微生物絮凝剂处理矿井水实验研究

实验以菌株L01作为絮凝剂产生菌,考察了其所产絮凝剂对矿井水的絮凝处理效果,确定了最佳的絮凝条件.结果表明,菌株L01对矿井水有较好的絮凝效果,其菌液离心上清液比菌悬液的絮凝性能更好;在酸性条件下絮凝剂的处理效果较好,且随着酸性的增强,效果递增,选择pH=4为矿井水处理的最佳pH值;温度对絮凝剂的处理效果没有明显的影响;Ca2 有很好的助絮凝效果,添加助凝剂CaCl2后,絮凝剂对矿井水中悬浮物的最终去除率可以达到93.54%,上清液吸光度仅为0.104.     

微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性及其絮凝形态表征研究

利用实验室分离、筛选和优化培养的微生物絮凝剂高产茵菌株G15,研究了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性和所形成絮体的微观形态结构,分析探讨了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理.研究结果表明:微生物絮凝剂的絮凝活性随茵株生长量的增加而提高;该絮凝剂在碱性条件下有较强的絮凝活性,当pH=10时最佳投加量为2.5 mL;絮凝剂具有较强的热稳定性;加入茵株G15的发酵液后,高岭土悬浊液的ζ电位从-36.27 mV显著上升至-12.97 mV;并且该微生物絮凝剂产生的絮体颗粒大且结构密实,形态上有明显的分形特征.     

微生物絮凝剂G5絮凝机理的初步研究

通过絮凝试验和高岭土表面Zeta电位测定,初步研究了微生物絮凝剂G5的絮凝机理,结果表明絮凝剂G5对高岭土的絮凝作用主要是吸附架桥;对絮凝剂G5进行热处理及紫外光谱扫描实验,得出其活性成分为多糖,絮凝剂G5具有很好的热稳定性。     

敌百虫农药废水Photo-Fenton处理方法研究

以含敌百虫有机磷农药的溶液为研究对象,采用Photo-Fenton试剂进行氧化降解处理,使其成功转化成为无机磷(PO43-)。实验表明,在pH值=3.0,c(Fe2+)=0.72 mmol/L,c(H2O2)=3 mmol/L的酸性条件下,Photo-Fenton处理方法对敌百虫废水有机磷转化成无机磷的转化率可达70%,这可能是因为Fe3+络合物对光的吸收产生的配合基的作用以及产生羟基自由基(OH.)的速率加快。还对photo-Fenton处理有机磷农药的影响因素进行探讨。     

AlCl3、MgCl2、CaCl2和腐殖酸对高浊度体系细颗粒泥沙絮凝的影响

以细颗粒泥沙为主的河口区往往存在最大浑浊带,对高浊度体系细颗粒泥沙的絮凝研究有助于了解最大浑浊带的形成机制。本文通过实验研究AlCl3,MgCl2,CaCl2和腐殖酸四种絮凝剂对长江口细颗粒泥沙浊度变化的影响,从絮凝率、絮团粒径和Zeta电位变化三方面综合分析了四种絮凝剂对泥沙絮凝的作用机理。结果表明:1)随着金属离子浓度增大细颗粒泥沙絮凝率逐渐增大,粒径增大,而电位绝对值变小;随着腐殖酸浓度增大细颗粒泥沙絮凝率降低,粒径增大,电位绝对值增大;2)各絮凝剂单独存在时的絮凝机理与多组分复合絮凝作用机理有明显不同,C-P-OM复合絮凝模式能够较好地揭示长江口高浊度区细颗粒泥沙絮凝体的形成机制。     

印度半岛克里希纳河流域水质分析

水安全问题对于国家发展有着举足轻重的作用.各种日常活动需要消耗大量的水,如人类消耗、农业及工业生产.国家及国际机构均制定了不同的水质规范以符合不同的需求.用于不同目的的水质管理,需要严谨、精确和可靠的测量资料.根据1972～1996年的资料,对克里希纳河流域4个子流域19个选定的参数进行了分析.结果表明,温度、pH值、电导率(EC)值及溶解固体总量(TDS)浓度显著增加,流量减少;K+、Na+、PO43-浓度降低,Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、CO32-和HCO3-浓度显著升高.克里希纳河污染较为严重,需要进行综合治理.     

H2O2水解壳聚糖的阻垢性能研究

筛选出了具有较好阻垢性能的H2O2水解壳聚糖,通过单因素试验考察了H2O2水解壳聚糖对模拟工业冷却水的阻垢效果以及壳聚糖浓度、Ca2+浓度、温度、pH、反应时间和浓缩倍数等对阻垢率的影响,并通过正交试验确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,H2O2水解壳聚糖对Ca2+成垢具有明显的阻碍效果;阻垢剂量8 mg/L,温度80℃,反应时间6 h,pH为7时,阻垢率达到97.4%.     

絮凝剂作用下黏性细沙絮凝沉降规律研究

细颗粒泥沙广泛分布于河流、水库、河口及海岸水体中,其絮凝沉降及输移规律是泥沙运动力学中一个重要课题。采用自制沉降实验装置,实验观测了不同絮凝剂浓度、不同浓度黏性细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降过程,分析研究了黏性细沙絮凝沉降规律。结果表明：聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂比较稳定,PAC溶液浓度对不同泥沙浓度絮团沉速的影响均较小,最佳投放浓度可统一采用0.08 g/L。阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)絮凝剂对泥沙浓度的反应最为敏感,絮凝剂最佳投放浓度随着泥沙浓度的变化分为3个稳定段和2个敏感段,稳定段CPAM最佳投放浓度分别为0.08、0.10和0.12 g/L,敏感段CPAM最佳投放浓度可采用区间插值方法选取。阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)絮凝剂最佳投放浓度随着泥沙浓度的变化分为2个稳定段和1个敏感段,稳定段APAM最佳投放浓度不随泥沙浓度的变化而变化,分别为0.08和0.10 g/L,敏感段APAM最佳投放浓度可采用区间插值方法选取。絮凝剂APAM的絮凝效果最好,絮凝剂CPAM的絮凝效果次之,絮凝剂PAC的絮凝效果较差。     

絮凝法处理斑点叉尾鱼回鱼宰杀废水的研究

通过比较不同絮凝剂对斑点叉尾鱼回鱼宰杀废水的处理效果,得出聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的絮凝效果最佳的结论。并且研究了静置时间、pH值,聚合硫酸铁用量,搅拌时间和温度对处理斑点叉尾鱼回鱼宰杀废水絮凝效果的影响,得出最佳絮凝条件为:静置时间4 h,pH值为9,聚铁用量6 g/L,搅拌时间6min,温度20℃。此时蛋白质,CODCr及SS的去处率分别达到了91.65%,88.42%和99.30%。     

利用壳聚糖预处理高浓度味精废水

观察废水pH值、搅拌时间、壳聚糖投加量、沉降时间对絮凝效果的影响,通过正交实验确定优化处理条件。对高浓度味精废水进行混凝预处理研究表明,当pH值为5.3,搅拌时间为10 min,壳聚糖浓度为2 700 mg/L,沉降时间为48 h时,絮凝效果最佳,COD去除率达76.0%。     

Inorganic greywater matrix impact on photocatalytic oxidation: does flocculation of TiO2 nanoparticles impair process efficiency?

This study was conducted in order to clarify whether photocatalyst flocculation--as observed in biologically pretreated greywater--contributes to photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency impairment. Aqueous solutions of tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether spiked with different inorganic salts in concentrations as found in biologically treated greywater were investigated with respect to TiO2 flocculation and PCO mineralisation kinetics. Flocculation of the photocatalyst primarily depended on pH (which was affected by the salts) and how close pH was to the point of zero charge (PZC). Photocatalyst agglomeration was maximum at pH 5.5. With salt concentrations >7 mmol L(-1), flocculation was strong even at pH far above PZC due to electric double layer compression. PCO rate constants were not unequivocally related to flocculation. Increasing pH was observed as the clearest factor deteriorating PCO efficiency. This was interpreted to result from impaired adsorbability of negatively charged oxidation intermediates as well as from enhanced CO2 absorption with increasing pH and subsequent formation of HCO3(-) anions which are OH radical scavengers.     

共存重金属离子对好氧活性污泥活性影响的实验研究

采用序批式实验研究了铜、锌、镍离子共存条件下,对活性污泥表观产率、生物吸附降解能力、污泥絮凝沉降性能和耗氧速率等方面的影响,并测定了两种重金属离子共存的情况下,不同浓度重金属离子之间的相互作用。实验结果表明:Cu2+和Zn2+、Cu2+和Ni2+、Zn2+和Ni2+3种离子共存总浓度分别为5、5、10 mg/L以内,对污泥表观产率的影响不是很大,系统可以稳定运行。3种离子共存总浓度分别为5、3、3 mg/L以内,对CODCr的去除率没有影响,MLSS都可以稳定的增加,大于这个基点,系统都无法正常的运行;Cu2+和Ni2+共存的情况下对微生物的呼吸有协同抑制的作用。     

生物滤池串联工艺处理西洋河淀粉废水

为减少西洋河淀粉废水中大量N、P、CODCr进入洋河水库,加剧水库的富营养化,进行了 生物滤池串联工艺处理西洋河淀粉废水的研究。结果表明:系统对淀粉废水中的氨氮、总氮、总磷、 可溶性总磷、正磷酸盐、CODCr均具有较好的去除效果,去除率可分别达到57．7％、58．7％、66．8％、 65．7％、67．4％、75．2％,且对进水浓度变化具有一定的适应性。     

无定形氢氧化铝吸附剂的制备及其除氟性能研究

降氟措施对高氟地下水地区居民饮用水安全具有重要意义。吸附法除氟技术被广泛应用,但仍存在适宜于偏酸性环境等难点。以提高适应高氟地下水pH值的能力为目标,通过控制反应过程中pH值制备无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料,开展吸附等温线试验、吸附动力学试验、pH值适应性试验、竞争离子试验、可重复利用性能试验和吸附机理试验。试验结果表明无定形氢氧化铝对氟离子的吸附属于优惠型吸附,Langmuir最大吸附容量为166.67 mg/g。与传统Al_2O_3吸附材料相比,在pH值为7.0~9.0时,无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料可减缓除氟效果下降速率,提高了适应地下水pH值的能力。氟去除率随着溶液中HCO_3~-、CO_2-3、PO_4~(3-)等离子浓度升高而降低。在初始氟浓度为5.00 mg/L时,可重复利用5个周期。因此,改进铝型吸附材料制备过程可显著提高吸附性能和适应高氟地下水的能力,是今后研制和改进吸附材料的重要方向。     

Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling.

The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4. 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO4(3-) in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+/PO4(3-) molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO4(3-) was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO4(3-) recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO4(3-) reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO4(3-) accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO4(3-) reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.     

污水处理厂回流液中回收磷酸铵镁的试验研究

用污水处理厂回流液进行磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀试验,研究化学沉淀法回收MAP的适宜条件.结果表明,pH为8～11时生成沉淀的主要成分为MAP;当pH为10,药剂配比n(NH+4)∶n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)控制在1∶1∶1和1∶1.4∶1时得到的晶体纯度高,前者形成的沉淀量为5.3 g/L,氨氮去除率为90.86%;后者形成的沉淀量为5.74 g/L,氨氮去除率为95.84%.分析表明从回流液中回收MAP可以大幅降低处理成本以及系统的氮磷负荷,还可解决MAP结垢问题,实现资源的再生.     

Treatment of biologically treated leachate by oxidation and coagulation

This work aims to investigate removal efficiency of oxidation and coagulation/flocculation processes, to provide an effective method for the treatment of biologically pre-treated leachate. Leachate containing 985 mg L(-1) COD was treated by using three treatment schemes, i.e. oxidation, coagulation/flocculation and the combined process of coagulation/flocculation followed by oxidation. The application of single oxidation resulted in the effective removal of COD and color up to 80.4 and 83.2%, respectively. However, residual COD values lower than 200 mg L(-1) could only be achieved under intensive experimental conditions (high dosage of Ca(ClO)(2) and prolonged oxidation time). Coagulation/flocculation yielded residual COD values higher than 200 mg L(-1) even at the optimum coagulation conditions. The combined treatment by coagulation/flocculation followed by oxidation yielded final COD lower than 100 mg L(-1) at the following conditions: pre-coagulation with 250 mg L(-1) PFS (poly-ferric sulfate) and over 30-min post-oxidation, or pre-coagulation with 300 mg L(-1) PFS and over 20-min post-oxidation. Hence, pre-coagulation with PFS followed by oxidation with Ca(ClO)(2) was recommended for advanced treatment of biologically treated leachate.     

Fenton氧化法深度处理制革废水生化出水试验研究

采用Fenton氧化法深度处理以制革废水为主的园区生化处理出水,试验表明:影响Fenton氧化的因素从大到小依次为H2O2投加量、Fe2+浓度、pH、反应时间。当进水CODCr平均为116.6mg/L时,在H2O2投加量50mmol/L、Fe2+投加量10mmol/L、pH为3、反应时间60min的最佳条件下,出水CODCr平均为31.7mg/L;在H2O2投加量25mmol/L、Fe2+投加量7.5mmol/L、pH为5、反应时间40min的经济运行条件下,出水CODCr平均为46.6mg/L。经济条件下的运行成本比最佳条件下的运行成本可节约2.3元/m3。     

Effects and mechanism of ozonation for degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution

The degradation efficiencies and mechanism of ozonation for the degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution were investigated under atmospheric pressure at room temperature (293 K). The effects of the initial pH value, reaction time, and concentrations of HCO3-, CO32-, CaCl2, and Ca(OH)2 on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied. The results indicated that ozonation obviously improved the degradation rate of sodium acetate when the pH value of the solution was not less than 8.5. A suitable long reaction time may be helpful in increasing the COD removal rate, and a removal rate of 36.36% can be obtained after a 30-minute treatment. The COD removal rate increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the HCO3- concentration (from 0 to 200 mg/L), and under the same experimental condition it reached the optimum 34.66% at the HCO3- concentration of 100 mg/L. The COD removal rate was 5.26% lower when the concentration of was 200 mg/L than when there was no HCO3-. The COD removal rate decreased by 15.68% when the CO32- concentration increased from 0 to CO32- 200 mg/L. has a more obvious scavenging effect in inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals than HCO3-. CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 could increase the degradation efficiency of sodium acetate greatly, and the COD removal rates reached 65.73% and 83.46%, respectively, after a 30-minute treatment, 29.37% and 47.10% higher, respectively, than with single ozone oxidation. It was proved that the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozonation process followed the mechanism of oxidization with hydroxyl free radicals (·OH).