影响航测高程精度的关键因素分析与探讨

在大比例尺航空摄影测量中,受诸多因素影响,高程测量的精度常难以满足规范要求。结合航空摄影测量的特点,对影响高程测量精度的主要因素进行了分析,并指出了在航测过程中从摄影到内业作业应注意的问题。藉此提出了提高测量精度的方法和思路,如选择合适的像机、控制飞行质量、优化像控设计与像控测量以及空三加密等有效措施。工程实例表明,采取上述措施后,可使高程测量精度满足规范要求。     

1/万航调与多倍仪测图中几个配合问题的处理

航空摄影测量中,由于像片比例尺一般为成图比例尺的1/1.4至1/1.8,航调时如果处理不当,常会给内业测图带来一些困难,影响工作进度和降低成图精度。根据几年来制作黄土高原区1/万航测图的实践,为加强航调与测图的相互配合,提高工作效率和成图质量,可采取如下一些措施。     

小型数码航空摄影在大比例尺地形测绘中的应用

结合湖南省永州市1∶1 000大比例尺航测成图工作实践,阐述了采用轻型飞机或动力三角翼作为飞行平台获取高分辨率数码影像,采用数字摄影测量工作站测绘大比例尺数字地形图的方法。该方法使用装有GPS卫星定位导航系统的三角翼飞机进行航空摄影,采用三轴电子陀螺稳定平台对相机姿态进行控制,以有效减小航摄仪的姿态角,提高影像质量。实践表明,该方法具有航摄补飞灵活、减少影像扫描误差、能有效保证工期要求的特点。其成图精度能满足大比例尺成图要求,经济效益显著。     

无人机航测技术在白龙江引水项目中的应用

结合白龙江引水项目测量实践,基于无人机航空摄影测量的优势和特点,探讨了利用无人机摄影获取的影像来制作1∶2 000比例尺的3D(DEM、DLG、DOM)数字产品的可行性,详细阐述了无人机航测技术应用于大比例尺地形图测绘的作业流程。     

低空无人飞机航摄在中小型水利工程中的应用试验

通过怀柔区农村安全饮水工程中的1∶1000地形图航测成图试验,提出了利用无人飞机低空航空摄影影像,采用摄影测量技术,生产大比例尺地形图,应用于中小型水利工程建设的可行性。     

降低小水电成本的测图技术

在秘鲁和泰国的小水电工程研究中,为了提高现有测图的质量,由摄影测量专家、地质师和土木工程师等共同开发了一种低成本的摄影测量方法。该方法利用现有的航空摄影、测图及测量资料得到适宜于工程投资分期和投资规模的大比例尺地形图。这种方法包括常规摄影测量的非常规应用。本文简述了降低成本的方法并与大型和小型水电工程的常规测图方法进行了对比,同时讨论了该方法的局限性及节省的时间和费用。     

基于DEM的流域流水网对比分析

在广东西江中下游区间流域和长江三峡区间流域上 ,运用ARC/INFO和RiverTools ,由数字高程模型 (DEM )分别导出了不同空间比例尺下的流域流水网 .对比分析结果表明 :地形起伏大的流域上流水网的可靠性高 ;不同方法推导出的流水网存在一定的差异 ,尤其在地形起伏较小的流域上 ;由流水网计算的流域平均汇流路径长度和坡度等地形特征值随DEM网格的大小而变 ,故只能作为描述地形的相对指标 .上述指标可应用于流域水文模拟中 ,但应用时需考虑地形的起伏程度和DEM网格的大小 .     

GPS高程测量在山区水电站中的应用

简要地对GPS在山区水电站高程控制应用中的注意事项,以及提高作业精度采取的方法、措施做了介绍和分析,指出GPS山区高程测量可以达到1∶500比例尺地形图测绘精度要求.     

基于流量-面积比值的小流域设计洪水计算方法对比研究

为确定分布式模型法、地区瞬时单位线法及推理公式法在估算山区小流域设计洪水过程中的适用性,基于洪峰流量-流域面积比值,以重庆市綦江区蒲河水系为研究对象,采用3种方法分别进行设计洪水计算,并与重庆市实测100 a一遇洪峰流量进行对比。结果表明:①当流域面积＜10 km²时,采用推理公式法更合理可靠;此时河道坡度较大,流域的产、汇流条件符合推理公式法假定条件,计算结果符合实际。②当流域面积为10~100 km²时,分布式模型法与地区瞬时单位线法均可合理计算设计洪水,但前者计算结果比后者更接近实测值。此类流域河道长、坡度平缓,流域的水动力在空间中可视为均匀的扩散;计算格栅单元间连续性强,各栅格向流域出口演算能合理反映真实的设计洪水过程。③当流域面积＞100 km²时,3种方法计算结果与实测值均有不同程度的偏离,但分布式模型法偏离程度最低,可作为设计洪水计算的首选方法。研究结果将有助于合理选择设计洪水计算方法,为类似山区小流域设计洪水计算提供参考。     

基于大地主题解算方法的无人机偏航距修正探讨

无人机航空摄影在飞行作业时经常受气流等环境因素影响导致飞行航线与计划航线出现偏差,这时操作人员需要实时修正偏航距离。介绍了基于大地主题解算方法,利用计算机数值快速逼近的计算优势,精确计算偏航距,消除利用地图投影进行直角坐标系下点线距离计算引起的投影误差,不仅提高了偏航距计算精度,同时增强了高精度偏航距计算功能的适应性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。