安全稳定控制系统在新疆南部电网的应用

新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统由安装在30个厂站的稳定控制装置组成，覆盖巴州、阿克苏、喀什、和田地区。当新疆南部区域电网联络线或主力机组发生故障时，采取解列、切负荷措施，防止大面积停电，保证新疆南部电网的安全稳定运行。文中通过对新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统的研究，提出了适合于该类型电网的稳定控制系统结构、实现方式、新原理、新判据。该系统多次在电网故障中正确动作，确保了电网的稳定运行。     

高压直流极控系统与安全稳定控制装置接口方案

安全稳定控制系统是电网安全稳定运行的重要保证。随着高压直流输电系统在“西电东送、全国联网”格局中的广泛应用，其调制功能必将成为一种重要的稳定控制措施。文中根据在南方电网及三峡电网中的工程经验，总结、介绍了安全稳定控制系统与直流极控系统之间相互交换信号内容和要求，以及接口方案。该方案对其他电网的安全稳定控制系统的设计、制造和运行具有重要的参考价值。     

交直流混合电网中直流50 Hz和100 Hz保护研究

对于远距离、大容量、交直流并联运行电网，交直流控制保护的配合对电网的安全稳定有着重要的影响。直流基频和2次谐波保护是交直流系统间相互配合的基本保护功能。利用EMTDC仿真软件和实时数字仿真（RTDS）对交直流混合运行电网中直流系统50 Hz和100 Hz保护整定原则进行了深入研究，提出了与交流系统故障清除时间和直流主设备承受能力相配合的100 Hz保护整定原则，并给出了基于EMTDC仿真的定量计算方法。该整定原则已应用于南方电网的天广、高肇和兴安直流输电系统，解决了南方电网中存在的交直流保护不配合的关键问题。     

稳定控制所用交流设备跳闸判据的分析及应用

电力系统安全稳定控制装置的动作行为直接影响电网的安全运行。对设备跳闸、尤其是交流输电线路跳闸的正确判断是稳定控制装置正确动作的重要前提。论述了用电气量判断输电线路跳闸的必要性，研究、分析了线路跳闸电气量的变化特征，以及潮流转移、失步振荡、低频振荡等动态过程中电气量变化与线路跳闸的区别;对目前使用的跳闸判据及有关判别条件的正确含义进行了解释，分析了现场运行中所出现的误判事件的原因，指出目前使用的跳闸判据的正确性;提出了防止误判跳闸的有效措施。文中讨论的内容将有助于澄清目前国内在这方面存在的分歧和认识方面的误解，以提高安全稳定控制系统运行的可靠性。     

天广交直流系统并联运行的稳定控制

研究了天广交直流系统并联运行的系统稳定性，介绍了天广直流系统的稳定控制功能以及天广交直流系统并联运行的紧急控制措施。研究表明天广交直流系统并联运行具有较大的输电能力和较好的稳定性。将直流系统自身的稳定控制功能和辅助的交流系统安全稳定装置适当地结合起来使用，可以有效地控制和减小系统单一元件或多元件故障对系统的冲击，改善交直流并联系统运行的稳定性。     

浅谈三峡电力系统(左岸)安全稳定控制装置

三峡电力系统(左岸)投产后，华中电网和川渝电网通过“三万线”实现联网，在系统正常和检修方式下，发生线路或变压器故障以及线路过负荷或高周时，需要采取切除三峡电力系统(左岸)机组、压出力、向直流极控系统发送调节直流功率的命令或切除部分负荷以及解列“三万线”等控制措施，才能确保电网的安全稳定运行。为此，装设在三峡左一电站、三峡左二电站、龙泉换流站、荆门(斗笠)变电站、荆州换流站、葛洲坝换流站的安全稳定控制系统显得非常重要。     

HVDC孤岛交流系统中水轮机调速器特殊问题分析

HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current)送端为巨型水电站或水电站群时,采用孤岛运行方式,可以避免HVDC系统故障时对附近交流大电网稳定的不利影响,但在采用孤岛方式运行的情况下,一旦发生故障导致极闭锁引起输送功率大幅跌落,将会出现关于水轮机调速器控制的新问题。本文指出HVDC孤岛水电交流系统的特殊性和研究意义,然后结合云广直流工程实例,讨论与分析了HVDC极闭锁故障下水电孤岛系统调速控制中的特殊问题。     

交流系统故障对直流输电系统的影响及改进建议

远距离、大容量、交直流混合运行电网中,交直流系统间的相互影响非常复杂。文中以南方电网交直流混联系统运行实例为基础,讨论了直流系统控制功能在交流系统故障期间的作用,分析了交流系统故障时可能误动的相关直流保护监视功能及换流变和站用变保护等,并给出了相应的改进建议。这不仅有助于提高直流输电系统的运行维护水平,确保交直流系统的安全稳定运行,还为未来直流输电系统的设计、交直流输电系统控制保护功能的合理配合等提供了有益的参考。     

异步联网模式下特大型机组调速器控制策略研究

渝鄂背靠背联网柔性直流输电工程,是实现西南和华中电网异步互联的关键一环,可有效化解交直流功率转移引起的电网安全稳定问题、简化复杂故障下电网安全稳定控制策略、避免大面积停电风险,大幅度提高南方电网主网架的安全供电可靠性。本文在借鉴南方电网开展的异步联网出现的超低频振荡分析机理,通过仿真测试比较不同调速器死区、PID参数,得出优化的控制参数,可以有效解决异步后西南电网的超低频振荡问题。     

交直流系统的动态无功优化

考虑直流输电系统对功率与电压的调节能力,建立了交直流系统的动态无功优化模型。模型的目标函数为交直流电网的全天网损最小,约束包括交直流系统的潮流约束、所有直流变量的控制约束、离散控制变量动态调节次数约束及节点电压的安全约束。模型求解是一个多时段非线性混合整数规划问题。以混合算法为基础,提出了交直流系统的动态无功优化混合智能算法。以PSASP 36节点系统为例,通过仿真计算验证了所建模型和算法的有效性,说明了动态无功优化在交直流输电网络中具有更大的降损潜力。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．