生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,研究生态沟渠对稻田降雨径流氮磷拦截效应具有重要意义。针对水稻不同生长期内的降雨以及降雨的不同时段下生态沟渠对稻田径流氮磷的动态拦截效应研究缺乏的现状,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,将该流域的自然排水沟渠改造为生态沟渠。研究了生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期内的3场降雨径流的氮磷去除效果。研究结果表明:(1)在3场不同强度的降雨过程中,生态沟渠对TN(总氮)的平均去除率为31.4%,TP(总磷)的平均去除率为40.8%;(2)生态沟渠对降雨径流不同形态氮磷的去除率大小为NH4+-N(氨氮)PN(颗粒态氮)NO3--N(硝态氮),PP(颗粒态磷)DP(溶解态磷),且PN和PP的去除率随沟渠径流量的增大而呈现下降趋势;(3)生态沟渠底泥总氮、总磷浓度在水稻的生长周期内呈现先增加后降低的趋势,说明生态沟渠具有一定的自净能力,对氮磷的拦截去除具有可持续性。     

农田排水沟渠调控农业非点源污染研究综述

农业非点源污染日益成为亟待解决的问题,随着农业非点源污染的深入研究,农田排水沟渠在调控非点源污染上的作用逐渐得到大家的关注。在简要分析农田排水沟渠特征及功能的基础上,归纳总结了排水沟渠系统对氮、磷非点源污染的迁移转化机理;结合目前研究状况,提出今后尚需进一步研究的问题,包括沟渠内植物和底泥二次污染、农田排水沟渠非点源污染溶质净化与内源污染形成机理研究、农田排水沟渠对农田生态系统生物多样性的影响以及土壤次生盐碱化与灌区农田排水沟渠之间关系研究等,以期为农田排水沟渠对农业非点源污染调控作用的研究提供参考。     

川中丘陵区小尺度范围非点源氮素流失特征分析

为研究自然降雨条件下紫色土地块-小流域尺度农业非点源氮素随径流流失的特征,采用野外径流观测法,对2011年川中某紫色土丘陵区12次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,测定径流量及径流中氮素浓度与负荷变化情况。结果表明:旱地流失负荷值远大于林地流失负荷值,且旱地氮素流失主要集中在施肥后的初期降水事件中,占流失总量的76.1%;壤中流氮素平均浓度为0.98~54.1mg/L;旱地氮素迁移有显著月变化特征,明显受到当地施肥习惯和汛期降雨量影响。陈家湾农林复合小流域氮素迁移特点分析表明,该小流域受到多种土地利用类型影响,径流氮素浓度波动范围不大;但在大雨降雨事件中,浓度在降雨后期有所升高,体现了"末期冲刷效应"。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,生态塘兼具排水和生态湿地双重功效,研究其对稻田排水氮磷的拦截效应对于防治农业非点源污染具有重要意义。针对降雨径流条件下生态塘对降雨径流中氮磷的动态拦截效应以及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应有待明了的需求,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,并将该区域的塘堰改造为生态塘,研究了生态塘对水稻生长期内的三场降雨径流氮磷的拦截去除效果及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应。研究结果表明:(1)在三场降雨过程中,生态塘对总氮(TN)的平均去除率为34.7%,总磷(TP)的平均去除率为34.8%;(2)生态塘对降雨径流中不同形态氮磷的去除率大小排序为氨氮(NH_4~+-N)颗粒态氮(PN)硝态氮(NO_3~--N),颗粒态磷(PP)溶解态磷(DP),且径流状态下水体垂向分层氮磷浓度分布随降雨进行而变化,总体分布规律为底层氮磷浓度大于表层氮磷浓度;(3)降雨径流结束后,TN在生态塘中的去除率为50.4%,TP在生态塘中的去除率为52.3%,塘2对TN、TP的去除率大于塘1与塘3,生态塘表现了较强的抗冲击自修复性。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测,测定了径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度,以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期,其峰值出现在雨强最大时;集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期,是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因;降雨-径流过程中,颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中 PN/DN 多小于1,而 PP/DP 范围为1.1~30.2,说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测，测定径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度，以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期，其峰值出现在雨强最大时；集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期，是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因；降雨-径流过程中，颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中PN/DN多小于1，而PP/DP范围为1.1~30.2，说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式，而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

太湖典型小流域非点源污染物流失规律研究

由农业产生的非点源污染是湖泊的主要污染源.为了研究太湖流域非点源污染负荷流失规律,选择了宜兴梅林小流域为研究对象,对降雨过程中径流流量及其污染物浓度随降雨-径流变化过程进行了监测研究.采用统计和系统分析方法,建立径流量和非点源污染负荷输出量之间的数学统计模型,得出该流域非点源污染物流失规律,以期将此方法推广到与该流域相似的其它地区的非点源污染研究中去,对太湖流域水污染综合治理也具有重要意义.     

农业非点源污染物在水塘景观系统中的空间变异性研究

农业非点源污染是流域不同景观结构对降雨的一种综合响应过程，景观格局影响非点源污染物的产生和运移。本文研究安徽鲍家塘子流域中水田、秧田、水塘、荒地、沟渠等不同土地利用类型的总磷(TP)、速效磷(DRP)在土壤中的空间分布，以及降雨径流过程中TP、DRP、溶解态总磷(DTP)、悬浮物(TSS)在多水塘景观结构中的动态变化。结果表明：养分在流域不同景观组分土壤中的空间变化，是人为干扰景观异质性的综合结果；磷素输出以颗粒态磷(TP-DTP)为主，在不同景观中具有显著性差异；施肥水田是最主要的“源”景观，在降雨径流过程大量释放养分和悬浮物；水塘、荒地、没有施肥水田持留养分和悬浮物，是流域的“汇”景观，水塘有效地持留颗粒态磷；水塘系统中的沟渠是非点源污染物的主要运移通道。因此，通过对流域土地利用和景观格局的优化调整，达到对流域景观中养分过程的有效管理，实现对农业非点源污染的控制。     

农田排水沟渠底泥-间隙水-上覆水氮磷迁移转化规律研究

研究氮磷在底泥、上覆水以及两者间交换介质-间隙水三者之间的迁移转化规律对控制农业面源污染具有重要科学意义。本研究对降雨和无降雨情况下氮磷在沟渠底泥、间隙水和上覆水间的迁移转化规律进行了分析;同时,对扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下底泥颗粒的微观形貌进行了观测。结果表明:在水稻生长前期氮磷被吸附贮存在底泥中,中后期被再次释放出来;在整个水稻生长期内,间隙水的总氮、总磷浓度约为上覆水的3.1和6.5倍,氮主要以NH_4~+-N形式存在;在降雨过程中,沟渠底泥成为氮磷释放的源,NH_4~+-N为氮的主要迁移形态,上覆水中NH_4~+-N逐渐向NO_3~--N转化,颗粒态氮磷对TN、TP流失有较大影响;沟渠底泥颗粒表面粗糙、具有一定的微孔结构,为底泥吸附氮磷提供了条件。     

引黄灌区农业面源污染影响因子敏感性评价

农田排水沟渠系统作为农田面源排放和下游受纳水体的过渡带,对于农田径流来说是汇,而对于下游受纳水体是源.氮、磷污染物在排水沟渠输送过程中的迁移特征是农业面源污染防治的核心内容之一.本研究在总结国内外有关研究成果的基础上,通过监测试验、数据拟合和敏感分析来确定水深、流速、水温、pH值、溶解氧浓度等五个主要因子对排水沟渠中氮、磷污染物迁移转化作用及其影响情况.研究表明,在实现沟渠中氮、磷污染物的最大截留率时,在其他条件相同的情况下,流速和水深起重要作用,影响程度最高.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.