排水管网系统堵塞与拍门对城市水动力过程的影响研究

为揭示管网系统堵塞与防倒灌拍门对城市水动力过程的影响,以东南沿海山区小流域-梅溪流域为例,构建了山区水文城区水动力耦合模型。耦合模型经过验证,适用性较好。定量开展了管道堵塞与拍门对城市水动力过程的影响研究,结果表明:从空间上来看,识别出了堵塞不利影响最大的管段;在堵塞程度上,管段尽量不要堵塞超过内径的20%。在不同的重现期下,最大淹没水深和峰现时间对堵塞不敏感,而高重现期下,淹没历时对堵塞十分敏感。此外,管网系统排水口安装防倒灌拍门后,各重现期的最大淹没水深与最大淹没面积均略有减小。更重要的是,拍门在减少淹没历时上发挥了积极作用。本研究可以为梅溪流域的洪水预报、管道清淤及防洪管理提供技术支撑。     

设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响分析

降雨是城市内涝的主要诱因之一,不同降雨特征对于城市内涝风险的影响也有所区别。为了进一步挖掘降雨特征对城市内涝风险的影响,采用综合流域排水模型（InfoWorks ICM）构建了我国南方某城市的内涝模型,系统分析了设计降雨的雨型和历时特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响。在4个重现期的3种降雨雨型和3个降雨历时条件下,共计36个不同降雨情景对研究区的内涝情况进行模拟。通过对比不同模拟情景下的积水深度、积水面积以及积水量等结果发现：在相同降雨雨型和重现期条件下,降雨历时对积水深度的影响有一定的差别;在不同降雨雨型和降雨历时模拟情景中,积水点的位置基本保持一致,而积水面积受降雨雨型和降雨历时的双重影响;峰值积水量受降雨雨型影响较大,受降雨历时影响较小,而积水总量受降雨历时影响较大,受降雨雨型影响较小。研究中量化分析了不同设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响,旨在为合理地开展城市内涝预警以及应急管理等工作提供依据。     

永定新河河口风暴潮对其右堤防洪保护区洪水风险影响分析

依托全国重点地区洪水风险图编制工作,以永定新河右堤防洪保护区为研究对象,采用MIKE 21/3 Coupled Model FM软件建立风暴潮模型进行洪水演进计算,分别对防洪保护区内遭遇100年一遇、200年一遇风暴潮情景下的淹没水深、范围、流速、历时等洪水风险要素进行分析,估算了由此产生的居民财产、农林牧渔、工商企业、交通运输、水利设施等方面的直接损失。结果显示,永定新河河口遭遇100年一遇风暴潮时,洪水淹没面积20.69 km~2,其中耕地淹没面积0.41 km~2,居民地淹没面积7.46 km~2,受影响人口2.05万人,受影响GDP达235.13亿元。永定新河河口遭遇200年一遇风暴潮时,洪水淹没面积增加17.79 km~2,耕地淹没面积增加1.66 km~2,居民地淹没面积增加3.77 km~2,受影响人口4.18万人,受影响GDP达630.10亿元。各方案洪水损失估算中,工业产值损失所占比重最大,约占65%,其次是商贸业主营收入,约占24%,其余指标在总损失中所占比例均较小。研究成果能够为区域洪水风险管理、防灾避险预案制定及防洪(潮)调度决策提供技术参考。     

基于SWMM模型的南京典型易涝区暴雨内涝模拟

选取南京市易涝区—鼓楼区广州路段为研究区,构建基于SWMM的一维雨洪模型,利用南京市2011年"7·18"暴雨资料,模拟暴雨形成的内涝情况,拟合地表积水量与最大积水深度的函数关系,计算得到易涝区积水开始时间、积水持续时间、最大积水深度,并与南京市100年一遇设计暴雨形成的积水过程进行比较。结果表明:提出的快速推算最大积水深度的方法能够较高精度地实时动态计算研究区"7·18"暴雨形成的积水过程,及时有效支撑防洪除涝应急决策;相较于"7·18"暴雨,100年一遇设计暴雨形成的易涝区最大积水深度更深,积水持续时间更长。     

极端暴雨下黄土高原小流域洪水特征及风险分析

为研究极端暴雨下小流域的洪水特性,采用二维全水动力数值模型模拟流域洪水演进过程,计算不同重现期下典型断面的水力要素,并进行流域洪水风险分析。结果表明：500 a重现期对应洪峰流量增长速率最大,高达51.38%;而1 000 a重现期对应洪峰流量增长速率降低至7.61%,洪峰流量增长速率随降雨重现期的增大呈现先上升后降低规律。各断面的最大水深增幅小于其对应的洪峰流量增幅。流域洪水淹没面积随重现期增加变化较小。为使社会经济效益达到最大化,建议该小流域使用500 a重现期下洪峰流量推算新建公路和铁路桥涵孔径尺寸,研究成果可为小流域应对极端暴雨和进行防洪评价提供必要参考。     

Study for Underpass Inundation Process Caused by Heavy Storm Using High-resolution Urban Flood Model

Pluvial inundations in urban area are caused by localized, heavy rainstorm events, which lead to the severe disaster risks in inundation-sensitive zones. The paper focuses on different rainfalls in analyzing urban underpass inundation process based on high-resolution urban flood model combined with linear blocking boundary method. Included in this study are the construction of high-resolution urban flood model and the method of rainstorm scenarios simulation in a series of different return periods (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 years) and peak coefficients (0.35, 0.5, 0.75). The profiles on water depth and rapidity of water level rising in underpass are obtained to analyze the inundation process referring to cumulative precipitation and rainfall time, besides, the variations of warning time and rainfall for vehicle and human are analyzed consequently. The results indicate that the variations of inundation are determined by the common effects of rainfall intensity and the time for most runoff travel to underpass. Specifically, the variation of inundation in Jinhua underpass is generally dependent on the rainfall intensity 10 min ago. Besides, it takes much less time for the water rising from 0.4 m to 1.2 m than the time from 0 to 0.4 m, which means when the vehicle is in danger, it needs evacuating without hesitation. The research, therefore, highlights the importance of high-resolution urban flood model in inundation process simulation and the necessity of predicting the inundation process of underpass based on real-time gauge to guide traffic controlling and emergency evacuation.

     

Modelling floodplain inundation on a regulated river: integrating GIS,remote sensing and hydrological models

The lower River Murray in South Australia is highly regulated through weirs and water extraction for irrigation. Management of the river for environmental purposes requires an understanding of the extent of floodplain inundation from various flows and weir manipulations. This study aimed to produce a floodplain inundation model for the 600 km long and 1–5 km wide portion of the River Murray in South Australia from the New South Wales border to Lake Alexandrina. The model was developed using a Geographical Information System (GIS), remote sensing and hydrological modelling. Flood inundation extents were monitored from Landsat satellite imagery for a range of flows, interpolated to model flood growth patterns and linked to a hydrological model of the river. The resulting model can be analysed for flows ranging from minimum flow to a 1‐in‐13‐year flood event for any month and weir configuration and has been independently tested using aerial photography to an accuracy of approximately 15% underestimate. The results have proven the approach for determining flood inundation over a large area at approximately one‐tenth of the cost of detailed elevation and hydrodynamic modelling. The GIS model allows prediction of impacts on infrastructure, wetlands and floodplain vegetation, allowing quantitative analysis of flood extent to be used as an input into the management decision process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流域洪水危险分析的社工坑整治方案

为优化位于广州市白云新机场配套综合开发区范围内的社工坑整治方案,采用MIKEFLOOD耦合一维MIKE11和二维MIKE21水动力模型对铁山河流域进行洪水危险分析,模拟流域遭遇不同重现期洪水时的淹没状况。洪水危险分析结果表明,当遭遇20年一遇设计洪水时,社工坑流域淹没面积达4.03 km2,最大淹没水深达0. 93 m,淹没区域主要位于开发强度较大的中下游地区,而干流铁山河下游段尚有一定行洪能力;提出新建两条支涌将社工坑中下游洪水引入铁山河下游的整治方案。     

晋城市片区洪涝过程响应分析与马路行洪模拟

以晋城市金村区为例,利用SWMM与ICM-2D模型进行多情景洪涝过程模拟,分析降雨雨型与下垫面对晋城市片区内涝的影响;构建双层SWMM模拟马路行洪,分析金村大道和珏山路的淹没特征,并与ICM-2D模型模拟结果进行对比验证。结果表明:随着雨峰系数与降雨重现期的增大,地表洪水总量、淹没范围与水深增大,危险性等级提高;同一降雨重现期下的雨峰与洪峰间的时间间隔随雨峰系数的增大而减小;当52.53%的下垫面转化为不透水面时,同一降雨重现期下的综合径流系数约增加0.5;金村大道市委党校路段与珏山路水西村路段是主要易涝区,淹没面积分别为0.50hm²和1.31hm²;双层SWMM在识别易涝点与推求洪水淹没要素方面具有较好的适用性。     

南方平原河网区城市内涝的全过程监测与特征分析

南方平原河网区中普遍存在由堤防、闸坝以及泵站形成的高度城镇化圩区,圩区内受降雨过程和泵站启闭影响的城市内涝特征和模拟方法仍有待探索。本文以常州市城市产汇流与内涝实验基地为对象进行了降雨、管道及河道水位流量等全过程长期监测,并通过布设水位计和视频监控设备进行城市内涝积水深度和范围自动监测。监测数据表明圩区内管网和河道流动性很差,管网长期处于淹没状态,监测期间管道水深有75%时间大于0.76 m;在检查井未发生溢流冒水现象时,仍然会发生内涝积水且主要集中在雨篦子周围道路低洼处,其深度和范围主要受到降雨过程、地形、雨篦子收水能力和泵站启闭的影响;开启泵站在增大管网排水能力的同时也在一定程度上削减了内涝积水范围。因此,根据降雨预报与内涝积水实时监测信息及时调控圩区水位可以有效缓解内涝积水情况,在模拟城市内涝时也不应忽略雨篦子收水能力和泵站启闭对内涝过程的影响;本研究可为构建城市内涝全过程在线监测平台提供参考,也能为城市内涝过程的概化模拟方法提供依据。     

Performance assessment of two-dimensional hydraulic models for generation of flood inundation maps in mountain river basins

Hydraulic models for the generation of flood inundation maps are not commonly applied in mountain river basins because of the difficulty in modeling the hydraulic behavior and the complex topography. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of four twodimensional hydraulic models(HEC-RAS 2D, Iber 2D, Flood Modeller 2D, and PCSWMM 2D) with respect to the generation of flood inundation maps. The study area covers a 5-km reach of the Santa Barbara River located in the Ecuadorian Andes, at 2330 masl, in Gualaceo.The model's performance was evaluated based on the water surface elevation and flood extent, in terms of the mean absolute difference and measure of fit. The analysis revealed that, for a given case, Iber 2D has the best performance in simulating the water level and inundation for flood events with 20-and 50-year return periods, respectively, followed by Flood Modeller 2D, HEC-RAS 2D, and PCSWMM 2D in terms of their performance. Grid resolution, the way in which hydraulic structures are mimicked, the model code, and the default value of the parameters are considered the main sources of prediction uncertainty.     

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Determination of Inundation Maps of Lake Mogan,Turkey

Abstract

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) allows for a very efficient analysis of spatial hydrologic data for water resources projects especially for water control studies. In this respect, flood hydrographs for Mogan basin, Turkey for different durations and return periods are determined by using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. The basic parameter of the SCS method, curve number (CN), is evaluated by using GIS employing digital land use and hydrologic soil group data derived from analog maps. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Mogan basin is constructed by making use of topographic maps with a scale of 1:25,000. Flood hydrographs for these three productive subbasins of Lake Mogan are attached and superimposed to obtain the total flood hydrographs. Total flood hydrographs entering into Lake Mogan are routed by Puls Method to determine the outflow hydrographs from the lake; then, associated lake levels are computed. Furthermore, inundation maps of Lake Mogan are obtained; these results are presented by GIS techniques.     

鄱阳湖淹没范围、水深和库容的遥感研究

鄱阳湖湿地是国际重要湿地,也是长江的主要蓄洪区,研究鄱阳湖淹没范围、淹没水深和库容对长江流域水文和湿地保护都有重要意义。通过对13个时相的Landsat卫星遥感影像进行非监督分类提取湖泊水体淹没范围,叠加鄱阳湖区地形图,获取水体边界的水位,通过空间内插计算鄱阳湖水位空间分布,进一步计算水深空间分布和库容量,在此基础上,根据鄱阳湖都昌水文站观测水位,计算鄱阳湖水位-面积曲线和水位-库容曲线。结果表明:鄱阳湖水位存在高水位时空间一致性,低水位时水位存在较大的空间差异,湖泊水位差可达到5 m;水位-淹没面积曲线和水位-库容曲线分别可以由对数方程和二次曲线方程拟合。     

内涝和外洪遭遇情景下洪水风险要素解耦模拟

特定洪源作用下的洪水风险要素是编制洪水风险图、开展洪水风险管理的基础。在内涝、外洪等多洪源遭遇情景下，因多洪源耦合作用于洪水风险要素，解耦特定洪源作用下的洪水风险要素是洪水风险分析的难点。基于示踪剂法原理，提出内涝和外洪遭遇情景下洪水风险要素解耦方法。该方法是将特定洪源表示为含有标志示踪剂的源汇项，利用溶质运移模型模拟得到标志示踪剂浓度时空变化过程，通过标志示踪剂分布范围解析特定洪源前锋到达时间，将标志示踪剂浓度比例与淹没水深数量积视为特定洪源作用下淹没水深。解耦方法经过理论公式推导，并通过案例实证进行了验证。以淮河干流 1991 年洪水蒙洼蓄洪区典型进洪过程为例，对蓄洪区启用后区内淹没水深、前锋到达时间等洪水风险要素进行解耦，并绘制了进洪洪水前锋到达时间，以及内涝、进洪洪水作用下淹没水深空间分布图。区内蓄洪量解耦为进洪量和暴雨内涝积水量，第 1 次进洪结束时，进洪量占蓄洪量的 85.47%；第 2 次进洪结束时，第 1 次进洪洪水、第 2 次进洪洪水及内涝水量分别占蓄洪量的 26.80%，64.15%，9.05%。在内涝和外洪遭遇情景下，运用该方法能够快速准确提取进洪洪水的前锋到达时间，且能解耦受内涝、进洪洪水等洪源作用下的淹没水深。     

2016 年太湖流域洪灾损失及骨干工程防洪减灾效益评估研究

为了评估 2016 年太湖流域梅雨期间骨干工程发挥的防洪减灾效益,利用流域一维河网水动力学数学模型,计算得到无骨干防洪工程情景下的河段水位过程,将其与河段设计水位比较,推算每个河段两岸的淹没水量。再与 DEM 和圩堤等阻水构筑物数据相结合,通过空间叠加分析和水量平衡计算,获得洪水淹没的空间分布。建立了流域洪灾损失评估模型,基于土地利用数据、洪水淹没分布和社会经济数据,对无骨干防洪工程情景下的洪灾直接经济损失进行了评估。将该损失与调查统计的实况洪灾损失数据进行对比,结果表明: 骨干工程在此次洪灾中发挥了约 116. 12 亿元的防洪减灾效益。其中,无锡市和苏州市防洪减灾效益最大,分别达到了 50. 08 亿元和 44. 11 亿元。研究成果定量论证了太湖流域骨干防洪工程在 2016 年洪灾中的经济效益,采用的评估方法对于其他流域或区域防洪工程效益评价具有一定的参考价值。     

Flood hazard assessment of Atrato River in Colombia

The flood hazard caused by Atrato River in Quibdó, northwest of Colombia is assessed using statistical modeling techniques (Gumbel and GRADEX), hydraulic modeling with HEC-RAS and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Three flood hazard maps for return periods of 10, 20 and 50 years are generated. The flood hazard modeling reveals that the flooded zone is more significant out of the left (West) bank than out of the right (East) bank of Atrato River. For the three return periods the maximum depth of water reached by the river and extent of flooding are estimated. Sensitivity analysis on roughness coefficient and peak discharge is performed. For 50 year return period (Q =3054 m³/s), water depth on the left and right bank of Atrato River is 3.7 m and 3.1 m, respectively. This information is useful in defining the minimum height of flood protection structures such as dikes to protect the area from flooding. The results can be useful for evacuation planning, estimation of damages and post flood recovery efforts.     

平原感潮河网区域城市洪涝分析模型研究

为开展平原感潮河网区域城市的洪涝分析,综合考虑了该类型区域河流密度大、具有城市的特殊下垫面以及市政排水对洪涝的影响等特点。以城市主干河流、堤防等交汇包围的区域为单元提出了河网排涝单元模型,以排水分区为单元按照其排水能力建立了排水概化模型,并与模拟主干河道和道路、模拟地面的洪水演进模型耦合,建立了平原感潮河网区域城市洪涝分析模型。以上海市浦西防洪保护区为例,开展了上游河道洪水、风暴潮及区域降雨和防洪工程调度综合影响下的洪涝分析。结果表明,黄浦公园等站潮(水)位过程与实测基本一致,苏州河、淀浦河、西大盈港等河流发生漫溢,与实际情况基本相符。研究成果对平原河网地区城市洪涝模拟具有参考价值。     

Multi‐scale modelling of land‐use change and river training effects on floods in the Rhine basin

Land‐use changes effects on floods are investigated by a multi‐scale modelling study, where runoff generation in catchments of different sizes, different land uses and morphological characteristics are simulated in a nested manner. The macro‐scale covers the Rhine basin (excluding the alpine part), the upper meso‐scale covers various tributaries of the Rhine and three lower meso‐scale study areas (100–500 km²) represent different characteristic land‐use patterns. The main innovation is the combination of models at different scales and at different levels of process representation in order to account for the complexity of land‐use change impacts for a large river basin. The results showed that the influence of land‐use on storm runoff generation is stronger for convective storm events with high precipitation intensities than for long advective storms with low intensities. The simulated flood increase at the lower meso‐scale for a scenario of rather strong urbanization is in the order of 0 and 4% for advective rainfall events, and 10–30% for convective rain storms with a return period of 2–10 years. Convective storm events, however, are of hardly any relevance for the formation of floods in the large river basins of Central Europe, because the extent of convective rainstorms is restricted to local occurrence. Due to the dominance of advective precipitation for macro‐scale flooding, limited water retention capacity of antecedent wet soils and superposition of flood waves from different tributaries, the land‐use change effects at the macro‐scale are even smaller, for example at Cologne (catchment area 100 000 km²), land‐use change effects may result in not more than 1–5 cm water level of the Rhine. Water retention measures in polders along the Upper and Lower Rhine yield flood peak attenuation along the Rhine all the way down to the Dutch border between 1 and 15 cm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SWMM和InfoWorks ICM的城市街区洪涝模拟与分析

针对我国城市日益突出的洪涝问题,以福州市主城区某街区为例,基于SWMM与InfoWorks ICM构建了城市街区尺度洪涝模拟模型,基于差分进化算法率定SWMM关键参数,并在不同的降雨情景下,模拟了城市街区地表内涝淹没与危险性分布,并对比评估了模拟结果的可靠性。结果表明：基于差分进化算法率定得到的SWMM参数具有较好的效果,两次洪峰的模拟水位和实测水位误差均在1%以内;10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a 4种重现期降雨驱动下,研究区淹没面积分别为3.14 hm²、3.37 hm²、3.61 hm²和3.72 hm²,重现期从10 a到100 a,总淹没面积占比由27.40%上升到32.46%;基于SWMM与ICM耦合的模拟方式在研究区具有较好的适用性。