基于复合雨量指标的山洪预警方法及其应用

为满足山洪灾害预警需要,提出了一种由前期影响雨量、本场降雨量和雨强组成的复合雨量指标。选择江西省彭坊小流域为研究区,根据该流域的实测雨洪资料及预警流量,建立了出口断面流量与复合雨量指标之间的关系,确定了复合雨量指标阈值。结果表明,流量与复合雨量指标值关系密切,复合雨量指标值越大,越容易发生山洪灾害;通过连续计算复合雨量指标并与阈值比较,可快速预测山洪灾害,效果较好。复合雨量指标只需要雨量信息,计算简便,可为研究区山洪预警提供参考。     

复合预警指标在山洪灾害预警中的应用分析

预警指标是山洪灾害预警的依据,准确、有效的预警指标是山洪灾害预警的必然要求。在总结国内外预警指标确定方法的基础上,综合考虑前期影响雨量、场次累计雨量和雨强,提出了复合预警指标法,阐述了确定复合预警指标的原理及方法,并以山西省北张店小流域为例对复合预警指标进行分析计算。结果表明:考虑多个降雨特征值的复合预警指标能够较为准确地反映引发山洪灾害的降雨条件。复合预警指标是由雨强、前期影响雨量和场次累计雨量计算得到的,其计算方法简便、所需资料少、预警过程简单,适合在我国大部分地区山洪灾害预警中推广应用。     

基于降雨径流关系曲线插值法的山洪临界雨量计算

临界雨量是开展山洪灾害预警业务,制定综合防治规划方案的关键性指标。在分析国内外山洪灾害临界雨量计算方法的基础上,结合全国山洪灾害调查评价工作,研究提出了利用降雨径流关系曲线插值法计算山洪临界雨量,并应用于湖北省张家河小流域。该方法在考虑前期影响雨量的情况下,根据一定时段内降雨与所形成洪水洪峰流量相关关系曲线,将预警水位对应的流量在曲线上内插,得到相应的临界雨量值。方法兼顾了基于数据驱动的统计归纳法和基于灾害发生物理机制的水文水力学法的要求和优点,具有较强的适用性和通用性。     

无资料地区小流域临界雨量指标确定研究

在对比分析临界雨量预警指标常用计算方法优缺点的基础上,针对小流域无资料地区,提出以水文水力学为基础,基于24 h设计暴雨的水位流量反推法和基于有效降雨的降雨径流关系曲线插值法综合确定临界雨量预警指标浮动区间的方法,并提出预警时段临界指标系数概念,直观地反映各预警时段山洪灾害的易发程度,为山洪灾害防治工作提供指导依据。经肃州区西沟村5组实例验证表明,研究方法合理可靠,为无资料地区小流域的临界雨量预警指标计算提供了一种新思路。     

兴城市山洪灾害预警指标分析

山洪灾害预警指标包括雨量预警指标与水位预警指标两类,兴城市山洪灾害重点防治区域大都为小流域无资料地区,主要采用雨量预警指标。文中首先根据小流域集雨面积大小、降雨强度、流域形状等因素对预警时段进行确定,然后通过水位流量反推法计算临界雨量,最后做出合理性分析。     

降雨量空间分布对山洪临界雨量的影响

山洪临界雨量是山洪灾害预报预警的重要基础,受降雨、土壤含水量以及下垫面的影响,其中降雨量空间分布是重要的影响因素之一。以湖北省崇阳县高堤河流域为例,采用HEC-HMS分布式水文模型计算设计洪水,试算法计算临界雨量,提出了降雨量空间分布系数,分析了降雨量空间分布系数与临界雨量的关系,探讨了降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响。结果表明:当降雨从上游到下游逐渐减少时,达到相同成灾流量对应的临界雨量最大,暴雨中心在下游时临界雨量最小,说明降雨量空间分布对临界雨量影响显著。由分析可知,在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨空间分布对预警指标适当修正,对山洪进行动态雨量预警。     

北京市跨界山洪沟道监测预警研究

2017年石羊沟"6·18"山洪灾害事件暴露出北京市跨界区域山洪沟道监测预警存在盲区,相应的预警阈值缺失,精细化管理程度不够。本次研究开展了跨界河流及山洪沟道基础情况调查,以红门川为例,通过构建流域水文模型,计算山洪沟道预警阈值,提出不同预警时段的临界雨量,并进行不同降雨重现期下的山洪影响分析,对跨界区域山洪预警有一定的指导意义。     

基于降雨时空变化的山洪预警临界雨量

为提高山洪灾害预警精度,以彭坊小流域为例,基于概率分布等控制条件生成随机雨型,探究不同前期影响雨量下随机雨型对山洪预警临界雨量的影响,进一步分析降雨空间分布对山洪预警临界雨量的影响。结果表明：在雨峰位置偏后、雨峰峰值较大的雨型集下,临界雨量波动较大,有较高的不确定性;雨型对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量对临界雨量的影响,在前期土壤较干燥时,雨峰位置系数较小,临界雨量值相对较大,雨型峰值倍比较大时,临界雨量值相对较小,更容易致灾;在降雨空间分布上,当降雨集中在下游时,临界雨量值最小,越容易达到警戒流量,但降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量的影响,且这种影响会随前期影响雨量的增加而不断减小。     

我国山洪灾害高易发降雨区分布研究

分析了降雨诱发山洪灾害的成因,研究了降雨诱发山洪灾害重要时段临界雨量的分布特征;针对降雨地域性差异大的特点,提出临界雨量系数作为降雨诱发山洪灾害区划的重要指标;在此基础上提出全国降雨诱发山洪灾害易发程度分布图。     

考虑雨强时间分配的山洪灾害临界雨量的计算

临界雨量的确定是山洪灾害预警系统的关键。由于没有考虑或没有正确考虑降雨强度的时间分配,因此现有方法计算出的临界雨量普遍偏大,致使山洪灾害预警时漏报率很高。本文提出了一种考虑降雨强度时间分配的临界雨量计算方法,以裴河为例,分别计算了降雨强度均匀、线性递增和线性递减3种时间分配模式下的临界雨量,结果表明最适用的降雨强度时间分配模式为线性递增。裴河流域8场洪水的应用结果显示,利用该方法得到的临界雨量,山洪灾害预警的成功率和漏报率均为50%,而利用原假定雨强均匀分配方法得到的临界雨量,山洪灾害预警的成功率和漏报率分别为12%和88%,表明该方法可以显著提高山洪灾害预警的成功率,降低漏报率。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.