虑

介绍拱坝温度荷载的概念及值得注意的问题 .拱坝的温度荷载可以分解为三部分 :均匀温度变化Tm,等效线性温差Td 及非线性温差Tn.拱坝有封拱温度场、年平均温度场和变化温度场三个特征温度场 ,其温度荷载可由特征温度场的相应值求得 .文章还介绍了用拱梁分载法计算拱坝温度应力 ,同时论述了影响拱坝温度应力的一些因素 ,包括封拱温度、坝体及基础弹模、坝体热胀系数及导温系数、坝体表面温差等 .     

拱坝的温度荷载与温度应力

介绍了计算拱坝温度荷载的规范公式说明拱坝控制应力可能发生的部位及荷载组合，对规范公式和经验公式的计算结果进行比较后，建议采用规范公式计算拱坝的温度荷载。     

高拱坝全过程温度应力仿真研究

对于混凝土高拱坝，温度荷载是主要设计荷载之一，施工过程对温度荷载有着重要影响。采用有限元方法对某实际工程进行了仿真计算，得出了高拱坝全过程温度及温度应力的特点及变化规律。     

改进的混凝土重力拱坝温度荷载分析

针对目前拱坝规范中温度荷载不能较好地考虑重力拱坝内部温度的非线性变化,由外界气温变化对混凝土内部温度影响的理论分析及坝体温度计测值的综合分析,对年变化温度荷载的计算进行了改进：仅对外界气温变化影响较显著的距坝体外表面10 m左右区域的混凝土温度进行等效,假设中间区域的温度无变化。这可一定程度考虑坝体内部温度的非线性变化。对某重力拱坝进行分析,得到的结论是：①采用本文提出的考虑坝内温度非线性变化的温度荷载方法计算的应力较规范计算的应力,在下游面拉应力有较大增长,而上游面压应力有所减小;②计算坝体的变形与规范法计算的变形较接近,但截面上的应力分布不同。     

RCC拱坝的封拱温度与温度荷载研究

在对RCC拱坝封拱温度与温度荷载特点分析的基础上,用4座不同坝高的RCC拱坝分别以坝体多年平均温度和由仿真分析计算得到的蓄水时的实际温度作为温度荷载的计算起点,用有限元等效应力法计算不同坝高的坝体应力,根据计算结果讨论不同坝高时RCC拱坝的封拱温度与温度荷载。计算表明,以多年平均温度作为封拱温度计算温度荷载与仿真方法计算的温度荷载的差距随着坝高的增大而增大。对于100m以上的拱坝应该用仿真分析的方法研究温度荷载,以确定真实的封拱温度;不进行二期水冷和封拱灌浆时,对于100m以上的高拱坝,要进行充分论证,一般坝踵可能会出现较大拉应力而引起坝踵开裂;对于RCC高拱坝应采用冷却水管和分缝相结合的方式,在蓄水前通过二期水冷使坝体温度下降到设计封拱温度后进行封拱灌浆,以减小运行期的温度荷载。     

碾压混凝土拱坝的封拱温度与真实温度荷载研究

本文在对RCC混凝土拱坝封拱温度与温度荷载特点分析的基础上，用四座不同坝高的RCC拱坝分别以坝体多年平均温度和由仿真分析计算得到的蓄水时的实际温度作为温度荷载的计算起点，用有限元等效应力法计算不同坝高的坝体应力，根据计算结果讨论不同坝高时RCC大坝的封拱温度与温度荷载。本文主要得出以下结论：1）以多年平均温度作为封拱温度计算温度荷载与仿真方法计算的温度荷载的差距随着坝高的增大而增大。对于100米以上的拱坝应该用仿真分析的方法研究温度荷载，以确定真实的封拱温度。2）不进行二期水冷和封拱灌浆时，对于100m以上的高拱坝，要进行充分论证，一般坝踵可能会出现较大拉应力而引起坝踵开裂。3）对于RCC高拱坝应采用冷却水管和分缝相结合的方式，在蓄水前通过二期水冷使坝体温度下降到设计封拱温度后进行封拱灌浆，以减小运行期的温度荷载。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.