我国不同区域用水结构变化及其驱动因素分析

以江西、湖北,山东、江苏,以及贵州、西藏等6省(自治区)为例,采用信息熵和主成分分析方法,从经济社会、水文气象、农业及用水4方面选取了13个因子,揭示了我国中、东、西部地区1999-2014年间用水结构变化特征及各主导因素的影响机制,分析了最严格水资源管理制度实施于用水结构产生的效果。结果表明:(1)近16年来,东部地区的山东省总用水量持续下降,用水结构信息熵值上升降趋势明显,处于较高水平;西部地区的西藏自治区总用水量增加显著,用水结构信息熵值处于较低水平,其余地区总用水量总体保持平稳,生产用水量占总用水量的平均比重为91%;(2)最严格水资源管理制度实施以来,各省生产用水量逐渐减少,用水结构的信息熵值表现为不同程度的上升趋势;(3)影响各地区用水结构变化的主要驱动因子依次为各产业产值和人口、地区水资源禀赋和总耗水量。     

玛纳斯河流域用水结构时空演化及水资源空间匹配分析

选取2000—2018年作为研究期,以石河子市、玛纳斯县和沙湾县为主要研究对象,归纳出玛纳斯河流域现状用水结构的演变特征,利用信息熵理论、基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线分析了流域的水资源空间匹配程度。结果表明：2000年以来流域的用水总量整体呈上升趋势,用水量增加了11-76%,整体变化程度较小,用水结构的信息熵总体持续增长,信息熵水平从2000年的0-209增加到2018年的0-448,用水总量得到一定控制,用水系统均衡度也逐渐增强,生活、生态用水的空间分布不均衡程度提高,总体来看,水资源与人口和降水较为匹配,与耕地相对匹配,与工业产值较不匹配,各区域工业耗水情况差异度增加,生态用水空间分布趋于均衡,需调整产业经济结构,缩减高耗水企业数量,发展低耗水产业,对水资源进行集约利用,重视生态保护工作,完善水管理机制,实现流域经济社会的健康发展。     

南水北调东线江苏段用水结构及其时空演变EI北大核心CSCD

以南水北调东线江苏段沿线5个城市为研究区,运用信息熵原理和灰色关联理论,分析研究区用水结构演变及其驱动因素。结果表明:2001—2016年研究区5市中扬州市、宿迁市用水均衡度变化最大,用水结构趋向均衡;农作物种植结构、工业增加值比例和第三产业比例是影响研究区用水结构变化的主要驱动力;改善农作物种植结构、优化产业结构是实现农业水资源高效利用与城市用水结构多元化与均衡化的有效调控措施。     

北部湾经济区用水结构演变及其驱动因子分析

为探讨广西北部湾经济区用水结构的变化特征,实现区域水资源的合理配置,基于2006～2017年的用水数据,运用信息熵、灰色关联分析模型,对该区域的用水结构、信息熵、均衡度以及驱动因子进行了研究分析。分析结果表明:①2006～2017年,北部湾经济区用水总量波动变化显著,农业用水量和比重虽然处于"双高"地位,但是呈下降的趋势,工业用水量总体来说呈增长的趋势,生活用水量呈现为逐年增加-剧烈变化-平稳增加的变化历程;②用水结构信息熵与均衡度同步变化,信息熵在0.80以上,均衡度在0.59以上,二者都为先快速提升后波动缓慢上升;③有效灌溉面积、工业企业单位数、家庭总户数分别是农业、工业、生活用水变化的重要驱动因子,二者的关联度分别为0.930,0.956和0.953。     

陕西省近10年用水结构演变及驱动力分析

分析了2001-2010近10年来陕西省工农业用水、生活用水以及生态用水的结构变化,并引入信息熵的方法对用水结构的演变趋势进行了探讨,同时阐述了造成这些变化的主要驱动因子。分析表明:陕西省用水总量近十年来在波动中缓慢上升,年均增加0.61亿m3;农业用水量和比重都在下降;工业用水总量变化较缓;生活用水和生态用水呈持续增长趋势。     

基于信息熵的黄河流域用水结构演变规律及空间分布特征

黄河流域水资源供需矛盾突出,为协调流域水资源与经济社会发展之间的关系,基于1988-2019年黄河流域水资源公报中的各行业用水数据,采用信息熵的方法分析了黄河流域近30年来用水结构的演变规律及空间分布特征.结果表明:1988-2019年黄河流域总用水量呈现两个阶段的变化,总体上呈现先减少后增加的趋势;用水结构信息熵呈现...     

基于信息熵与灰关联的西安市城市经济与用水结构的耦合度研究

基于2005年-2014年西安市城市用水和经济社会发展的数据,运用信息熵和灰色关联分析法,从时间序列上对西安市城市经济发展和用水结构之间的相互关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:西安市用水结构信息熵不断增长,单一用水类型的优势性减弱,系统均衡性增强,用水结构趋于合理化;西安市城市经济发展与用水结构之间的关联度都在0.45以上,说明二者存在很大的相关性;城市经济与用水结构的耦合度分布在0.6~1之间,表明城市经济发展与用水结构交互耦合比较紧密;针对西安市水源利用的供需矛盾,可采取相应的措施加以控制,节水技术的创新与推广使用是关键。     

基于信息熵的厦门市用水结构演变及其驱动力的灰色关联分析

基于1999-2010年厦门市水资源公报中农业用水、工业用水和生活用水数据,采用信息熵的方法描述用水结构的演变规律,运用灰色关联度分析影响用水结构演变的主要驱动力.结果表明:厦门市用水结构信息熵和协调度都于2006年起逼近于最大值,越接近最大值说明各部门间用水比重越趋于均衡,说明厦门用水结构系统趋向于无序、均衡的状态发展.灰色关联度反映了社会经济发展对用水结构的演变具有较强的影响,其中以产业结构对其的影响最为突出.     

江西省2011-2020 年用水结构变化分析

研究区域用水结构变化对于区域可持续用水以及水资源合理配置具有重要意义。本文选取江西省2011-2020 年水资源量以及用水数据,运用信息熵理论研究江西省用水结构变化规律。研究结果显示：（1）2011-2020 年江西省多年平均水资源总量为1 703.17 亿m3;（2）近十年来江西省用水总量总体呈下降趋势,其中工业以及农业用水量总体呈下降趋势,生活、城镇公共以及生态环境用水量呈增长趋势;（3）近十年江西省用水结构信息熵和均衡度总体处于增长状态,全省用水结构进一步完善。     

山西省各地市用水结构演变及其驱动因素分析

研究分析城市用水结构的演变规律,是进行城市水资源规划以及水资源合理配置的基础。以山西省为研究对象,选取了太原市和东西南北方位上的4个典型地市为例,采用信息熵方法分析了该5个地市2003—2014年间用水结构的变化特征,并用主成分分析法研究了5个地市用水结构变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明:(1)全省用水结构趋于合理,特别是最严格水资源管理制度实施以来,全省用水量增速减缓。(2)5地市因水资源禀赋差异和产业结构差异,用水结构信息熵差异较大,但大多数呈现趋稳特征。(3)就全省而言,农业用水仍占据第一大户位置,特别像运城市、吕梁市这样的农业大区,发展高效节水农业是实现调整用水结构的主要手段。通过信息熵理论和主成分分析法,可以对用水结构进行全方面的了解,为山西省不同地区因地制宜地进行水资源约束下的产业结构调整提供科学决策依据。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.