PIV algorithms for open-channel turbulence research: Accuracy, resolution and limitations

The implementation of PIV for experimental studies in open-channel flows can be challenging due to the presence of strong velocity gradients and the inclusion of solid interfaces in the captured images. Understanding the performance and limitations of the PIV method under these conditions is critical for optimising experimental parameters and robust interpretation of data. The optimum algorithm for extracting velocity fields from PIV images is the subject of ongoing revision with the goal of maximising resolution and minimising errors, and recent advances in this regard may be particularly beneficial for open-channel turbulence research. Key steps in the iterative discrete shift (IDS) and image deformation method (IDM) algorithms are detailed, and the fundamental differences between direct cross correlation and FFT-based correlation methods are explained. It is also shown how the resolution of an algorithm can be determined from its modulation transfer function (MTF), and how the MTF can be manipulated with the selection of intensity weighting windows. The random error levels for selected algorithms are demonstrated under different image and flow field conditions, including the near boundary region, using simulated PIV images.     

Particle image velocimetry measurement of velocity distribution at inlet duct of waterjet self-propelled ship model

A vehicle-mounted three-dimensional underwater particle image velocimetry(PIV) device is used in a towing tank to measure the velocity distribution of the inlet duct of a waterjet ship model in a self-propulsion test. The following points are shown through a comparison of the influences of the stationary and free states of the ship model on the measured results:(1) during the test, the ship attitude will change, specifically, the ship model will heave and trim,(2) the degree of freedom disturbs the processing of the pixel images enough to distort the subsequent image processing,(3) the stationary state of the ship model is the optimal mode for measuring the velocity distribution using the PIV device, and(4) if the changes must be considered, the man-made heaving and trimming may be pre-applied, and be made a corrected stationary mode. In addition, the momentum effect coefficient and the energy effect coefficient are calculated in a non-uniform inflowing state, and the related factors affecting the two coefficients are analyzed. The test results show that the pumping action of the waterjet creates a transverse vector in the cross-sectional speed, which increases the non-uniformity of the inflow. These results could help to establish the design requirements for a waterjet-propelled ship type.     

MAPPING RIVER DEPTH FROM PUBLICLY AVAILABLE AERIAL IMAGES

Remote sensing could facilitate efficient characterization of river systems for research and management purposes, provided that suitable image data are available and that the information derived therefrom is reliable. This study evaluated the utility of public domain multispectral images for estimating flow depths in a small stream and a larger gravel‐bed river, using data acquired through a task‐oriented consortium and the National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP). Field measurements were used to calibrate image‐derived quantities to observed depths and to assess depth retrieval accuracy. A band ratio‐based algorithm yielded coherent, hydraulically reasonable bathymetric maps for both field sites and three different types of image data. Applying a spatial filter reduced image noise and improved depth retrieval performance, with a strong calibration relationship (R² = 0.68) and an observed (field‐surveyed) versus predicted (image‐derived) R² of 0.6 for tasked images of the smaller stream. The NAIP data were less useful in this environment because of geo‐referencing errors and a coarser spatial resolution. On the larger river, NAIP‐derived bathymetry was more accurate, with an observed versus predicted R² value of 0.64 for a compressed county mosaic easily accessible via the Internet. Comparison of remotely sensed bathymetric maps with field surveys indicated that although the locations of pools were determined accurately, their full depth could not be detected because of limited sensor radiometric resolution. Although a number of other constraints also must be considered, such as the need for local calibration data, depth retrieval from publicly available image data is feasible under appropriate conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE TRANSITION REGION OF PIPES

The accuracy of an ultrasonic flowmeter meaurement depends on the profile-linear average velocity.But this velocity in the transition region is not available at the present.In this article,the velocity in the transition region in pipes is studied by experimental methods.The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the flow field in the transition region in pipes,and the measured results from PIV are in good agreement with the Westerwell’s experimental data.Based on the experimental data of PIV,the curves of the profile-linear average velocity in the transition region against the Reynolds number in the range from 2 000 to 20 000 are obtained,and it is shown that the coefficient k is constant when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 000-2 400 and 6 000-20 000,and the coefficient k is increasing when the Reynolds number is in the range of 2 400-6 000.The results of this article can be used to improve the measurement accuracy of the ultrasonic flowmeters and as a theoretical basis for the research on the transition flow.     

基于PIV测量技术的变曝气量下气液两相流速度场研究

粒子图像测速技术(PIV)作为一种无扰的全流场速度测量手段,在多相流研究领域具有较高的学术意义和实用价值。本研究针对曝气过程中的复杂气液两相流动,使用高速摄影机获取气液两相流流场的高帧图像,再通过图像预处理手段及PIV测速算法得到气液两相流速度场信息,并对不同工况下气液两相流的流态流速规律进行了研究分析。本文提出的图像预处理方案,通过采用图像的运动目标分割、降噪与反相等手段进行图像预处理,可以有效地减少后续速度场计算中的信息量及误差。研究结果为工业生产过程中有效提高曝气效率提供了重要的参考依据。     

粒子测速系统在潮汐河口河工模型试验中的应用

在潮汐河口河工模型试验中采用粒子测速(PIV／PTV)系统测量流场，具有快速、精度高的优点，开发的PIV／PTV系统数据处理分析软件，可实现模型试验中流场的可视化。     

EVALUATION OF THE SHADING METHOD FOR REDUCING IMAGE BLOOMING IN THE PIV MEASUREMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

The shading method is a simple but effective way of reducing image blooming in the measurement of open channel flows with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).The current paper proposes a simplified analytical model for light attenuation using this method.The model is verified against experimental data,and the influence of several parameters is illustrated numerically.The possible adverse effect due to the light attenuation is shown to be limited when the parameters in the shading method are in an adequate range,as shown by processing standard images of Case B in PIV Challenge 03.A simple criterion for setting the shade in experiment is given for controlling the errors caused by the shading technique within an acceptable range.     

Measurement of the flood discharge of a small-sized river using an existing digital video recording system

In this study, a closed-circuit television (CCTV) system, installed for surveillance purposes, is utilized to measure the flow rate during a flood. The procedure to determine both the angle and scale-factor of the camera is described. Then, image analysis techniques, namely the direct visual measurement method, Large-Scale PIV (LSPIV) and Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV), are applied to the video images recorded by the CCTV camera. The results of these methods and the conventional float measurement are compared. In addition, the accuracy of the respective methods is discussed. A set of low-quality video images of a flood during a thunderstorm that occurred under the dark ambient conditions (midnight) is analyzed using three image-based methods. The transition of the flow rate during the event is successfully estimated.     

采用乳化空气泡做示踪粒子的PIV测速技术

本文介绍一种适用于水洞力学实验的采用乳化空气泡作为示踪粒子的ＰＩＶ测速技术。选用乳化空气泡做ＰＩＶ测速示踪粒子，取代了通常采用的固体颗粒，由两台ＹＡＧ大功率脉冲式激光光源组合系统做为ＰＩＶ底片记录的双脉冲曝光光源。乳化空气泡的最大优点是对实验水洞或水槽无污染，且产生方便、经济，又可以形成高质量的杨氏条纹图像。这一技术能够使得ＰＩＶ测速技术在水洞力学应用测量中真正达到实用。     

PIV流场量测中图像变形的修正

在用PIV技术测量流速场时，会因图像的几何变形而引起计算的误差。本文试验标定了不同型号的摄像系统的变形误差，论证了图像几何变形的特性，并提出了相应的校正公式，推荐的系统配置经校正后的图像几何变形误差小于0．4个象素。     

空泡两相流场PIV测试技术研究

基于图像分析和TR-PIV建立了一套空泡周围非定常两相流场的PIV测试技术,并对分析方法进行详细的描述与试验验证.利用本文针对空泡现象选择的图像处理方法可以同时获取空泡的轮廓边界和空泡周围流场信息.三维水翼空泡流场试验表明,该方法适用于空泡现象的研究和分析,可获取高时间和空间分辨率的量化空泡发展过程以及空泡生长、脱落和溃灭过程中空泡壁面附近和周围流场的量化信息.     

一种改进的粒子图像测速混合算法研究

粒子图像测速技术作为一种新的流场测速方法能够在不干扰流场的情况下获得整个流场的速度信息。粒子图像测速技术最关键的步骤在于粒子匹配。针对粒子密度分布不均匀、流场不同等实际情况,提出了混合算法,即结合互相关和松弛算法能够更准确地搜索粒子,进而对粒子进行匹配。对3种匹配算法的匹配概率进行比较分析,发现混合算法能更准确地分析粒子的运动状态,减少错误矢量的产生;另外,对松弛算法进行改进,通过优化筛选加权因子发现改进的松弛算法在运行速度上相比原始算法有了较大提高,匹配率与原始算法基本一致。     

采用PIV研究离心泵转轮内部瞬态流场

数字式PIV技术可以在瞬间记录下整个测量断面内的信息，从而为解决水泵转轮内非定常流动的难题奠定了良好的基础，代表着水力机械内部复杂流动测试技术的方向。本文将二维数字式PIV系统成功地应用于清水离心泵实验台，对一改型后的离心泵转轮内的瞬态流场进行了成功测量，测量结果充分表明了离心泵转轮内部流场的瞬态结构和非定常性。     

恒定流中泥沙运动速度实验

泥沙颗粒运动速度与水流运动速度是不一致的,进而会对水流输沙和河床演变产生影响。通过采用粒子追踪测速方法(Particle Tracking Velocimetry-PTV)和粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry-PIV)测量了水槽中2种粒径的泥沙颗粒运动速度及相应的水流运动速度。实验结果表明,泥沙颗粒运动速度沿垂线分布与水流速度不一致,在对数区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度略小于水流的速度,泥沙运动滞后于水流运动;在近壁区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度大于水流速度,且在本实验的粒径范围内,随着泥沙颗粒粒径增大,泥沙颗粒的运动速度也随之增大。     

一种基于互相关的三维PIV图像处理方法

本文建立了一种基于互相关技术的三维PIV图像处理方法，在该方法中，建立了粒子图像坐标与空间坐标的关系式；利用互相关技术构成连续两时刻三维空间粒子的对应方法；通过图像粒子的标定，照相机系统的标定，粒子空间坐标的确定，连续两时刻空间粒子的对应，误对应速度向量的判断和消除步骤，形成了一个完整的三维PIV图像处理系统。将本方法运用于日本可视化协会（VSJ）提供的三维标准图像的处理，结果表明，无论是低粒子浓度图像还是高粒子浓度图都具有精度高，可靠性强的特点。     

基于简易PIV的圆柱绕流压力场重构

采用简易粒子成像测速仪(PIV)装置测量入口流速为14.3 cm/s时圆柱绕流的速度场,运用有限容积法和直接积分法重构压力场。对比Fluent模拟速度场结果,分析简易PIV的速度场测量误差;对比Fluent模拟压力场结果,分析基于Fluent模拟速度场以及PIV实测速度场的不同算法重构压力场误差。结果表明:在简易PIV系统中,摄像机采用适合的空间分辨率与时间分辨率能有效减小速度场测量误差。基于Fluent模拟速度场数据,当给定第一边界条件时,有限容积法的压力场重构误差小于直接积分法,均方根误差分别为1.73%,8.99%;基于PIV实测速度场,有限容积法的压力场重构误差大于直接积分法,均方根误差分别为26.58%,12.72%;降低速度场误差与获取准确的边界条件均能有效提高压力场重构精度。通过采用低成本的PIV装置,探究获取流体的瞬态压力场重构方法,降低了PIV中重构压力场的成本。     

PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF INSTANTANEOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR ORIFICE SYNTHETIC JET

The instantaneous flow characteristics of circular orifice synthetic jet was experimentally studied by a phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The instantaneous flowfields, including the forming, developing and breaking down of the vortex for the jet were clearly shown by the PIV experimental results. As the basis of the study of the instantaneous flow, 36 images were taken and phase-averaged for each condition. The PIV experiment was mainly focused on the time evolution of the vortex pairs formed in the push cycle, the saddle point existing in the suck cycle, the variation of the centerline velocity in the whole cycle and the cross-stream velocity profiles and their self-similarity. Finally, the orifice depth was changed from 1.5 mm to 2 mm and 3.5 mm in order to study the effect of different orifice depths on the flow structure, which shows that at all stream wise sections, the peak of the mass flux and momentum flux increases as the orifice depth increases. Furthermore, the nondimensional distance of the mass flux from the exit is the maximum, while the nondimensional distance of the centerline velocity peak from the exit is the minimum, and nondimensional distance of the momentum flux from the exit section is between them.     

简易粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开发与优化技巧

粒子图像测速(PIV)技术是一种瞬态流动平面二维速度场测试技术,在细部流场实测领域得到重视,但是成熟的PIV产品价格高昂。鉴于此,介绍了一种简易的PIV装置,主要由高速摄像机、激光发射器、柱面透镜和示踪粒子构成,以较低成本即可基本实现商业用PIV产品的功能。为了验证简易PIV性能,设计了PIV简易装置,采用Fluent软件模拟,并结合PIV技术对比分析了简易PIV装置的优缺点,同时对影响结果的粒径大小和粒子跟随性进行了优化。结果表明,简易PIV装置适宜选用玉米粉作为示踪粒子,并需要根据示踪粒子跟随性所能达到的最大进口水流速度选择高速摄像机的帧率,最终能够较好地实现流场实测,进而达到对PIV技术进行开发和优化的目的,其分析结果将为后续研究者提供参考。     

波浪环境中圆形垂向射流的试验研究

使用粒子图像测速技术PIV(particle image velocimetry)对有限水深规则波浪环境下圆形垂直射流进行了试验研究。应用相位分析法从测量结果中分离出时间平均的速度值。试验中用5种不同周期的波浪研究波周期对射流的影响,分析了射流核长度与射流比、射流出口速度与波浪速度之比和波陡的关系,以及一定区域内射流喷口轴线上垂向平均速度的衰减规律和射流宽度的发展规律。结果表明波周期对射流的流场特性有显著影响。     

稀疏气泡流动的粒子跟踪测速技术研究

采用动态阈值技术实现了对气泡图像的正确分割，利用灰度加权方法提高了气泡颗粒的定位精度。根据稀疏气泡流动图像的特点，提出了一种新的基于相关的粒子跟踪测速算法（2-HPTV）。通过进行两时刻中围绕待研究气泡所取的两个小的诊断窗口的相关运算，成功实现了气泡颗粒的轨迹追踪。实验表明本文算法较传统的PIV技术在测速精度上有很大程度的提高，与4帧粒子跟踪测速算法相比，降低了对摄像机帧频的要求，具有较强的实用性。