Management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China: current status and challenges.

Water quality in China shows an overall trend of deterioration in recent years. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and rural regions is the leading source of water pollution. The agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are mainly from fertilization of cropland, excessive livestock and poultry breeding and undefined disposal of daily living wastes in rural areas. Agricultural nonpoint sources contribute the main source of pollution to most watersheds in China, but they are ignored in management strategy and policy. Due to the lack of full understanding of water pollution control and management and the lack of perfect water quality standard systems and practical legislative regulations, agricultural nonpoint source pollution will become one of the biggest challenges to the sustainable development of rural areas and to society as a whole. The system for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control in China should include an appropriate legislation and policy framework, financing mechanisms, monitoring system, and technical guidelines and standards. The management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires multidisciplinary approaches that will involve a range of government departments, institutions and the public.     

Simulation of Non-Point Pollutants Evolution in Coastal Plain Island-A Case Study of Chongming Island

The coastal plain region usually shows the agricultural dominated industry mode, so more and more attention is paid to non-point pollutants discharge. In this study, the method for assessing the influence of non-point pollutants discharge on river water quality is probed which is concluded as follows： （1） Considering the costal plain island is characterized as nearly even elevation, the conventional gravitational runoff confluence method based on eight-point gravitational flowing directions （DS） is unable to compute the runoff confluence received by the surrounding rivers, so a new method of triangular confluence based on three-points of grid center and the river segments is presented. Further the equations of non-point pollutants loads estimation and non-point pollutants confluence on rivers are presented. （2） The integration mode of non-point pollutants model and river water quality model is presented so as to further assess the non-point pollutants contribution to river water quality. （3） With the Chongming Island, the third largest island in China, as an example, the above-mentioned equations are specified. For this island, the non-point pollutants loads are estimated and linked to the developed water quality model of the river network in the island, and further the non-point pollution evolution in river network is simulated. In this scenario, the non-point pollution contribution to river water quality over the whole island is clearly displayed, and the area where the river water quality is seriously influenced by non-point pollutants discharge is distinctly depicted. This scenario also shows the water quality contribution ratio of non-point pollution to point pollution can be in the range of 55.5% to 44.5% which proves the importance of non-point pollution control in costal plain islands.     

青岛市农村供水中硝酸盐氮污染状况及健康风险评价

利用2007年9月~2008年8月青岛市农村供水水质监测资料,分析了青岛市农村供水中硝酸盐氮的污染状况,采用躯体毒物质风险评价模型评价了硝酸盐氮对人体健康潜在危害的风险指数。评价结果表明:硝酸盐氮超标区主要分布在部分农业种植区,其中,平度硝酸盐氮超标率高达49.8%;硝酸盐氮的健康风险评价指数介于0.00~8.42,仅平度、莱西、胶州部分乡镇的供水工程中硝酸盐氮的健康风险指数大于1,在不可接受范围内,但这几个乡镇涉及的供水人口较多,约占本次人口调查总数的30%。     

Urban lakes in a developing nation: Drivers,states and impacts of water quality and quantity in Dhaka,Bangladesh

This study examined pollution and shrinkage of urban lakes in the rapidly urbanizing city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A mixed‐method approach was employed, nested within the European Environmental Agency Drivers, Pressure, States, Impacts, Responses Framework and Environmental Systems Analysis tools (as stakeholder and functions analysis methodologies). A variety of stakeholders and policymakers were first interviewed, being asked to participate in an exercise identifying their perceptions of the greatest challenges facing urban lakes in Dhaka. The current quantity and quality of lakes in Dhaka was subsequently assessed through a combination of field work, government reports and satellite imagery analysis. The results indicated that past management strategies have failed to prevent the infill and pollution of lakes and wetlands. Many key indicators of poor water quality have exhibited sharp increases over the past decade. Urban encroachment into lakes has been curtailed in only four of Dhaka’s 14 districts, with ten districts losing water land cover over the past 66 years. Policymaker and stakeholder opinions on the drivers of lake pollution were highly variable in this study, creating additional roadblocks in implementing and enforcing effective management strategies. It is concluded that the regulatory policies must be implemented to prevent furthermore environmental degradation, while also observing that such policies will be very difficult to enforce under current conditions.     

南水北调中线水源地农业面源污染时空演化特征

基于清单分析法对 2010—2019 年南水北调中线水源地农业面源污染物 TN 和 TP 的排放量进行测算，并结 合 ArcGIS 软件对其时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明：2010—2019 年，南水北调中线水源地农业面源污染物 TN 负荷和 TP 负荷整体上呈现先增加后减少的趋势；TN 和 TP 污染强度呈先升后降趋势；化肥、畜禽养殖和农村 生活是水源地农业面源污染 TN 和 TP 负荷的主要来源，且化肥比重缓慢增加，畜禽养殖比重不断下降，农村生活 比重不断增加。研究结果可为中线水源地农业面源污染治理、生态保护等方面政策及措施的制定提供决策 支持。     

妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与分析

本文利用改进的输出系数模型对妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷进行了估算,并且分别通过三分法,即分区、分类、分期的方法对结果进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2017年妫水河流域农业非点源污染物TN和TP的负荷量分别为1 402 214.9 kg/a,279 629.1 kg/a;(2)流域内各乡镇TN和TP的负荷量差异较大,旧县镇、永宁镇所贡献的TN、TP负荷量最多且单位负荷强度最大,属于重点治理区域;(3)流域内对TN的贡献最大的污染源为农业种植,对TP的贡献最大的污染源为农村生活污染,这两个污染源属于优先控制的污染源;(4)TN、TP负荷与降雨量呈现正相关关系,降雨冲刷是导致的污染物负荷增加的一个主要因素。农业非点源污染的三分研究结果为妫水河流域非点源污染治理与农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

崇明岛河道水质指标季节性变化分析

采用主成分分析法和SPSS统计软件,对2007年从崇明岛河道12个水质监测点监测所得枯水期与丰水期的18个水质指标数据进行处理,从原始监测数据提取出占总方差85%以上的5个主成分,并计算其贡献率和12个监测点的主成分值。分析表明:枯水期,硫酸、磷酸、钾在第1主成分载荷较高,镁在第2主成分载荷较高,铁、色度、硫在第3主成分载荷较高;丰水期,钾在第1主成分载荷较高,镁、铜在第2主成分载荷较高,亚硫酸、亚硝酸在第3主成分载荷较高。据此得出结论:崇明岛水质受农业和海水倒灌的影响较大,工业对河道的影响较小。认为,应减少崇明岛农药化肥的使用,推广滴灌灌溉,防止过多的灌溉用水携化肥等流入河道;枯水期可采用人工向河道注水的方式防止海水倒灌,丰水期可依旧采取现有南进北出的方法引入长江淡水;减少崇明岛内工业企业,降低工业污染对河道的影响,并对不能搬离企业的生产过程进行严格监管,严禁工业废水未经处理直接向岛内河道排放。     

连云港市蔷薇河水质改善的若干建议

蔷薇河承担着连云港市城区生活、生产与生态等水源供给任务,同时也是沿线农业生产的重要水源。长期以来受农村农业面源污染、酸洗石英砂点源污染等因素影响,蔷薇河水质不稳定,尤其是高锰酸盐指数、氟化物等易发超标,水质改善难度较大。本文在统计梳理蔷薇河2018—2019年水质监测数据的基础上,系统分析了蔷薇河沿程水质变化情况及水质超标原因,并结合河长制工作实践,针对性地提出了改善蔷薇河水质的若干建议,以期为改善蔷薇河水质提供有益借鉴。     

Transjurisdictional Water Pollution Disputes and Measures of Resolution: Examples from the Yellow River Basin,China

Abstract

Transjurisdictional water pollution problems are increasing in number and are becoming a significant governance problem in China. A large number of transjurisdictional water pollution disputes that have far-reaching social effects are occurring between provinces and are also frequent between municipalities, counties, towns, and villages. In this paper, several transjurisdictional water pollution cases in China, particularly in the Yellow River Basin, are discussed. The problems and causes for transjurisdictional water pollution are addressed. There are many causes for transjurisdictional water pollution problems although the key reasons are the rapid economic development, the failure of local authorities to enforce the existing laws and to implement administrative decisions, as well as inadequacies in the legal framework. Other factors include poor technology, shortage of funds, the institutional division of jurisdiction and management over water quantity and quality both administratively and legally, the lack of transparency in the decision-making process, insufficient public participation and information disclosure, poor communication, and lack of involvement of stakeholders in basin or sub-basin organizations.     

水田改旱田高产新探讨

长期连作水田土壤粘朽，冷凉，不利水稻高产，更不利水田改旱田，三江原有“水改旱瞎一半”之戒律，只有加强排水，采取秋耕，深松，加上促早熟等措施，才能创高产，由于生态环境改变，可送减少施用化肥和农药，实现低耗优质，减少污染，其实“水旱作”是我国优良传统农业技术，也是今后优质高产高效可持续农业发展方向。     

Role of Transformative Capacity in River Basin Management Transformations

To tackle problems related to water quantity and quality, transformations in water management systems have become of increasing interest. Transformative capacity can be defined as the ability first to adapt to changes, and if needed, to carry out fundamental changes in a specific system. Using a framework of ten components of transformative capacity and an analysis of earlier historical research, policy documents and data gathered in a stakeholder scenario workshop, we examine the relationship between past and future transformations and transformative capacity in river basin management in the River Vantaa basin, located in southern Finland. In the past, River Vantaa was heavily polluted by municipal wastewater. The water quality has gradually improved but is still not considered good. The most successful changes have been concentrated on point source pollution, such as municipal wastewater, and they have mostly been driven by public administration and municipal coordination. In the future, more effort should be put on diffuse pollution, especially agricultural loading, and this requires changes in societal values and new forms of governance. We show how the past transformations have partly been driven by transformative capacity, but some transformations have enabled changes in the components of transformative capacity, indicating the interconnectedness of the different components. Furthermore, the interplay between transformations and transformative capacity occurs across spatial and temporal scales. We discuss how transformations take time, how transformative capacity evolves over longer time-spans, and how capacity and trajectories in local and wider scales are in a continuous interaction.

     

Changes of the nutrient loads of the Danube since the late eighties: An analysis based on long term changes along the whole Danube River and its main tributaries.

The Danube nutrient loads are affected by human impacts mainly from agriculture and wastewater discharges. Knowledge about the Danube nutrient loads and the changes of these loads over time is essential for understanding the changes within the ecosystem of the Black Sea, induced by these loads. The paper shows the long term changes of the nutrient load along the Danube estimated by measurements from different countries and institutions. The results show large differences between Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and Total Phosphorus (TP). For TP, the Danube River loads show a strong decrease since 1988-1992, especially in the Middle and Lower basin. This change is probably partly connected to the dramatic economic changes in the Middle and Eastern European countries following the collapse of the communist system. The DIN load does not show a decreasing trend in the last decade. The data indicate that there may be a decreasing trend in the anthropogenic emissions, but that such a trend is counteracted by a significantly increasing trend of the Danube discharge in the last decade. The accuracy of the available data is analysed in the paper as well.     

Evaluation of agricultural reuse practices and relevant guidelines for the alba rancho WWTP (primary and secondary facultative ponds) in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Many cities in developing countries are experiencing high population growth, which is generating chaotic and unplanned development, reducing land areas available for agriculture, and polluting surface and groundwater. Consequently, the reuse of untreated or partially treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is increasing in arid and semi-arid regions in developing countries. Cochabamba city in Bolivia also has a high population growth. The climatic characteristics and the lack of clean water sources in this city are forcing the agriculture sector to use treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation. We investigated the effluent quality of the Alba Rancho Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and the existing effluent reuse practices for irrigation of fodder crops in the surrounding agricultural land (La Mayca area). The plant uses primary and secondary facultative ponds, and does not achieve the required effluent quality (according to Bolivian environmental law) for effluent BOD, COD, TDS and faecal coliforms. This paper also includes a brief comparison of guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture from several developing and developed countries, comparing the parameters measured as pollution indicators. It appears that for developed countries, the main concern is the health risk that reuse can cause to the farmers and consumers. For developing countries on the other hand, pollution reduction is currently the major aim in their guidelines and standards.     

Pollution from animal husbandry in China: a case study of the Han River Basin

Animal husbandry is one of the major agricultural pollution sources in China. The Xiangyang Reach of the Han River Basin was used as a case study to identify pollutants from animal rearing. The gross amount of pollutants from livestock and poultry rearing in the Xiangyang Reach was estimated using two empirical models with different data sets. The pig, cattle, sheep, and poultry population in 2009 amounted to 2.6, 0.6, 0.5, and 39.2 million head, respectively. The total annual pollutant loads generated from the feces and urine of livestock and poultry were 270,400 t of chemical oxygen demand; 228,900 t of biochemical oxygen demand; 26,500 t of ammonia nitrogen; 16,500 t of total phosphorus; and 63,900 t of total nitrogen. Approximately 12% of these pollutant loads were estimated to enter the Han River through the watershed outlet. Animal breeding has been one of the main pollution sources in this area, followed by domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Cattle produced the most pollution, with the heaviest pollution load in downtown Xiangyang City. Several recommendations are presented to control the pollution caused by livestock and poultry breeding.     

基于人口和GDP的主要水污染物排放量预测——以秦皇岛市为例

伴随着国内经济的高速发展,环境问题特别是水污染问题尤为严重。水污染来源包括生活污染、工业污染、农业污染、水土流失等,人口和GDP是计算生活和工业污染的2个主要参数。以秦皇岛市为例,预测2020年主要水污染排放量。首先以秦皇岛市1990～2015年人口和GDP为基础,分别采用马尔萨斯(Malthus)模型和ARIMA(自回归积分滑动平均模型)模型预测得出2020年人口和GDP数据分别为321.32万人和1 420.14亿元,按照排污系数法进而得出与二者相关的生活污染物和工业污染物排放量,最后统计得出主要水污染物COD_(Cr)排放量为74 317.170 t,TN排放量为2 488.946 t,TP排放量为21 672.160 t。     

利用生态农业产业链技术控制农业面源污染

分析了中国农业面源污染现状及成因,认为农业面源污染是造成水体污染的最大问题。为了改善水体环境,从生态农业产业链技术的含义和内容出发,提出以"种—养—加—生"循环一体化的产业链技术体系来控制农业面源污染,保护水环境质量,即以源头无害化、过程资源化、末端生态化和控制规模化为原则,进行控制农田养分流失的生态种植、低污染零排放的生态养殖、无公害的生态饲料生产、以发酵垫料为主要原料的生物腐殖酸肥料加工和生态农业产业园区规划与建设等。这些技术的联控应用,能强化养分、食物链的循环延伸,是控制农业面源污染的有效方法,可以实现农业面源污染的零排放控制,改善水环境质量。     

农村小型水库功能退化分析及恢复对策

小型水库占我国水库总数96%以上,在地方防汛、灌溉、供水和养殖等方面地位重要且不可替代。因财政投入不足和疏于管护,农村小型水库功能快速退化,总体表现出淤积渗漏严重,蓄水能力低下;水质备受氮磷等营养物质污染,富营养化现象突出;水库出租养鱼后功能单一等特点。针对小型水库功能萎缩与退化的现状,从加强水文、水资源、水质等基础数据调查,依据供用水情况明确小型水库的核心功能及恢复目标,严控泥沙淤积与恢复兴利库容,污染阻控削减和增加水环境容量,发展生态养殖和防治生态过载以及鼓励投入与科学监管维护等方面提出了对策及建议,以期为农村小型水库水资源高效储蓄与可持续利用提供科学依据。     

南水北调中线工程典型渠段一维水动力水质模拟与预测

为了研究南水北调中线工程复杂水工建筑物影响下的水流特性以及对污染物在渠道内输移、衰减过程的影响,保证输水过程中的水质安全,分析了突发性污染事故潜在污染源特征,构建了南水北调中线工程典型输水渠段的一维水动力水质模型,模拟倒虹吸、节制闸、涵洞、隧洞、渡槽、公路桥 6 种水工建筑物影响下输水渠道内的水流特性,采用七里庄断面实测水位、流量、水质( 总磷、氨 氮) 数据对模型进行了校核与证; 并运用该模型预测店北公路桥突发水污染事故时,3 种输水流量、 3 种负荷、3 种污染物泄露至渠道后污染物沿程分布规律。结果表明: 该模型能有效模拟复杂水工建筑物下的水动力和污染物输移特性,下车亭分水口处污染物浓度超标与否受输水流量和污染负荷共同影响。针对分水口处水质指标浓度变化,提出合理、有效分水和退水方式,为保障南水北调中线工程输水水质安全提供参考。     

深部岩石工程力学特性及地应力测试研究综述

伴随中西部高山峡谷区水电及交通等工程的建设,与之相关的地下工程多呈现出超长、大埋深、高地应力、高外水压等特点,由此引发对深部岩石工程的岩石力学特性及地应力测试等科学问题的重视。简要综述了深部岩石试验技术、高应力复杂应力路径下的岩石力学特性、深部岩石的流变特征、深部围岩的质量分级与评价、地应力测试与分析等方面在过去10余年的进展,并对上述科学问题及后续研究重点进行了展望。     

巢湖生态环境现状及保护对策分析

巢湖是全国五大淡水湖之一,是长江下游重要的生态湿地,具有多种重要生态功能。采用配对样本T检验、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和单因子评价法分别对巢湖水位变化趋势、9个常规监测点的水质监测数据及5个补充监测点的监测数据进行分析评价。结果发现:(1)巢湖水位近年来显著抬升,且11月至次年6月水位表现为显著或极显著增加趋势。巢湖水位显著抬升能明显扩大湖泊环境容量、提高水体自净能力、促使江湖生物交换,对减轻水体富营养化、抑制湖区蓝藻暴发、改善水环境质量具有重要作用。(2)巢湖水质总体较差,主要污染指标为TN、TP、氨氮。其中,氨氮超标与城镇生活污水和工业废水等点源污染排污有关,TN和TP超标与农村生活污水、农田退水、畜禽养殖等面源污染及城镇生活和工业废水等点源污染排放有关。在对巢湖水位现状及变化趋势、水质及污染源现状、湿地资源现状及巢湖主要环境问题分析的基础上,提出了相应的生态环境保护对策,对于巢湖水环境治理和生态保护具有重要的意义。