城市排水泵站水力特性及整流措施

为了解弧形进水箱涵城市排水泵站水力特性,探寻改善泵站内部不良流态的整流措施,采用数值模拟方法对城市排水泵站水力流态及整流措施进行研究,并通过物理模型对整流效果进行验证。研究结果表明：弧形进水箱涵城市排水泵站的前池存在主流偏斜与分离流动现象,前池主流集中在中上层,中下层出现大范围的立面环流,底层存在回流,进水池内流态紊乱并出现旋涡,导致水泵进水不够顺畅;设计优化的“方形立柱+组合横梁”的组合式整流措施能够改善前池和进水池的水力流态,前池内的偏流和分离流动消除,底层回流消失,进水池旋涡得到有效抑制,3台水泵进水流道入口流速分布均匀度分别提升了12.0%、8.7%、8.3%,入流速度加权平均角分别提升了7.08°、9.07°、11.40°。     

弯道河段下游泵站进水前池流态及整流措施

为改善弯道水流在泵站前池引起的偏流、回流、吸气旋涡等不良流态,基于FLUENT软件,将雷诺时均N-S方程与RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型应用于某实际工程侧向进水泵站前池的三维数值模拟中,对比分析整流前后泵站前池及进水流道流态的流速、流线变化,并建立流速分布均匀度目标函数,定量分析泵站进水流态的优劣。结果表明:在前池增设复合式导流墩并延长导流墙能够有效地调整弯道水流流向,减弱前池中的偏流和回流,提高水流的顺直度与均匀度,改善泵站进水条件,提高枢纽运行的工作效率。     

多机组泵站复合前池水流流动数值模拟研究

对某多机组泵站复合前池水流流动进行了CFD数值模拟计算,结果表明:复合前池各自泵房机组水流流动区域都出现了大范围回流区和低速区,水流流态紊乱,严重影响进水池进水均匀性;各泵房进水池有多台机组处于流速分布低速区和前方进水回旋等不良进水条件,甚至出现大尺度回旋;该多机组泵站复合前池平面布置图不合理,须进行CFD数值模拟或水工模型试验水力优化,获得最优水力性能。     

三维数值模拟在泵站侧向进水前池的应用

泵站布置形式因进水方式不同通常分为正向和侧向两种进水方式,侧向进水时前池来流方向和前池中的主流方向存在夹角,此时由于弯道水流的运动特性,侧向进水前池容易产生主流脱壁、回流和漩涡等不良流态,难以形成良好的水泵进水条件,影响机组的安全运行。针对古德洛尔电厂一期侧向进水泵站前池,采用RNGκ-ε双方程紊流模型封闭雷诺平均的N-S方程,利用SIMPLEC算法对泵站前池及部分引水明渠水流流场进行三维数值模拟,对比分析设计方案修改前后前池水流的流速、涡量、水面线等水力参量分布特性,并以典型断面流速分布均匀度为目标函数分析整流措施前后前池内流速分布均匀度变化,验证了增加合理的整流措施可以有效改善前池流态。     

泵站锥形侧向进水前池水流流动特性分析

结合泵站锥形侧向前池工程设计,应用大型商业软件建立其三维数学模型,基于CFD数值模拟技术,分析了泵站锥形侧向前池水流流动特性。结果表明,水流经过锥形侧向前池折向弯曲进入进水池,前池流态较为平顺,但进水池水流主流偏向一侧,形成较大回流区,低流速分布范围较广;水流进入1#至4#进水池时弯曲程度越大,进水池断面流速分布均匀度越来越小,甚至出现负值,会降低水泵机组工作效率;当泵站设计采用锥形侧向前池时,进水池水流流态需要通过工程措施整流,或创新设计新型进水池。     

“Y”形导流墩几何参数对侧向进水泵站前池流态影响

为改善侧向进水泵站前池流态,基于CFX软件,采用RNG k-ε紊流模型,对无整流措施和布置"Y"形导流墩情况下的侧向进水前池进行了数值模拟,分析"Y"形导流墩位置、高度、角度、长度等因素对侧向进水泵站前池流态的影响。数值结果表明:无整流措施时,泵站前池左侧区域存在大面积回流区,泵站右侧机组水流偏斜非常明显,对机组有不利影响;"Y"形导流墩具有分流作用,通过在进水池前布置"Y"形导流墩可显著均匀流速、消除回流区,水流能够更均匀地流入各台机组。研究发现,当"Y"形导流墩位于进水池前33.33 D0、高度为1.11 D0、角度为120°、长度为2.78 D0时,侧向进水泵站前池流态有明显改善,进水池前行近流速分布更加均匀。     

侧向进水泵站流态模拟及改善研究

为解决侧向进水泵站前池和进水池内部大范围漩涡问题,以某一具体泵站为工程基础,基于三维不可压缩流体的雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,采用ANSYS CFX软件对前池和进水池进行数值计算,采用定性方法分析了前池和进水池所选横断面流态,采用定量方法分析了进水池内部所选纵断面特征线上轴向速度均匀度。通过数值计算流线图发现:对于原始方案,水流以斜交形式进入进水池,侧向进水泵站2#至5#进水池右侧边壁处存在大范围回流区域;为改善原侧向泵站进水结构的不良流态,通过多方案整流措施的数值计算,相比于原方案,采用导流墙和立柱相结合的整流措施,前池及进水池内大范围回流区域消失,整流后进水池纵断面特征线上的轴向速度均匀度总平均提高18.15%,最大提高至27.82%。研究成果为改善侧向进水泵站流态提供了参考。     

城市输水泵站前池流态及整流措施

鉴于城市输水泵站受用地限制,一般布局较为局促,前池内易产生回流、漩涡等不良流态的现状,为改善前池流态,结合某底部涵管进水形式的城市输水泵站,采用雷诺时均方程结合RNG k-ε湍流模型,对泵站前池流态进行了数值模拟,研究适用此类城市输水泵站的整流措施。数值模拟计算结果表明,泵站前池两侧存在大尺度回流,进水池进流流量分配不均,水泵进水条件较为恶劣;采用八字形导流墩和底坎的组合式整流措施,能有效地将密集居中的主流分散,消除前池两侧的大尺度脱壁回流,均化进水池进流,使泵进水状况变好,提高泵站运行的可靠性。     

不同进水流速对泵站进水池漩涡的影响

为探究泵站进水流速大小与泵站进水池水流流态、漩涡的产生与发展变化规律,结合泵站实际运行情况,建立引渠、前池、进水池和进水管的泵站物理模型和湍流数学模型,采用VOF模型和非定常的SST k-ω湍流模型对9种不同流速的泵站进水水流特性进行数值模拟,分析不同进水流速的泵站进水池水流流场分布、漩涡涡量的变化及分布规律.研究结果...     

闸站结合泵站前池流态优化

为了优化闸站结合泵站运行时的前池流态,消除不良流态的影响,采用物理模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了不良流态发生的原因。提出了多种优化整流方案,研究了其整流效果,构建了由带通水孔的导流墙、Y型导流墩和沿流向导流坎所形成的组合式整流措施。数值模拟发现,带通水孔的导流墙能够有效缩小并上移导流墙后回流区,再借助Y型导流墩和沿流向导流坎的整流作用,能使前池水流均匀顺直地进入进水池,较好地解决了因横向流速产生的偏流问题。研究结果表明,该组合式整流措施使得进水流道进口流速均匀度由86.30%提高到了93.46%,进水池两侧轴向流速偏差度由原来的12.63%下降为3.47%,整流效果显著。研究成果可为类似泵站工程流态改善提供参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.